Suchergebnisse

Food-borne disease (FBD) is a major public health issue in low income countries of South East Asia including Vietnam and Laos. The contamination of popular foods can occur all along the food value chain. Evidence on the burden of FBD is still limited but the risk is expected to be high due to poor food hygiene practices, missing incentives to change them, risky con-sumption habits and poor enforcement of existing legislation. We will present two case studies conducted since 2015 for Vietnam and Laos. For Vietnam the research included risk assess-ments (qualitative and quantitative, QMRA) of food safety hazards along the pork value chain (Salmonella and chemical) targeting Hung Yen and Nghe An province while for Laos the focus was on parasitic FBD (trichinella) in communities of Savannahkhet and Champasak provinces. Nearly half of collected pork market samples (N=217) in Hung Yen and Nghe An (Vietnam) were contaminated with salmonella and a QMRA concluded that 1–2 pork consumers from ten are at risk to suffer from salmonella related FBD while the chemical risk was low. Results for Savannahkhet (Laos) indicate 18 % seropositity for trichinella antibodies in pigs (N=417), results for Champasak (N=304) are currently analysed. Both case studies were implemented by interdisciplinary research teams. In both studies focus was given on policy engagement (national and lower). In Vietnam this was facilitated through an established taskforce for food safety risk assessment, an alignment with a Word Bank funded national food safety assessment initiative and the national food safety working group which included various stakeholders and groups. For Laos a unique cross-sectoral ministerial platform has been established consisting of 6 ministries (agriculture, health, trade, defense, communication and tourism) which advised on community based interventions (e.g. awareness campaigns). Steps towards successful policy and multi-ministry engagement will be presented and discussed.

The interest for traditional genetic resources, here comprised local pig breeds, has been increased in the last decades. Yet, at the time being, majority of local pig breeds still need to be supported with subsidies to ensure their conservation. However, the best strategy is if breeds could reach self-sustainability which is possible by an efficient marketing strategy of their products. The majority of studied breeds in project TREASURE are untapped, so the ambition is to develop an "umbrella" collective trademark that would gather together all breeds and that would create added values for their products. Major socio-economic aspects related to the implementation of the collective trademark include rights, responsibilities and expected added value for end-users. Based on the results obtained by an internal survey conducted in TREASURE, we have identified the main features of the collaborative trademark: 1) it should attract end-users such as farmers, breeders associations and meat processors; 2) it should be developed and promoted by an operational committee of end-users, under the coordination and supervision of TREASURE Consortium; 3) it should emphasize local pig genetic resources as the key common point, considering also production systems and nutrition; 4) it should explore possible collaboration or conflict with existing EU protected products (PDO, PGI, TSG) in order to optimally promote local products. An overview of intellectual property rights (IPR) in the context of pork value chains existing in the European Union is presented and prospects for TREASURE trademark analysed.

In Nairobi the pork food system may represent a major source of zoonotic pathogens. Yet, the system and its public health risks have not been described. The study address this gap by identifying and understanding food safety risks practices in the Nairobi pork food system using a value chain approach. A cross-sectional study of the Nairobi pork system collected data through focus group discussions and individual interviews with farmers, traders, abattoir owners, large companies' managers, retailers, government officers and consumers. Data were analysed to identify, describe and quantify the main pork chains, their food safety risk practices and explore their link with chain governance, distribution of benefits and barriers to improving the system. Main food safety risk practices for 'city pig keepers' were: handling and consumption of sick pigs; and swill and scavenging feeding. Pigs in slums were channelled directly to consumers and butchers or through less integrated markets. In 'less integrated abattoirs', risk practices were: lack of traceability, cold chain and adequate cleaning and sterilising practices and equipment. These, with chains of pork from on-farm slaughtering, governed the lower end market. One 'large integrated company' accounted for 83.6% of pork marketed through abattoirs and governed the high-end market where barriers to improvements were less. Among retailers, there was a lack of hygiene due to poor infrastructure, scarcity of water and deficient cleaning practices. Poor profit margins and unequal benefit distribution in the lower-end market hinder investments in infrastructure, cold chains and human capacity building and make it difficult to meet feeding and animal health costs. This study identified the main food safety risk practices and the people involved in risk-taking activities in the Nairobi pork system. The understanding obtained on chain governance, barriers and system inequalities associated to these risks provide a foundation to design effective control strategies.

International audience ; Stakeholders are increasingly demanding transparency on food value chain sustainability performance. Today there is no standard framework to meet this demand and support defining indicators to be used to conduct an overall sustainable performance assessment. This paper mobilizes existing frameworks and indicators to build new sustainable performance metrics for actors willing to work together for their value chain sustainability. Popular methods or tools for assessing dimensions of agrifood products or activities are selected and analyzed to determine how they could contribute to this metric. The analysis aims to distinguish the sustainable development pillars addressed (economic, environmental and/or social), the frames concerned (life cycle thinking or not; multi-actor or not), and the focus of performance measured (drivers, pressures, states, impacts, responses). This categorization is then used to develop a proposal for specifications adapted to food value chain sustainability performance assessment. The applicability of the framework is demonstrated through a case study in a pork agrifood value chain.

International audience ; Stakeholders are increasingly demanding transparency on food value chain sustainability performance. Today there is no standard framework to meet this demand and support defining indicators to be used to conduct an overall sustainable performance assessment. This paper mobilizes existing frameworks and indicators to build new sustainable performance metrics for actors willing to work together for their value chain sustainability. Popular methods or tools for assessing dimensions of agrifood products or activities are selected and analyzed to determine how they could contribute to this metric. The analysis aims to distinguish the sustainable development pillars addressed (economic, environmental and/or social), the frames concerned (life cycle thinking or not; multi-actor or not), and the focus of performance measured (drivers, pressures, states, impacts, responses). This categorization is then used to develop a proposal for specifications adapted to food value chain sustainability performance assessment. The applicability of the framework is demonstrated through a case study in a pork agrifood value chain.

International audience ; Stakeholders are increasingly demanding transparency on food value chain sustainability performance. Today there is no standard framework to meet this demand and support defining indicators to be used to conduct an overall sustainable performance assessment. This paper mobilizes existing frameworks and indicators to build new sustainable performance metrics for actors willing to work together for their value chain sustainability. Popular methods or tools for assessing dimensions of agrifood products or activities are selected and analyzed to determine how they could contribute to this metric. The analysis aims to distinguish the sustainable development pillars addressed (economic, environmental and/or social), the frames concerned (life cycle thinking or not; multi-actor or not), and the focus of performance measured (drivers, pressures, states, impacts, responses). This categorization is then used to develop a proposal for specifications adapted to food value chain sustainability performance assessment. The applicability of the framework is demonstrated through a case study in a pork agrifood value chain.

In Nairobi, with 3.1 million consumers and 30,000 pigs, the pork system may represents a major source of zoonotic pathogens. Yet, this system and its public health risks have not been described. The study used value chain analysis, a well-known method in economics, to investigate zoonosis and food safety risks practices in the Nairobi pork food system. A cross-sectional study of the Nairobi pork system collected data through 25 focus group discussions and 436 individual interviews with farmers, traders, abattoir owners, large companies' managers, retailers, government officers and consumers. Data were analysed to identify, describe and quantify the main pork chain profiles, their associated zoonosis and food safety risks practices and their link to governance, the distribution of benefits and barriers to improving the system. Six pork chain profiles were identified with the 'large integrated company' profile accounting for 62% of pork marketed through abattoirs. Pigs in slums were channelled directly to consumers and butchers or through less integrated markets. Main zoonosis and food safety risk practices for city pig keepers were: handling and consumption of sick pigs; and swill and scavenging feeding. In less integrated abattoirs these risks were: lack of traceability, cold chain systems and adequate cleaning and sterilising practices and equipment. For the retailers, there was a lack of hygiene linked to poor infrastructure, scarcity of water and cleaning practices. Large companies govern the high end market for pork where barriers to improvements were less. In the lower end poor profit margins and unequal benefit distribution led to issues on around investments in infrastructure, cold chains and human capacity building plus difficulties with meeting feeding and animal health costs. Conclusions This study identified the main zoonoses and food safety risk practices and the people involved in risk taking activities to help future control programmes in the Nairobi pork system. The integration of value chain and analysis of risks practices proved useful and represent the way forward for epidemiologist working in developing countries.

Towards the end of the twentieth century a number of changes occurred that suggest that organisational structures and management attitudes and behaviour in the foreseeable future will differ markedly from the traditional model. Not only had business become global in every respect, but in almost all markets end-user expectations were undergoing significant change which were forcing business to come to terms with demands for increased choice and quality, flexible ordering and servicing systems, on-line accessibility to suppliers and competitive prices. The response by business has been equally dramatic. Large organisations have reduced their activities down to core processes and capabilities, adopting the view that astute asset management and risk management are more about managing assets than about ownership. Consequently the largest international corporations can be seen divesting their non-core businesses and adopting holonic structures. The holonic approach has been adopted by entire industries giving rise to renewed interest in the development of mutually supporting clusters of interdependent interorganisational business systems.

This important volume presents seven case studies of global value chains alongside two theoretical chapters concerning these chains. The contributors explore a wide range of issues relevant to value chains: the impact of global value chains on local upgrading strategies, the role of governance structures shaping global value chains, the role of buyers in creating, monitoring and enforcing commodity specifications and of international standards in shaping the patterns of chain governance. They also consider the role of donors, governmental organisations, and civil society in influencing value chains and the importance of partnerships as mechanisms for value chain upgrading. This carefully researched work is essential reading to scholars and students of the rapidly changing global economic order.

Recommended readings (Machine generated): 1. Gary Gereffi, John Humphrey and Timothy Sturgeon (2005), 'The Governance of Global Value Chains', Review of International Political Economy, 12 (1), February, 78-104 -- 2. Gary Gereffi (1999), 'International Trade and Industrial Upgrading in the Apparel Commodity Chain', Journal of International Economics, 48 (1), 37-70 -- 3. John Humphrey and Hubert Schmitz (2001), 'Governance in Global Value Chains', IDS Bulletin, 32 (3), July, 19-29 -- 4. Timothy J. Sturgeon (2002), 'Modular Production Networks: A New American Model of Industrial Organisation', Industrial and Corporate Change, 11 (3), June, 451-95 -- 5. Jennifer Bair (2005), 'Global Capitalism and Commodity Chains: Looking Back, Going Forward', Competition and Change, 9 (2), June, 153-80 -- 6. Timothy J. Sturgeon (2009), 'From Commodity Chains to Value Chains: Interdisciplinary Theory Building in an Age of Globalisation', in Jennifer Bairs (ed.), Frontiers of Commodity Chain Research, Chapter 6, Stanford CA: Stanford University Press, 110-35, references -- 7. Peter Gibbon (2008), 'Governance, Entry Barriers, 'Upgrading: A Re-Interpretation of Some GVC Concepts from the Experience of African Clothing Exports', Competition and Change, 12 (1), March, 29-48 -- 8. Raphael Kaplinsky (2000), 'Globalisation and Unequalisation: What Can Be Learned from Value Chain Analysis?', Journal of Development Studies, 37 (2), December, 117-46 -- 9. Carlo Pietrobelli and Federica Saliola (2008), 'Power Relationships Along the Value Chain: Multinational Firms, Global Buyers and Performance of Local Suppliers', Cambridge Journal of Economics, 32 (6), November, 947-62 -- 10. Raphael Kaplinsky, Mike Morris and Jeff Readman (2002), 'The Globalization of Product Markets and Immiserizing Growth: Lessons from the South African Furniture Industry', World Development, 30 (7), July, 1159-77 -- 11. Mike Morris and Cornelia Staritz (2014), 'Industrialization Trajectories in Madagascar's Export Apparel Industry: Ownership, Embeddedness, Markets, and Upgrading', World Development, 56, April, 243-57 -- 12. Raphael Kaplinsky, Anne Terheggen and Julia Tijaja (2011), 'China as a Final Market: The Gabon Timber and Thai Cassava Value Chains', World Development, 39 (7), July, 1177-90 -- 13. Stefano Ponte and Peter Gibbon (2005), 'Quality Standards, Conventions and the Governance of Global Value Chains', Economy and Society, 34 (1), February, 1-31 -- 14. Khalid Nadvi (2008), 'Global Standards, Global Governance and the Organization of Global Value Chains', Journal of Economic Geography, 8 (3), May, 323-43 -- 15. Doris Fuchs, Agni Kalfagianni and Tetty Havinga (2011), 'Actors in Private Food Governance: The Legitimacy of Retail Standards and Multistakeholder Initiatives with Civil Society Participation', Agriculture and Human Values, 28 (3), September, 353-67 -- 16. Stephanie Barrientos (2001), 'Gender, Flexibility and Global Value Chains', IDS Bulletin, 32 (3), July, 83-93 -- 17. Stephanie Barrientos, Catherine Dolan and Anne Tallontire (2003), 'A Gendered Value Chain Approach to Codes of Conduct in African Horticulture', World Development, 31 (9), September, 1511-26 -- 18. Simon Bolwig, Stefano Ponte, Andries du Toit, Lone Riisgaard and Niels Halberg (2010), 'Integrating Poverty and Environmental Concerns into Value-Chain Analysis: A Conceptual Framework', Development Policy Review, 28 (2), March, 173-94 -- 19. Peter Lund-Thomsen and Adam Lindgreen (2014), 'Corporate Social Responsibility in Global Value Chains: Where Are We Now and Where Are We Going?', Journal of Business Ethics, 123 (1), August, 11-22

Abstract
We study the provision of financial services to small firms, consumers, and workers in developing countries as part of value chain relationships: value chain microfinance (VCMF). We first explore how VCMF can both overcome barriers to financial access—including asymmetric information, enforcement, and behavioural biases—and strengthen value chains, but also how it can introduce new challenges. We then review a recent empirical literature at the intersection of value chains and microfinance, studying the demand for and effects of VCMF in credit, insurance, and savings markets. We conclude by highlighting promising directions for future work.

The promotion of agricultural value chains is a key approach in German
and international development cooperation for integrating smallholders
into national and international production and trade processes. Its aim
is to improve agricultural production and processing so that higher
incomes and more paid employment are generated for the target
groups. Since the food crisis of 2007/2008, value-chain promotion
strategies have increasingly been used to support the development
objective of food security as well as that of poverty reduction.
The evaluation comprised analyses of documentation and literature,
a portfolio review of German development cooperation projects and
programmes, expert interviews, and four comprehensive case studies.
Data for the latter were gathered on the different intervention levels
and the various stages of the value chains selected for analysis.
The results provided a basis for drawing conclusions, with reference
to the OECD-DAC criteria, on such questions as the extent to which
promoting agricultural value chains contributes to poverty reduction
and food security in different contexts. The evaluation also explored
the implications for two important trans-sectoral themes of German
development cooperation: gender equality and environmental
sustainability.

To what extent do compensation programs create value for both the organization and employees? The authors argue that the "value chain" in production processes and in tracking the economics of organizational performance has its counterpart in compensation programs. Value-chain compensation balances four major compensation objectives: (1) to sustain membership (i.e., retention); (2) to motivate performance; (3) to build employee commitment; and (4) to encourage growth in employees' skills. The authors maintain that the reason many heralded compensation ideas have met with, at best, mixed results, is that their creators failed to consider the principles of value creation.