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Bangladesh's step towards inclusive education was given incentive by its involvement in major international declarations. Bangladesh agreed with the declaration of Education for All, in which education is to be provided to all children with an inclusive approach. In addition, Bangladesh is also committed to achieve Millennium Development Goals, which articulated the rights of all children into education through uniform system. It is important to note that the trend of enacting inclusive education policy and legislation in Bangladesh is mainly based upon the international treaties. The purpose of this paper is to highlight challenges in inclusive education for the policy formulators, implementers, and future researchers to take measures accordingly to universalize inclusive education in the country. The challenges identified in inclusive education concerned unfulfilled requirements of children with special needs, unfriendly situation, inadequate material and non-conforming curriculum, misinterpretation and mismanagement by stakeholders, restricted political and social backing, and adverse physiography. Pre-service training of teachers, along with continued assessment, collaboration and coordination to overcome challenges of inclusive schooling is recommended.

Preliminary to a nat'l sample survey in depths on Patterns of Psychotropic Drug Acquisition & Use, an attempt was made to estimate the levels of under-reporting to be expected. (Earlier experience suggested that as many as 4 out of 10 'users' might be lost.) Existence of complete listings of all Med prescriptions filled over 5 yrs in a small, relatively isolated city, allowed for the randomized drawing of 6 samples of R's whose use of psychotropes was already known. The samples were each of 150-200. The 3 exp'al samples were: (1) those filling prescriptions for sedatives/hypnotics during the 1st 6 months of 1968; (2) those doing the same for psychostimulants; (3) those doing the same for tranquilizers. The 3 comparison groups were: (4) those filling prescriptions for antibiotics during the same 1968 period, but not filling prescriptions for psychotropes; (5) those filling prescriptions for tranquilizers during 1966-67 but not in 1968; & finally, (6) a special group filling prescriptions for tranquilizers in 1968 who were questioned without the use of intensive techniques plus color-photo reproductions of the drugs. The survey was conducted during Fall & Win, 1968-69. Interviewers worked blind. Results suggest that: (a) Validity levels are highest among users of tranquilizers, eg, 83% of the current tranquilizer-users correctly stated this known fact compared to a level about 10% points lower for sedative or stimulant users. (b) Validity levels for reporting use of all 3 types of psychotropes were about 10% points higher than for those using antibiotics. Here the findings suggest that validity of response in psychotropic drug surveys is, if anything, rather higher than in similar res concerning other drugs. (c) The use of intensive techniques of probing plus special color charts picturing major psychotropic drugs reduced the level of invalid response sharply-almost halving it. (d) Validity of response dropped noticeably-as many as 20% points-among those not using tranquilizers within a yr of the interviewing. (e) Factors associated positively with invalid responses appear to be low educ, uncooperativeness (as noted by interviewers), M sex & language difficulties, AA.

The objectives of this study were to assess the impacts of Inclusive Education (IE) Project implemented in government schools of Islamabad and anticipate its practicability for public schools. Quantitative and qualitative methods were applied for data collection. Study instruments were structured interviews, unstructured focus group discussions, and questionnaire. The study revealed that Students with Disabilities (SWDs) carrypositive attitudes about their mainstreaming and promote friendships among them. The accessibility of school infrastructure normally addresses the needs of all students, but curriculum, equipment, teaching, learning aids, and assessment methods need to be adjusted. Principals in the schools have a positive attitude towards IE and suggested the government take more concrete measures toward mobilizing financial and technical resources for the training of teachers and providing them with technological support. Teachers involved in IE practices have a positive attitude for inclusion of SWDs and they proposed that it can be replicated in all public schools.

The prescription of Distance Low Vision Aids (LVA) for children aged 5-13 years, can greatly improve their achievement both academically and socially. For LVAs may give the child increased proficiency in: board work, demonstration observation, viewing movies and slides, field trips, map reading, activities with peers, and orientation and mobility. However, satisfactory use of the aids requires an understanding of the ever changing classroom environment and needs close cooperation between the teacher and doctor prescribing the LVA.

The teachers are extraordinary wellsprings of learning, thriving and edification to which anybody can be profited for entire life. They serve as the genuine light in every body\'s life as they help the understudies to make their courses in the life. The teaching profession is considered as the best and perfect duty in world as they give caring obligation to shape somebody\'s life. Before going to the classroom, a great teacher guarantees his/her objectives of training on regular routine. Each teacher has diverse characteristics of showing their understudies. They change in their insight, abilities, and mentalities in showing particular subjects. They attempt their best and do all endeavors in helping us to accomplish our objectives in life. The aim of present study is to investigate the effects of mono-grade teaching and learning at primary level schools. The objectives of the study were: 1) To find out the effects of mono-grade teaching and learning in primary schools. 2) To find out which method is easy for learning outcome for students in primary school. 3) To discover in which method students can improve their grade and develop their social skills. The descriptive survey method was used in study. The target population was comprised of One thousand five hundred and seventy six (five hundred and thirty one male one thousand and forty five female) primary teachers of government schools. A sample of two hundred teachers (both male and female), two teachers from each government primary schools were selected. Research questionnaire was developed on likert scale for gathering the data on the basis of teacher?s perception on the organizational effects of mono-grade teaching and learning. The collected data were analyzed through SPSS 21. The score of responses were tabulated in to the frequencies and represented in percentage and chi square test was performed. The results and findings of the study reveal that the majority of teacher?s perception regarding the student learning in mono-grade teaching strategies is ...

English is the certified language of Pakistan and intermediate of teaching in private schools. Learning an FL might be frustrating and challenging for some young learners. Stories in English as literature are an effective technique to teach young learners. This paper attempts to explore if reading stories in English as part of literature is a gendered activity with differences of interest by boys and girls. The study used a Reading Attitude Survey modified from Downing Object Activity Opinion and the Finnish questionnaire. The findings depict that stories in the schoolbooks are enthusiastic and are suitable according to learners' curiosity and standard. Results further specified that the general mainstream of students understands reading as an action that is more appropriate for girls, thus supportive of the study's hypothesis. The results also suggested that the gender-based insights strengthen with age for both boys and girls.

Teaching is an imperative device used for guideline in various circumstances. It is the method for correspondence received in a dynamic and solid environment. Teacher is likewise the coordinator of learning circumstances and transmits science to social community. Some time teacher might be called as a pioneer who assumes a part to change the awful standards of society into the great one. For his past encounters they offer information to understudies and make the establishments of country. Teachers are extraordinary wellsprings of learning, thriving and edification to which anybody can be profited for entire life. They serve as the genuine light in every body\'s life as they help the understudies to make their courses in the life. The aim of present study is to investigate the effects of multi-grade teaching and learning at primary level schools. The objectives of the study were: 1) To find out the effects of multi-grade teaching and learning in primary schools. 2) To find out which method is easy for learning outcome of students in primary school. 3) To discover in which method students can improve their grade and develop their social skills. The descriptive survey method was used in study. The target population was comprised of One thousand five hundred and seventy six (five hundred and thirty one male one thousand and forty five female) primary teachers of government schools. A sample of two hundred teachers (both male and female), two teachers from each government primary schools were selected. Research questionnaire was developed on likert scale for gathering the data on the basis of teacher?s perception on the organizational effects of multi-grade teaching and learning. The collected data were analyzed through SPSS 21. The score of responses were tabulated in to the frequencies and represented in percentage, mean values the standard deviation and chi square test were performed. The results and findings of the study reveal that the majority of 70% teacher?s perception regarding the student learning in ...

The paper aims to describe the literacy movement initiated by Indonesian Government. Since there is disproportional distribution of literacy exposures between the pupils who are living in urban areas and the pupils who are living in rural areas, it needs important roles of teachers and school managements mainly for those at rural areas in developing and improving reading habits for their pupils. The wall magazines can be used as affordable media in grasping pupils' reading interest at primary level. The appropriate procedures in using wall magazines at primary schools can support divergent purposes to make the pupils get interested in reading. The use of wall magazines is also intended to create reading environment for the pupils in order to learn and apply the literacy movement program at early level. The appropriate use of strategies in using wall magazine is planned to train the pupils learning how to read and think critically about the textual materials that are provided by using attractive and appropriate visual mode. The study would be conducted as case-study in describing the procedures and the use of wall magazine at SDN Pamolokan 3 at Sumenep as a part of Literacy Movement program at school (which known as Gerakan Literasi Sekolah or GLS). The data of this study would be qualitative data in the forms of questionnaires results and interviews.

The paper aims to describe the literacy movement initiated by Indonesian Government. Since there is disproportional distribution of literacy exposures between the pupils who are living in urban areas and the pupils who are living in rural areas, it needs important roles of teachers and school managements mainly for those at rural areas in developing and improving reading habits for their pupils. The wall magazines can be used as affordable media in grasping pupils' reading interest at primary level. The appropriate procedures in using wall magazines at primary schools can support divergent purposes to make the pupils get interested in reading. The use of wall magazines is also intended to create reading environment for the pupils in order to learn and apply the literacy movement program at early level. The appropriate use of strategies in using wall magazine is planned to train the pupils learning how to read and think critically about the textual materials that are provided by using attractive and appropriate visual mode. The study would be conducted as case-study in describing the procedures and the use of wall magazine at SDN Pamolokan 3 at Sumenep as a part of Literacy Movement program at school (which known as Gerakan Literasi Sekolah or GLS). The data of this study would be qualitative data in the forms of questionnaires results and interviews.

This article describes the process approach to writing instruction, now being implemented in many regular education classes, as it has been modified and used effectively for teaching braille writing to young children who are blind. Children who are taught braille writing as a process develop positive attitudes toward writing, making connections between reading and writing, and use writing for a variety of purposes.