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Comprend : Stimuler l'emploi et les revenus / John P. Martin - La Stratégie de l'OCDE pour l'emploi : points d'accord et zones d'ombre / Olivier Blanchard - L'expérience du chômage : quelles leçons pour la France ? / Richard Layard - La réévaluation de la Stratégie de l'OCDE pour l'emploi : deux pistes d'amélioration / Edmond Malinvaud - Le chômage en Europe : qu'avons-nous appris ? / Daniel Cohen - Une politique macroéconomique appropriée.en zone euro / Agnès Benassy-Quéré - Réformes structurelles et politiques macroéconomiques / Charles Wyplosz - La Stratégie de l'OCDE pour l'emploi est-elle adaptée à la France ? / Guy Laroque - Supprimer les entraves à l'activité et à la recherche d'emploi / Pierre Cahuc - Comment et pour quoi activer les inactifs ? / Hélène Zajdela - Les seniors et l'emploi en France : la fin de l'ajustement par l'âge ? / Antoine d'Autume - S'attaquer aux aspects des marchés du travail et des produits qui font obstacle à la demande de main-d'0153uvre / Bruno Amable - Derrière le miracle de l'emploi / Tito Boeri - Remarques sur l'efficacité des « politiques de demande » / Gilles Saint-Paul - Prévenir des gâchis de compétences et qualifications en France / Philippe Askenazy - Le cas français : approfondir les connaissances empiriques pour mieux cibler la formation / Bruno Crépon, Marc Ferracci - Flexibilité et sécurité : quelles stratégies d'acteurs ? / Jacques Freyssinet ; Appartient à l'ensemble documentaire : BnSP000

People with low incomes and job seekers are less interested and active in politics than people above the at-risk-of-poverty threshold and the working population. Compared to other European democracies, Germany has slightly above-average levels of inequality of political participation. Data from the Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP) suggest that this inequality has followed an upward trend over the last three decades. The data also indicate, however, that the unemployed do not reduce their political participation only as a result of losing their job, nor do those affected by poverty do so due to loss of income. Rather, the lower levels of political participation existed prior to these events and can be attributed to the social backgrounds of those affected.

In response to the Covid-19 outbreak, among other previous "non-pharmaceutical interven-tions", on March 22, 2020 the Italian Government imposed an economic lockdown and ordered the closing of all non-essential economic activities. This paper estimates the causal effect of this measure on mortality by Covid-19 and on mobility patterns. The identification of the causal effect exploits the variation in the number of active workers across municipalities induced by the economic lockdown. The difference-in-difference empirical design compares outcomes in municipalities above and below the median variation in the share of active population before and after the lockdown within a province, also controlling for municipality-specific dynamics, daily-shocks at the provincial level and municipal unobserved characteristics. Our results show that the intensity of the economic lockdown is associated to a statistically significant reduction in mortality by Covid-19 and, in particular, for age groups between 40-64 and older. Back of the envelope calculations indicate that 4,793 deaths were avoided, in the 26 days between April 5 to April 30, in the 3,518 municipalities which experienced a more intense lockdown. Assuming linearity, a 1 percentage point reduction in the share of active population caused a 1.32 percentage points reduction in mortality by Covid-19. We also find that the economic lockdown, as expected, led to a reduction in human mobility. Several robustness checks corroborate our empirical findings.

In response to the Covid-19 outbreak, among other previous "non-pharmaceutical interven-tions", on March 22, 2020 the Italian Government imposed an economic lockdown and ordered the closing of all non-essential economic activities. This paper estimates the causal effect of this measure on mortality by Covid-19 and on mobility patterns. The identification of the causal effect exploits the variation in the number of active workers across municipalities induced by the economic lockdown. The difference-in-difference empirical design compares outcomes in municipalities above and below the median variation in the share of active population before and after the lockdown within a province, also controlling for municipality-specific dynamics, daily-shocks at the provincial level and municipal unobserved characteristics. Our results show that the intensity of the economic lockdown is associated to a statistically significant reduction in mortality by Covid-19 and, in particular, for age groups between 40-64 and older. Back of the envelope calculations indicate that 4,793 deaths were avoided, in the 26 days between April 5 to April 30, in the 3,518 municipalities which experienced a more intense lockdown. Assuming linearity, a 1 percentage point reduction in the share of active population caused a 1.32 percentage points reduction in mortality by Covid-19. We also find that the economic lockdown, as expected, led to a reduction in human mobility. Several robustness checks corroborate our empirical findings.

Qu'en est-il quand une population cumule face au travail, condition encore incontournable aujourd'hui pour être socialement inséré, trois handicaps culturels : le fait d'être jeune, le fait d'être femme, le fait d'être sous-qualifiée ? La présente communication entend apporter des éléments de réponse à une telle interrogation à partir d'une enquête auprès de 473 femmes d'âge variable souhaitant retravailler. Cette enquête sera située en contraste avec les grandes tendances actuelles du travail féminin : perte de crédibilité des professions, rareté du travail, plus grande qualification des femmes par rapport aux hommes, non diversification des emplois, double nécessité psychologique et économique de travailler. Une telle comparaison d'une enquête empirique et des grandes tendances sociologiques du travail féminin amène à formuler un certain nombre de paradoxes actuellement fondateurs de l'insertion des femmes, paradoxes par contre coup éclairants pour les hommes et les types de précarité qui les atteignent.

Social movement mobilization by and on behalf of immigrants occurs frequently today, but sociologists have been slow to include immigrant collective action in the canon of social movement or immigration scholarship. Is this because, until recently, immigrant protest was minimal or limited in scope? The authors take a macro-comparative approach, recoding the Dynamics of Collective Action dataset to compare proimmigrant collective action with paradigmatic, well-studied movements from 1960 to 1995. The authors find that immigrant collective action was on par with iconic movements, mobilized similar numbers of people, occurred across the United States, engaged in disruptive action, and encompassed a wide range of origins, thus correcting possible misperceptions that immigrants did not engage in contentious action before the 1990s. The authors conclude by advocating for a population at risk focus for studying the emergence of collective action, decentering the borders of collective mobilization, and illuminating the vulnerabilities of legal status.

PURPOSE: Assess the agreement between commonly used self-report methods compared with objectively measured physical activity (PA) in defining the prevalence of individuals compliant with PA recommendations. METHODS: Time spent in moderate and vigorous PA (MVPA) was measured at two time points in 1713 healthy individuals from nine European countries using individually calibrated combined heart rate and movement sensing. Participants also completed the Recent Physical Activity Questionnaire (RPAQ), short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), and short European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Physical Activity Questionnaire (EPIC-PAQ). Individuals were categorized as active (e.g., reporting ≥150 min of MVPA per week) or inactive, based on the information derived from the different measures. Sensitivity and specificity analyses and Kappa statistics were performed to evaluate the ability of the three PA questionnaires to correctly categorize individuals as active or inactive. RESULTS: Prevalence estimates of being sufficiently active varied significantly (P for all <0.001) between self-report measures (IPAQ 84.2% [95% confidence interval {CI}, 82.5-85.9], RPAQ 87.6% [95% CI, 85.9-89.1], EPIC-PAQ 39.9% [95% CI, 37.5-42.1] and objective measure 48.5% [95% CI, 41.6-50.9]. All self-report methods showed low or moderate sensitivity (IPAQ 20.0%, RPAQ 18.7%, and EPIC-PAQ 69.8%) to correctly classify inactive people and the agreement between objective and self-reported PA was low (ĸ = 0.07 [95% CI, 0.02-0.12], 0.12 [95% CI, 0.06-0.18], and 0.19 [95% CI, 0.13-0.24] for IPAQ, RPAQ, and EPIC-PAQ, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The modest agreement between self-reported and objectively measured PA suggests that population levels of PA derived from self-report should be interpreted cautiously. Implementation of objective measures in large-scale cohort studies and surveillance systems is recommended. ; The preparation of this paper was supported by the DEterminants of DIet and Physical ACtivity (DEDIPAC) knowledge hub. This work is supported by the Joint Programming Initiative 'Healthy Diet for a Healthy Life'. The funding agencies supporting this work are Ireland: The Health Research Board (HRB); The Netherlands: The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMw); Norway: The Research Council of Norway, Division for Society and Health The data collection was supported by funding from the European Union (Integrated Project LSHM-CT-2006-037197 in the Framework Programme 6 of the European Community) and the MRC Epidemiology Unit Programmes (MC_UU_12015/3). We would like to thank the Interact validation group* and MRC Epidemiology Unit physical activity technical team and data management team, in particular Mark Betts, Laura Lamming, Stefanie Mayle, Kate Westgate and Nicola Kerrison who assisted with data reduction, cleaning and processing. The InterAct validation working group* are Anne M May, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Wanda Wendel-Vos, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Kristin Benjaminsen Borch, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Kim Overvad, Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark and Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; Marie-Aline Charles, Inserm, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Lifelong epidemiology of obesity, diabe`tes and chronic renal disease Team, F-94807, Villejuif, France; Univ Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94807, Villejuif, France; Maria Jose Tormo Diaz, Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Authority, Murcia, Spain, CIBER Epidemiologıa y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Spain and Department Sociosanitary Sciences, Murcia School of Medicine, Murcia, Spain; Pilar Amiano, Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Isntitute, Basque Region, San Sebastian ; CIBER Epidemiologıa y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Domenico Palli ,Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, ISPO, Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, Florence, Italy; Eliavet Valanou, Hellenic Health Foundation (HHF), Athens, Greece;, Department of Epidemiology; Mattheaus Vigl, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany and Paul W Franks, Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic & Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden, Genetic Epidemiology & Clinical Research Group, Department of Public Health & Clinical Medicine, Section for medicine, Umeå University, Sweden. The results of the current study do not constitute an endorsement by the American College of Sports Medicine. The authors have no conflict of interest to report. ; This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Lippincott Williams & Wilkins via http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000760

The evolution of the labour force is a central element for the dynamism of an economy. On the one hand, it makes it possible to determine the level of potential growth and thus to assess inflationary pressures on supply constraints, a measure which is essential for the conduct of monetary policy. On the other hand, the resulting dependency ratio (inactive/active) makes it possible to quantify the transfers needed to balance social systems, in particular pensions (.). ; L'évolution de la population active est un élément central pour connaître le dynamisme d'une économie. Elle permet, d'une part, de déterminer le niveau de la croissance potentielle et donc d'évaluer les tensions inflationnistes relatives aux contraintes d'offre, mesure indispensable à la conduite de la politique monétaire. D'autre part, le ratio de dépendance (inactifs/actifs) qui en découle permet de chiffrer les transferts nécessaires à l'équilibre des régimes sociaux, en particulier de celui des retraites (.).

The aim of the present study was to provide initial validity evidence of a Greek translation of the 24-item Brunel Mood Scale, referred to as the BRUMS-Greek, a measure of anger, confusion, depression, fatigue, tension, and vigour. Data were collected from 1417 Greek adult exercise participants and 369 physically inactive adults, totaling 1786 adults (male = 578, female = 1208) aged 18–64 years (M = 34.73 ± 11.81 years). Given the large univariate and multivariate non-normality, a confirmatory factor analyses treating responses as ordered categorical variables was conducted which supported the hypothesised six-correlated factor measurement model. The internal consistency reliability of the BRUMS-Greek subscales was supported via Cronbach alpha coefficients. The construct validity of the scales was supported (a) via correlations in the hypothesised direction with trait positive and negative affect, (b) with more positive and less negative moods reported immediately after participation in a single exercise class compared to pre-exercise mood, and (c) with exercise participants reporting more positive and less negative mood states compared to physically inactive adults. Women reported higher tension and lower vigour scores than men. Tension scores were higher and confusion scores lower among younger participants (≤35 years) than older participants (≥36 years). Participants with obesity reported higher negative mood scores than those who were underweight or normal weight. In sum, the BRUMS-Greek demonstrated acceptable psychometric characteristics, and is proposed to be a suitable measure for use with exercise participants, physically inactive adults, and other Greek populations to explore research questions related to mood.