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The analysis of the health risks associated with electromagnetic waves cannot be reduced solely to aspects of judicial expertise and compliance with regulatory exposure thresholds. It involves returning to the very foundations of the right of proof and articulating the length of time for the emergence of scientific knowledge and the time taken for the action to which the lawyer belongs. ; International audience ; The analysis of the health risks associated with electromagnetic waves cannot be reduced solely to aspects of judicial expertise and compliance with regulatory exposure thresholds. It involves returning to the very foundations of the right of proof and articulating the length of time for the emergence of scientific knowledge and the time taken for the action to which the lawyer belongs. ; L'analyse des risques sanitaires associés aux ondes électromagnétiques ne saurait être réduite aux seuls aspects de l'expertise judiciaire et du franchissement des seuils réglementaires d'exposition. Elle suppose de revenir aux fondements mêmes du droit de la preuve et d'articuler le temps long de l'émergence de la connaissance scientifique et le temps de l'action dans lequel s'inscrit le juriste.

Un politicien est un homme impliqu? dans l?activit? politique. La plupart des politiciens font une preuve d?habilet? dans leur vie politique. Dans cet article, nous allons discuter comment Marcel Pagnol s?amuse ? se moquer des politiciens. Marcel Pagnol aborde de nombreuses questions politiques. Il nous montre bien comment ils tournent le dos aux probl?mes du public. Les politiciens font une raillerie de la d?mocratie. Une fois la situation politique d?un ministre est solidement ?tablie, il oublie ses devoirs et reste indiff?rent aux aspirations des gens. Le drame de la possession du pouvoir occupe presque toute la vie d?un politicien. La gloire lui monte ? la t?te. Cet article va aussi d?montrer la mani?re dans laquelle Pagnol pr?sente l?insouciance des politiciens vers le public. Un politicien n?est qu?un ?go?ste, un dur, un r?tr?ci qui bafoue les valeurs au nom desquelles il a ?t? ?lu. Pagnol nous sugg?re que la structure du syst?me politique n?est pas sans rappeler les crimes, la corruption, l?immoralit?, la malhonn?tet? et l?hypocrisie des politiciens.

International audience The privatisation of farm advisory services resulted in the creation of new service firms. Surveys were conducted in three regions, in Germany, France and the Netherlands in the cereals sector. They show the emergence of new types of farm advisory providers (consulting firms, suppliers of softwares to support decision making). The logics of performances and the back-office configurations of these firms are very different from those which prevailed in the public extension services or those which exist in the upstream and downstream enterprises that provided advice to farmers (cooperatives, commodity traders). This evolution invites to open a new research agenda on the evolution of the quality of evidence that will be available to support farm advisory services. ; La privatisation du conseil agricole a débouché sur la création de nouvelles firmes de service. Des enquêtes réalisées dans trois régions, en Allemagne, en France et aux Pays-Bas, auprès de prestataires de conseil technique dans la filière céréales, montrent l'émergence de nouveaux types de prestataires (cabinets de consultants, fournisseurs de logiciels d'aide à la décision). Ces nouveaux acteurs ont des logiques de performances et des configurations de back-office très différentes de celles qui prévalaient dans les dispositifs de conseil publics ou de celles qui existent dans les entreprises d'amont et d'aval qui font du conseil (coopératives, négociants). Ce constat invite à ouvrir un agenda de recherches sur l'évolution de la qualité des « preuves » sur lesquelles peut s'appuyer le conseil.

summary is the animal a topic of interest to Carl Schmitt? Academic commonality presupposes that the question of the animal is unrelated both to Schmitt's intellectual interests and to its understanding of the political, theological and relationship between them. In this work, we suggest that this impression should be reviewed in the light of textual evidence revealing Schmitt's interest in the issue of the animal and the performers of his work who, albeit tangentially, take part in the discussion. ; RESUMEN ¿Es el animal es un tema de interés para Carl Schmitt? El sentido común académico presupone que la cuestión del animal es ajena tanto a los intereses intelectuales de Schmitt como a su concepción de lo político, de lo teológico y de la relación que ambos mantienen entre sí. En este trabajo sugerimos que esta impresión debe ser revisada a la luz de evidencia textual que revela el interés de Schmitt por la cuestión del animal y de intérpretes de su obra que, aunque de manera tangencial, participan de la discusión.

National hearing The article presents the main components of the civil service reform and the Staff Regulations and highlights the link with the reorganisation linked to the general review of public policies. ; National audience L'article présente les grandes composantes de la réforme de la fonction publique et du statut des fonctionnaires et met en évidence le lien avec les réorganisation liées à la révision générale des politiques publiques.

Electronic evidence of legal acts comes into the arena of the law by the big door, especially as a result of the principle of non-discrimination supported by UNCITRAL. Thus, the European Directive of 13 December 1999 provides that Member States 'shall ensure that an electronic signature is not refused legal effectiveness and admissibility as evidence in legal proceedings on the sole ground that. the signature takes place in electronic format.' In this respect, national laws must be amended in order to allow 'advanced electronic signatures [to] meet the legal requirements of a signature in respect of electronic data in the same way as a handwritten signature meets those requirements in relation to handwritten data or printed on paper'. It is for the case-law to define the contours of the existing law in the same way as a handwritten signature which often fails to compensate for shortcomings. In the present case, the Cour de Cassation points out that, in the absence of a certified electronic designature, it is for the office of the courts to seek the reliability of evidence (I). By doing so, it clearly identifies in the principle of security an objective to be pursued unwaveringly (II). Such a free arbiter of the courts of law demonstrates that technological progress is directly part of the phenomenon of case-law. ; International audience ; Electronic evidence of legal acts comes into the arena of the law by the big door, especially as a result of the principle of non-discrimination supported by UNCITRAL. Thus, the European Directive of 13 December 1999 provides that Member States 'shall ensure that an electronic signature is not refused legal effectiveness and admissibility as evidence in legal proceedings on the sole ground that. the signature takes place in electronic format.' In this respect, national laws must be amended in order to allow 'advanced electronic signatures [to] meet the legal requirements of a signature in respect of electronic data in the same way as a handwritten signature meets those ...

The statement of the first precept of the method as set out in the Speech in 1637 starts as follows: "The first was to never receive anything for me to know it of course" (AT, VI, p. 18). This wording would be reduced to a strict tautology, if we omit the adverb "of course". It refers here to the experience of intellectual evidence, a completely clear and distinct representation to the point of being beyond doubt, as the only condition for us to be aware of any truth. The obvious is thus the focus of the Cartesian undertaking in the search for truth and the heart of the doctrine of knowledge which corresponds to it. While what happens in the obvious experience is clear in terms of access to the truth through the use of the natural light of our understanding, it remains to be determined what kind of experience is actually involved. Our question is thus as follows: what is the cartesian experiment of light? In what way can it be argued that this is a test of truth not in the sense of searching for truth, or in coding and inverter in the sense that we would put the truth to stress, or in the sense that we would assess it, but simply in the sense that it feels in a form of superiority? ; L'énoncé du premier précepte de la méthode telle qu'elle est exposée dans le Discours en 1637 commence ainsi : « Le premier était de ne recevoir jamais aucune chose pour vraie que je ne la connusse évidemment être telle » (AT, VI, p. 18). Cette formulation se réduirait à une stricte tautologie, si nous omettions l'adverbe « évidemment ». Car il désigne ici l'expérience de l'évidence intellectuelle, représentation entièrement claire et distincte au point d'être indubitable, comme étant l'unique condition nous assurant de la connaissance de toute vérité. L'évidence se présente ainsi comme le point de mire de l'entreprise cartésienne de la recherche de la vérité et le coeur de la doctrine de la connaissance qui lui correspond. Si ce qui se joue dans l'expérience de l'évidence est clair en ce qu'il en va de l'accès à la vérité par ...

International audience We assess fiscal performances in G7 and selected Latin American and Asian countries. We analyze two questions: (i) have public finances been sustainable? (ii) do countries follow more restrictive fiscal policies when debt starts to rise? We find that: (i) The traditional unit root tests often overlook the corrective actions taken by many governments. Controlling for structural breaks changes the nonstationarity results dramatically among the three groups; (ii) Estimation of a reaction function for governments, expanded by incorporating structural breaks, provides further evidence for significant active anti-debt policies among the G7 and to a lesser extent in the other regions.

139 146 198 ; S ; [EN] Humic-like substances (HLS) extracted from urban wastes have been tested as auxiliaries for the photo Fenton removal of thiabendazole (TBZ) under simulated sunlight. Experimental design methodology based on Doehlert matrices was employed to check the effects of hydrogen peroxide concentration, HLS amount as well as TBZ loading; this last parameter was studied in the range 25-100 mg/L, to include values below and above the limit of solubility at pH = 5. Very satisfactory results were reached when TBZ was above solubility if HLS and H2O2 amounts were high. This could be attributed to an interaction of HLS-TBZ that enhances the solubility of the pollutant. Additional evidence supporting the latter interaction was obtained by fluorescence measurements (excitation emission matrices) and parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Authors want to acknowledge the financial support of Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (CTQ2015-69832-C04) and European Union (645551-RISE-2014, MAT4TREAT). The present work was partially supported by UNLP (11/X679), ANPCyT (PICT-2015-0374A) and CONICET (PIP: 12-2013-01-00236CO). B. Caram thank the CONICET for his research graduate grant. F. S. Garcia Einschlag is a research member of CONICET. Caram, B.; García-Ballesteros, S.; Santos-Juanes Jordá, L.; Arqués Sanz, A.; Garcia-Einschlag, FS. (2018). Humic like substances for the treatment of scarcely soluble pollutants by mild photo-Fenton process. Chemosphere. 198:139-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.074

policy analysis, as a field of scientific research aimed at bringing greater rationality, effectiveness and democracy to the processes of training, decision-making and implementation of public policies, has been developed since the middle of the last century. In this period, the so called 'policy sciences' went through major developments, which now make it possible to identify at least three major perspectives for analysis: a traditional approach based on data and evidence, a second so-called cognitivist perspective that takes into account the role of ideas and, finally, a post-empiricist perspective that aims to democratise policy analysis. We propose to the reader an overview of these perspectives (Roth, 2014) and conclude by pointing out some avenues for rethinking democracy and its institutions from the analysis of public policies. ; El análisis de política, como campo de investigación científica que pretende aportar mayor racionalidad, efectividad y democracia a los procesos de formación, decisión e implementación de políticas públicas, se ha desarrollado a partir de mediados del siglo pasado. En este lapso, las llamadas "ciencias de la política" (policy sciences) pasaron por importantes desarrollos que permiten hoy señalar, por lo menos, tres grandes perspectivas de análisis: una perspectiva tradicional basada en los datos y las evidencias, una segunda perspectiva llamada cognitivista que toma en consideración el papel de las ideas y, por última, una perspectiva post-empiricista que pretende democratizar el análisis de políticas. Proponemos al lector una síntesis de estas perspectivas (Roth, 2014) y concluimos señalando algunas pistas para repensar la democracia y sus instituciones desde el análisis de políticas públicas.

International audience This paper aims to reconstitute the story of the link that the Ps-Longinus and Quintilian draw between the phantasia, defined as a faculty of mental visualization, and the enargeia, that is the "evidence" of the speech. Actually, the two notions are already linked in the Stoa, which associates the enargeia with the "comprehensive representation" (phantasia kataleptike), defined as the support of knowledge and action. The treatise On the sublime suggests a shift from the stoic definition of phantasia, considered as "common", to the rhetorical definition of phantasia, presented as the result of a specialization of the first phantasia and still associated with the enargeia. This original relation, taken up by Quintilian, allows to grasp the philosophical background of the rhetorical theories of image and evidence and reveals the permeability between the two fields during the Roman period. ; Cet article vise à reconstituer l'histoire du lien que le Ps-Longin et Quintilien établissent entre la phantasia, qu'ils définissent comme une faculté de visualisation mentale et l'enargeia, l'évidence du discours. De fait, les deux notions sont déjà réunies dans le Portique, qui associe l'enargeia à la représentation compréhensive (phantasia katalèptikè), définie comme le support de la connaissance et de l'action. Or le traité Du sublime évoque un glissement de la définition stoïcienne de la phantasia, qualifiée de « commune », à celle de la phantasia rhétorique, présentée comme le résultat d'une spécialisation de la première et toujours associée à l'enargeia. Cette relation originale, reprise par Quintilien, permet de saisir les fondements philosophiques des théories rhétoriques de l'image et révèle la perméabilité entre les deux domaines à l'époque romaine.

Cette contribution entend tirer parti des débats qui se sont noués entre philosophes, praticiens et scientifiques autour de la notion d'« evidence based-medicine » (Fagot-Largeault 2010) puis, plus généralement, autour des diverses approches en termes d'« evidence-based decision », et qui ont permis d'approfondir la réflexion sur la différenciation des preuves utilisées dans la pratique (Laurent et al. 2010).Curieusement, ces acquis sont peu reliés aux résultats des recherches sur la pluralité des sciences (Kellert et al. 2006). Ceci conduit à minimiser l'hétérogénéité des programmes de recherches qui coexistent au sein des disciplines et les limites des preuves qu'ils produisent. Or chaque théorie, par construction, a des angles morts importants et des programmes de recherches contradictoires dans leurs présupposés théoriques peuvent fournir des éclairages complémentaires pour la décision. Ne pas tenir compte de cette dialectique peut aboutir à des représentations simplistes des problèmes de la pratique, très décalées des structures causales complexes auxquels les praticiens sont confrontés (Cartwright 2011). Ce faisant, lorsque ces limites ne sont pas explicitées, les solutions proposées peuvent être très mal adaptées aux objectifs poursuivis et porteuses d'effets pervers. Cette question sera abordée à partir du cas des dispositifs quasi-expérimentaux proposés pour l'évaluation des politiques (Labrousse 2010, Berriet et al. 2011), en nous appuyant sur l'exemple d'une évaluation conduite par E. Duflo et al (2009, 2011) pour évaluer l'impact demesures de développement agricole au Kenya. Nous verrons ainsi que de tels dispositifs produisent des preuves d'efficacité mais traitent de façon très rudimentaire des causes du succès ou de l'échec d'une action de développement. Ils ne permettent donc pas de savoir ce qui est extrapolable et sont inopérants pour concevoir de nouvelles mesures. En dépit de ces limites, les instigateurs de ces dispositifs font des recommandations pratiques précises. Elles sont très discutables si l'on considère les apports d'autres points de vue théoriques (Labarthe, Laurent 2011). En analysant la façon dont les auteurs passent de la création de preuve d'efficacité à celle de prescriptions normatives, nous nous interrogerons sur le domaine de validité et le statut épistémique d'un tel type de recommandations. Nous discuterons de l'intérêt d'une prise en compte explicite de la pluralité des sciences du point de vue de la pratique.

In contrast to the "attack" of the German statement, the closing of the statement, i.e. the right periphery, still presents many phenomena that can be explored. Among the left-behind of the German syntax is the occupation of the post-last position (Nachfeld) by a constituent without verb. The linearisation of the wording thus arranged is of the 'marked' type. Situated at the very end of the verbal statement, the post last position − a structurally Facul' position at the level of the statement — is frequently exploited in political discourse, halfway between oral and written. For what purpose (s) does the speaker delay the emergence of information with an important communicative weight in textual dynamics? What are the challenges of the post last occupation in political discourse? At the interface between syntax and pragmatic lto sensu, this empirical analysis aims to highlight the involvement of post-final constituents in structuring, and beyond, the coherence of discourse. ; International audience ; In contrast to the "attack" of the German statement, the closing of the statement, i.e. the right periphery, still presents many phenomena that can be explored. Among the left-behind of the German syntax is the occupation of the post-last position (Nachfeld) by a constituent without verb. The linearisation of the wording thus arranged is of the 'marked' type. Situated at the very end of the verbal statement, the post last position − a structurally Facul' position at the level of the statement — is frequently exploited in political discourse, halfway between oral and written. For what purpose (s) does the speaker delay the emergence of information with an important communicative weight in textual dynamics? What are the challenges of the post last occupation in political discourse? At the interface between syntax and pragmatic lto sensu, this empirical analysis aims to highlight the involvement of post-final constituents in structuring, and beyond, the coherence of discourse. ; À l'inverse de « l'attaque » de l'énoncé ...

International audience The way seemed to be promisingly open for the decade 2000 to become a period of the rich and shared implementation of practical and key developments in terms of forest biodiversity. Some steps forward have been made, especially in terms of protected areas both in overseas and mainland France, development of certification schemes and decentralisation. However, the emergence of the climate issue and the reduction in public funds and human resource allocations, among other reasons, slowed down the expected improvements. The 1999 and 2009 storms highlighted the low resilience of the dominant silvicultural model. In the area of climate change, short-term mitigation policies tend to overshadow guidelines aimed at long term adaptation and call on a partial approach that does not take into account the forest ecosystem as a whole. In fact, France's commitments in respect of the EU and the resolutions that arose from the Grenelle consultations have strongly reintroduced the question of increasing wood harvesting into public debate, creating sharp new tensions in many forests, especially public ones. It was a difficult task to implement Natura 2000 on 10% of the forested area. This article is a review of 10 years of debate and practice relating to the introduction of biodiversity concerns into forest management in France. It describes some avenues for moving forward in the current decade. ; La voie semblait toute tracée pour que la décennie 2000 soit une période de mise en pratique partagée et fructueuse d'évolutions concrètes et majeures en matière de biodiversité forestière. Des avancées ont eu lieu, notamment en matière d'espaces protégés en métropole et outre-mer, de développement de la certification, de décentralisation. Cependant, l'émergence de la question climatique et la diminution des moyens humains et financiers publics ont, entre autres raisons, freiné les améliorations attendues. Les tempêtes de 1999 puis de 2009 ont mis en évidence la faible résilience du modèle sylvicole dominant. Les ...