Suchergebnisse

"The EC harmonized market entry regulation for pharmaceuticals from the early sixties on, but it achieved neither its goal of uniform national regulatory decisions nor that of automatic mutual recognition. Subsequent attempts to Europeanize the procedures themselves resulted in two alternatives in 1995: a centralized procedure for innovative pharmaceutical products implemented at the EU level, and a decentralized procedure which tries to assure mutual recognition. First, the paper analyzes the distinctive modes of Europeanization employed in these regulatory alternatives, examining both their impact on the effectiveness of European governing and the balance they strike between European interventionism, national participation and national autonomy. Second, it tries to assess whether Europeanization furthers the goals of pharmaceutical market entry policy as defined in European regulations - public health protection, creation of a single market and the reduction of regulatory costs to industry. There is little evidence that the public's health is less well protected when regulation is Europeanized. Only the centralized procedure contributes significantly to the goal of establishing a single market. Regulatory costs in terms of approval time did go down especially for pharmaceutical firms using the centralized procedure, mainly because of efficiency-enhancing legal provisions and institutionally induced regulatory competition between national authorities." (author's abstract)

AbstractThis article provides a case study of the historical process of the reception of an eminent aspect of pre-modern Chinese music theory in Western scholarship: The music-theoretical works of Zhu Zaiyu 朱载堉 (1536–1611), often considered as the greatest theorist in the history of Chinese music, are discussed in relation to their initial Western reception by Joseph-Marie Amiot, a Jesuit missionary who lived in China during the eighteenth century. It is shown how Amiot's most important corresponding work, which still remains one of the basic texts for the study of Zhu Zaiyu in the West, initiated the reception of Zhu's theoretical views in Europe, how it influenced and partly also misinformed the views mostly in German musicology from the late eighteenth century to the 1920s, and how the later and more progressive Anglophone Zhu Zaiyu studies from the 1960s to the 1980s emancipated themselves from this. Critical reflections on the Western history of the reception of Zhu's thought and especially his understanding of the equal temperament system are included along the way and in the final section.

Purpose
As China embarks upon a new era of high-quality development, it is increasingly important and imperative for China's economic development to live up to its real nature, which is to satisfy people's growing needs for a better life. The paper aims to discuss this issue.


Design/methodology/approach
The paper attempts to discuss the implication of HQD and its related theoretical issues from the basic theory of economics, and literature review. It is necessary to return to Marx's "dual character of commodity" to check the theoretical foundation of this issue, based on the duality methodology, namely, the duality of the value of use and the value of exchange.


Findings
Moving from HSG phase to HQD phase constitutes a major challenge and an arduous task that is extremely difficult both theoretically and practically. A series of new problems crop out as to the theoretical understanding and practical resolution. Fundamentally speaking, this new dynamic mechanism intrinsically requires a perfect integration of the instrumental rationality of market economy and the value-based rationality of economic development.


Originality/value
This new momentum requires a perfect match between the instrumental rationality of market economy and the value-based rationality of economic development.