Suchergebnisse

The benefits of physical activity (PA) and sleep for health, accurate and objective population-based surveillance is important. Monitor-based surveillance has potential, but the main challenge is the need for replicable outcomes from different monitors. This study investigated the agreement of movement behavior outcomes assessed with four research-grade activity monitors (i.e., Movisens Move4, ActiGraph GT3X+, GENEActiv, and Axivity AX3) in adults. Twenty-three participants wore four monitors on the non-dominant wrist simultaneously for seven days. Open-source software (GGIR) was used to estimate the daily time in sedentary, light, moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), and sleep (movement behaviors). The prevalence of participants meeting the PA and sleep recommendations were calculated from each monitor's data. Outcomes were deemed equivalent between monitors if the absolute standardized difference and its 95% confidence intervals (CI95%) fell within ± 0.2 standard deviations (SD) of the mean of the differences. The participants were mostly men (n = 14, 61%) and aged 36 (SD = 14) years. Pairwise confusion matrices showed that 83-87% of the daily time was equally classified into the movement categories by the different pairs of monitors. The between-monitor difference in MVPA ranged from 1 (CI95%:- 6, 7) to 8 (CI95%: 1, 15) min/day. Most of the PA and sleep metrics could be considered equivalent. The prevalence of participants meeting the PA and the sleep guidelines was 100% consistent across monitors (22 and 5 participants out of the 23, respectively). Our findings indicate that the various research-grade activity monitors investigated show high inter-instrument reliability with respect to sedentary, PA and sleep-related estimates when their raw data are processed in an identical manner. These findings may have important implications for advancement towards monitor-based PA and sleep surveillance systems. ; This study was conducted under the umbrella of the CoCA project supported by the European Union's 2020 research ...

"In January of 1999, the National Birth Defects Prevention Network (NBDPN) established a Surveillance Guidelines and Standards Committee (SGSC) in order to develop and promote the use of standards and guidelines for birth defects surveillance programs in the United States. This set of guidelines is designed to serve as an important first step in the documentation of this process and as the vehicle for dissemination of the committee's findings. The Guidelines for Conducting Birth Defects Surveillance (henceforth referred to as The Surveillance Guidelines) were developed with three major long-term objectives in mind: To improve the quality of state birth defects surveillance data, including accuracy, comparability, completeness, and timeliness; To enhance the utility of state birth defects surveillance data for research on the distribution and etiology of birth defects; To encourage and promote the use of state birth defects surveillance data for the purposes of linking affected children with services and evaluation of those services. The technical guidelines that make up this document provide a way of improving the quality of birth defects surveillance data, which in turn enhances their use in support of the latter two objectives. Fundamental to quality is ensuring that procedures for all aspects of data definition, collection, management, and analysis are established and followed. Because state-based surveillance systems operate with different objectives and data needs, it is clear that, with respect to procedures and standards, 'one size does not fit all.' It is also clear, however, that common guidelines can provide a basis for the development of system-specific operating procedures and supporting manuals." - p. i ; Introduction -- -- Chapter 1. The Whys and Hows of Birth Defects Surveillance - Using Data -- -- Chapter 2. Legislation -- Appendix 2.1. Sample State Legislation -- Appendix 2.2. Table of Birth Defects Legislation -- Appendix 2.3. Definitions Used to Determine Covered Entity Status Under the Privacy Rule -- Appendix 2.4. Office of Civil Rights (OCR) HIPAA Privacy Regulation Text -- -- Chapter 3.Case Definition -- Appendix 3.1. Birth Defects Included in the Case Definition of the National Birth Defects Prevention Network -- Appendix 3.2. NBDPN Abstractor's Instructions -- Appendix 3.3. Examples of Conditions Considered to Be Minor Anomalies -- Appendix 3.4. Conditions Related to Prematurity in Infants Born at Less Than 36 Weeks Gestation -- -- Chapter 4. Data Variables -- Appendix 4.1. Descriptions of Minimum (Core) Data Variables -- Appendix 4.2. Descriptions of Recommended Data Variables -- -- Chapter 5. Classification and Coding -- Appendix 5.1. Texas Disease Index -- Appendix 5.2. 6-Digit CDC Codes (updated 8/2007) -- -- Chapter 6. Case Ascertainment Methods -- Appendix 6.1. Data Source Described in Detail - Vital Records -- Appendix 6.2. Data Source Described in Detail - Hospital Data Sets -- Appendix 6.3. Data Source Described in Detail - Hospital and Patient Services Logs -- Appendix 6.4. Data Source Described in Detail - Genetic Services -- -- Chapter 7. Data Quality Management -- Appendix 7.1. Data Sources Descriptive Assessment Tool -- -- Chapter 8. Statistical Methods -- -- Chapter 9. Data Management and Security -- -- Chapter 10. Data Collaboration and Dissemination through the NBDPN -- -- Chapter 11. Data Presentation -- Appendix 11.1. Data Suppression -- Appendix 11.2. Use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to Map Data -- Appendix 11.3. Data Users Matrix -- Appendix 11.4. What Type of Chart or Graph Should I Use? ; edited by Lowell E. Sever. ; "June 2004." ; Support for development, production, and distribution of these guidelines was provided by the Birth Defects State Research Partnerships Team, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ; Title from title caption (viewed on Jan. 6, 2012). ; Mode of access: Internet from the CDC web site as an Acrobat .pdf file ((7.6 MB, 627 p.). ; System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Text in PDF format. ; National Birth Defects Prevention Network (NBDPN). Guidelines for Conducting Birth Defects Surveillance. Sever, LE, ed. Atlanta, GA: National Birth Defects Prevention Network, Inc., June 2004.

"The United Nations has proclaimed October 1, 1998, through December 31, 1999, as the International Year of Older Persons (IYOP). Federal agencies are working together to sponsor IYOP activities in the United States. To commemorate the goals of IYOP, CDC has published these surveillance summaries to describe important health issues and to highlight the role of public health surveillance for older adults aged > or =65 years in the United States. Although older adults are the focus of these surveillance summaries, persons aged 55-64 years have also been included, when data were available, as a comparison group." - p. 1 ; Foreward / Jeffrey P. Koplan -- Overview: surveillance for selected public health indicators affecting older adults -- United States / Donald K. Blackman, Laurie A. Kamimoto, Suzanne M. Smith -- Surveillance for morbidity and mortality among older adults -- United States, 1995-1996 / Mayur M. Desai, Ping Zhang, Catherine Hagan Hennessy -- Surveillance for injuries and violence among older adults / Judy A. Stevens, La Mar Hasbrouck, Tonji M. Durant, Ann M. Dellinger, Prabhansu K. Batabyal, Alexander E. Crosby, Balarami R. Valluru, Marcie-jo Kresnow, Janet L. Guerrero -- Surveillance for use of preventive health-care services by older adults, 1995-1997 / Gail R. Janes, Donald K. Blackman, Julie C. Bolen, Laurie A. Kamimoto, Luann Rhodes, Lee S. Caplan, Marion R. Nadel, Scott L. Tomar, James F. Lando, Stacie M. Greby, James A. Singleton, Raymond A. Strikas, Karen G. Wooten, -- Surveillance for five health risks among older adults -- United States, 1993-1997 / Laurie A. Kamimoto, Alyssa N. Easton, Emmanuel Maurice, Corinne G. Husten, Carol A. Macera -- Surveillance for sensory impairment, activity limitation, and health-related quality of life among older adults -- United States, 1993-1997 / Vincent A. Campbell, John E. Crews, David G. Moriarty, Matthew M. Zack, Donald K. Blackman ; Cover title. ; "December 17, 1999." ; Includes bibliographical references.

This report summarizes selected data on child health and nutritional indicators received from state, territorial, and tribal governments that contributed to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Pediatric nutrition surveillance 2004 report. ; Title from PDF t.p. (viewed April 12, 2007). ; PedNSS is produced by the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Maternal and Child Nutrition Branch, Division of Nutrition and Physical Activity. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Polhamus B, Thompson D, Dalenius K, Borland E, Smith B, Grummer-Strawn L. Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance 2004 Report. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2006.

This report summarizes selected data on child health and nutritional indicators received from state, territorial, and tribal governments that contributed to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Pediatric nutrition surveillance 2002 report. ; Title from PDF t.p. (viewed April 12, 2007). ; PedNSS is produced by the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Maternal and Child Nutrition Branch, Division of Nutrition and Physical Activity. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Polhamus B, Dalenius K, Thompson D, Scanlon K, Borland E, Smith B, Grummer-Strawn L. Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance 2002 Report. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2004.

This report summarizes selected data on child health and nutritional indicators received from state, territorial, and tribal governments that contributed to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Pediatric nutrition surveillance 2003 report. ; U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services. ; Title from PDF t.p. (viewed April 12, 2007). ; PedNSS is produced by the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Maternal and Child Nutrition Branch, Division of Nutrition and Physical Activity. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Polhamus B, Dalenius K, Thompson D, Scanlon K, Borland E, Smith B, Grummer-Strawn L. Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance 2003 Report. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2004.

PROBLEM/CONDITION: Lead is neurotoxic and particularly harmful to the developing nervous systems of fetuses and young children. Extremely high blood lead levels (BLLs) (i.e.,> or =70 microg/dL) can cause severe neurologic problems (e.g., seizure, coma, and death). However, no threshold has been determined regarding lead's harmful effects on children's learning and behavior. In 1990, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services established a national goal to eliminate BLLs >25 microg/dL by 2000; a new goal targets elimination of BLLs > or =10 microg/dL in children aged or =10 microg/dL or two capillary blood specimens > or =10 microg/dL drawn within 12 weeks of each other. RESULTS: The NHANES 1999-2000 survey estimated that 434,000 children (95% confidence interval = 189,000-846,000) or 2.2% of children aged 1-5 years had BLLs > or =10 microg/dL. For 2001, a total of 44 states, the District of Columbia (DC), and New York City (NYC) submitted child blood lead surveillance data to CDC. These jurisdictions represent 95% of the U.S. population of children aged or =10 microg/dL steadily decreased from 130,512 in 1997 to 74,887 in 2001. In 2000, the year targeted for national elimination of BLLs >25 microg/dL, a total of 8,723 children had BLLs > or =25 microg/dL. INTERPRETATION: Both national surveys and state surveillance data indicate children's BLLs continue to decline throughout the United States. However, thousands of children continue to be identified with elevated BLLs. The 2000 goal of eliminating BLLs >25 microg/dL was not met. Attaining the 2010 goal of eliminating BLLs > or =10 microg/dL will require intensified efforts to target areas at highest risk, evaluate preventive measures, and improve the quality of surveillance data. PUBLIC HEALTH ACTIONS: States will continue to use surveillance data to 1) promote legislation supporting lead poisoning prevention activities, 2) obtain funding, 3) identify risk groups, 4) target and evaluate prevention activities, and 5) monitor and describe progress toward elimination of BLLs > or =10 microg/dL. CDC will work with state and local programs to improve tracking systems and the collection, timeliness, and quality of surveillance data. ; Pamela A. Meyer, Timothy Pivetz, Timothy A. Dignam, David M. Homa, Jaime Schoonover, Debra Brody. ; September 12, 2003. ; Also available via the World Wide Web as an Acrobat .pdf file (333.29 KB, 24 p.). ; Includes bibliographical references (p. 7-8).

"The Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance System (PedNSS) is a public health surveillance system that monitors the nutritional status of low-income children in federally funded maternal and child health programs. Data on birthweight, breastfeeding, anemia, short stature, underweight, overweight, and obesity are collected for children who attend public health clinics for routine care, nutrition education, and supplemental food. Data are collected at the clinic level then aggregated at the state level and submitted to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for analysis. A national nutrition surveillance report is produced by using PedNSS data. Surveillance reports also are produced for each contributor (defined as a state, U.S. territory, or Indian Tribal Organization [ITO]). In 2007, a total of 51 contributors, including 44 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and 5 tribal governments, participated in PedNSS (Figure 1) and submitted records for nearly 8 million children from birth to 5 years of age. Data for the 2007 PedNSS were collected from children enrolled in federally funded programs that serve low-income children, including the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) (85%) and non-WIC programs (15%) that include the Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment (EPSDT) Program, the Title V Maternal and Child Health Program, and other federally funded programs. The goal of PedNSS is to collect, analyze, and disseminate surveillance data to guide public health policy and action. PedNSS information is used to set priorities and to plan, implement, and evaluate nutrition programs. This report summarizes 2007 data and highlights trends from 1998 through 2007." - p. 1 ; "January 2009." ; Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance System (PedNSS) is produced by the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Maternal and Child Nutrition Branch, Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity. ; Also availalbe via the World Wide Web. ; Includes bibliographical references (p. 9). ; Polhamus B, Dalenius K, Borland E, Mackintosh H, Smith B, Grummer-Strawn L. Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance 2007 Report. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2009.

"The Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) is the principal foodborne disease component of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC's) Emerging Infections Program (EIP). FoodNet is a collaborative project among CDC, ten state health departments, the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), and the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN) and the Center for Veterinary Medication (CVM) of the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). FoodNet is an active sentinel surveillance network designed to produce stable and accurate national estimates of the burden and sources of foodborne diseases in the United States through active surveillance and additional studies. This enhanced surveillance and investigation conducted by FoodNet are integral to developing and evaluating new prevention and control strategies to improve the safety of our food and the public's health. In 2007, the FoodNet surveillance area included 45.9 million persons, or 15.2% of the United States population. FoodNet ascertained 18,039 laboratory-confirmed infections of Campylobacter, Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, Listeria, Salmonella, Shigella, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157, STEC non-O157, Vibrio and Yersinia. Most infections were due to Salmonella (38%) or Campylobacter (33%). Infections were equally distributed between genders, and the highest incidence of infection with many pathogens occurred among children <1 year of age (173 cases/100,000 population). Twenty-one percent of the persons reported with infections were hospitalized, and 64 (0.4%) persons died. The greatest number of deaths occurred in persons with Salmonella infections. Five percent of cases were outbreak-related; of these, 54% were associated with foodborne outbreaks. A history of international travel was obtained for Salmonella and STEC O157 cases; 9% of Salmonella infections and 3% STEC O157 infections were related to international travel." - p. 3 ; Caption title. ; "March 2000." ; FoodNet Annual Reports are summaries of information collected through active surveillance of nine pathogens. A preliminary version of this report becomes available in the spring of each year and forms the basis of each year's Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) FoodNet Surveillance. The FoodNet Final Report becomes available later in the year when current census information becomes available. ; Mode of access: WWW browser. ; Text (electronic publication). ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. FoodNet 2007 Surveillance Report. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2009. ; Includes bibliographical references.

ABSTRACT In the mid-1990s, Victor Valla proposed to incorporate the population participation in the practice of health surveillance, through Paulo Freire's popular education. This counterpoint to traditional surveillance practices, called civil health surveillance, added to the expanded concept of health, and has a strong connection with the critical perspective of Epidemiology as a means to understand the dialectical relationship between social classes and their lived spaces. The practice of civil surveillance aims to overcome essential gaps left by traditional methods of public health investigation. It includes a lack of attention to socio-cultural contexts, the construction of risk located only in the individual, and the representation of public health agendas that privilege and pathologize certain behaviors. This paper discusses the concept of civil health surveillance, the locus of discussion of population studies in the reification of the role of the contextual effect in explaining the social production of health and the incorporation of popular participation in health surveillance as an element of social transformation. The deepening of this discussion allows a participatory construction of new health models focused on the effective reduction of health inequities and, consequently, the effective universalization of the right to health.

Background: Alternative data sources are used increasingly to augment traditional public health surveillance systems. Examples include over-the-counter medication sales and school absenteeism. Objective: We sought to determine if an increase in restaurant table availabilities was associated with an increase in disease incidence, specifically influenza-like illness (ILI). Methods: Restaurant table availability was monitored using OpenTable, an online restaurant table reservation site. A daily search was performed for restaurants with available tables for 2 at the hour and at half past the hour for 22 distinct times: between 11:00 am-3:30 pm for lunch and between 6:00-11:30 PM for dinner. In the United States, we examined table availability for restaurants in Boston, Atlanta, Baltimore, and Miami. For Mexico, we studied table availabilities in Cancun, Mexico City, Puebla, Monterrey, and Guadalajara. Time series of restaurant use was compared with Google Flu Trends and ILI at the state and national levels for the United States and Mexico using the cross-correlation function. Results: Differences in restaurant use were observed across sampling times and regions. We also noted similarities in time series trends between data on influenza activity and restaurant use. In some settings, significant correlations greater than 70% were noted between data on restaurant use and ILI trends. Conclusions: This study introduces and demonstrates the potential value of restaurant use data for event surveillance. ; Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA) via Department of Interior National Business Center (DoI/NBC) [D12PC000337] ; We thank Sumiko Mekaru for suggestions regarding data analysis. This work is partially supported by a research grant the Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA) via Department of Interior National Business Center (DoI/NBC) contract number D12PC000337. The US Government is authorized to reproduce and distribute reprints for Governmental purposes notwithstanding any copyright annotation thereon. The views and conclusions contained herein are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies or endorsements, either expressed or implied, of IARPA, DoI/NBC, or the US Government.

Surveillance scholarship has long been focused on surveillance technologies in strong states. This article explores the technological challenges of governing Afghanistan, a weak state, where reliable population data do not exist. In assessing the ways governance is practiced in a country of "ghosts," I show that the failure of the state in Afghanistan is linked to a chronic poverty of reliable information on the country's population and geography. A weak state with limited access to reliable population data must use force instead of knowledge to govern the country. I also argue that the digital technologies of surveillance practiced by the Afghan state and the U.S. military to substitute for the lack of traditional forms of government data are not effective and cannot strengthen the state's capacity to deliver services. In contributing to debates on surveillance and security, this article provides a technological critique of state failure in Afghanistan by highlighting the costs of poor population information.