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The development and growth of the Royal College of General Practitioners in Britain against a background of escalating need for postgraduate courses within their society is outlined. The structuring of postgraduate medical education under government sponsorship with the inception of the National Health Service is described; and its evolution over the past 20 years.

There are many advantages for a law graduate to pursuing a period of advanced study of legal problems and issues abroad. Colleges and Universities in other countries may be able to offer tuition or facilities in specialised topics, or may offer new approaches to legal issues, which can stimulate the student and enable him or her to return home with new ideas. Postgraduate legal education can therefore be very useful whether you are intending to become a law teacher yourself, or go into practice, or into government service. The basic requirement for entry into postgraduate courses is a good honours degree from a University or College with an international standing, plus a good knowledge of English. It is vital for the student as well as the University to ensure that this necessary educational background has been achieved. Nothing is more disappointing than to embark on a course and find that you are badly prepared for it. You can waste a lot of time and money trying, sometimes too late, to remedy a deficiency in your basic education. ; peer-reviewed

Postgraduate engineering education in Canada was relatively late in its development but has matured rapidly in recent years. In the course of this development there has been a gradual evolution of engineering postgraduate degree programs away from the science model and towards a structure which reflects the different orientation of engineering education and research. This paper reviews the development of postgraduate engineering education at Canadian universities and discusses some of the current issues facing engineering educators. The needs of Canadian industry for highly qualified engineering graduates are increasing as competition from other countries intensifies. The paper reviews and gives examples of actions which the universities, industry and governments have taken in order to improve the calibre of postgraduate engineering education in Canada and to respond to the needs of Canadian industry for highly qualified engineers.

Believes that current 'hot' topics such as computer literacy and the need for greater quantitative emphasis should not supplant the more basic need for graduates to be competent in all aspects of communication. (GF)

Divides whistleblowing into individual, organization, and environmental levels of analysis, each with its own unique considerations. Asserts that the study fosters awareness of ethics, provides the skills needed to cope with dissent, and imparts legal knowledge about the discipline of public administration. (Abstract amended)

Stresses the need for usable methodology courses. Identifies factors that make methods classes more practical: concentrates on 2 approaches to teaching. (Abstract amended)

Major changes in the advanced education of officers have always occurred following a wartime period. In the post-Vietnam period 1 change can again be anticipated and educational policy should be reviewed . The overall objective of Navy postgraduate education is to provide an efficient springboard for the continued professional development of career officers. This objective is broken down in the FY 1974 DOD Military Manpower Training Report in terms of five specific military needs: (1) The need to fill specified billets in which graduate education is essential for optimum performance of duty. (2) The need for a well-educated pool of manpower from which to select leaders and policy makers of the future. (3) The need to sustain morale and job satisfaction -- many officers seek personal fulfillment through higher education and its application in their work . (4) The need for satisfactory career progression -- in the all-volunteer force environment of the future 1 the military must attract prospective officers who see industry and government organizations providing advanced educational opportunities for their employees. (5) The need for military officers to keep abreast of developments in the civilian sector -- the military officer cannot function insulated and divorced from the civilian society. The current postgraduate education system has been developed in keeping with res policy issued in 1964 1 and is addressed primarily to the first of these five needs. The subspecialty areas defined in OpNav Instruction 1211.6D of January 1973 1 the related nineteen career management communities under OTMS, and educational programs in the traditional academic disciplines have all been carefully refined and matched over the last decade by OpNav and BuPers to define requirements and gain efficient utilization of both URL subspecialist and restricted duty officers. The Navy's Postgraduate education system has been a clear success I both in terms of numbers and of recognition by the promotion system. During the years 1964-1972 I the fraction of URL officers in the grade of LCDR and above with postgraduate education has increased from 24% to 38% 1 and the fraction of Flag officers so educated has increased from 33% to 52%. If restricted duty* officers are included in the count, these numbers become 29% to 44%, and 40% to 56% respectively. Yet with all the effort given by the Navy, this system has not worked to reflect high utilization. In a recent study, 36% of all URL subspecialist officers had never served in a related billet, and only 48% of the validated subspecialist billets were manned by officers with a related subspecialty. The discrepancy between actually having a highly educated URL officer corps and the apparent utilization of their education when measured by specified disciplines in pre- determined billets speaks for itself despite a decade where the subspecialty system has been emphasized. ; Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

The challenge for the ethics professor is to instill in students a basic understanding of proper conduct, realizing that some actions and decisions are better than others, while not attempting to appear morally omniscient. (Abstract amended)