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Introduction: Ethical values are fundamental aspect of human life that governs the choice between doing good or bad. Recently, there has been an increase in cases of unethical behavior among school going children and the general public at large in, despite the various efforts being made by the government of Kenya to integrate values concerns in the curriculum. Purpose: The study was a critique of the policy frameworks for value education in primary school education curriculum in Kenya. Methodology: Since this is a philosophical study, critical method was used as the main research methodology. Results: The study established that the current value education strategy in the primary school curriculum in Kenya cannot guarantee the teaching of values concerns due to overemphasis on the academic excellence and the lack of well-articulated philosophy of education. Recommendations: The study recommended the introduction of an independent learning area on ethics so as to compliment other interventions in teaching of values. Also, teachers should be trained adequately on values pedagogy since the current approach assumes that teachers trained in teaching other academic subjects have the competency to teach values

Background A suitable definition of primary care to capture the variety of prevailing international organisation and service-delivery models is lacking. Aim Evaluation of strength of primary care in Europe. Design and setting International comparative cross-sectional study performed in 2009–2010, involving 27 EU member states, plus Iceland, Norway, Switzerland, and Turkey. Method Outcome measures covered three dimensions of primary care structure: primary care governance, economic conditions of primary care, and primary care workforce development; and four dimensions of primary care service-delivery process: accessibility, comprehensiveness, continuity, and coordination of primary care. The primary care dimensions were operationalised by a total of 77 indicators for which data were collected in 31 countries. Data sources included national and international literature, governmental publications, statistical databases, and experts' consultations. Results Countries with relatively strong primary care are Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, and the UK. Countries either have many primary care policies and regulations in place, combined with good financial coverage and resources, and adequate primary care workforce conditions, or have consistently only few of these primary care structures in place. There is no correlation between the access, continuity, coordination, and comprehensiveness of primary care of countries. Conclusion Variation is shown in the strength of primary care across Europe, indicating a discrepancy in the responsibility given to primary care in national and international policy initiatives and the needed investments in primary care to solve, for example, future shortages of workforce. Countries are consistent in their primary care focus on all important structure dimensions. Countries need to improve their primary care information infrastructure to facilitate primary care performance management.

Primary care (PC) is an essential building block for any high quality healthcare system, and has a particularly positive impact on vulnerable patients. It contributes to the overall performance of health systems, and countries that reorient their health system towards PC are better prepared to achieve universal health coverage. Monitoring the actual performance of PC in health systems is essential health policy to support PC. However, current indicators are often too narrowly defined to account for quality of care in the complex populations with which PC deals. This article reviews a number of conceptual frameworks developed to capture PC values in robust measures and indicators that can inform policy and practice performance. Each have benefits and limitations. Further work is needed to develop meaningful primary health care (PHC) and PC measures to inform strategic action by policymakers and governments for improved overall performance of health systems.

Internalizing the value of character in primary school children is fundamental, but the reality in school teachers is still difficult to do because of the inappropriateness of the approach used. The solution needs to be addressed by a scientific approach so that this study is expected to describe the design of learning to its implementation. This research uses the method of description through class action done by students peer teaching fellow colleagues. The findings show that the design of value internalization in scientific learning can be done well by the students from the mapping of themed concepts and sub-themes to the determination of KI, KD, Indicator, objective formulation, activities, and integrated evaluation of attitudes, skills, and knowledge in an integrated manner. Similarly, the well-packed implementation of the initial activity, the core activities to the final activity, it looks the scientific nuances that deliver the internalization of values on the participants of learning that will personally on themselves as individuals who are pious, noble, intelligent, skilled, creative , discipline, independence, responsibility and democratic. This achievement cannot be separated from the various obstacles experienced by students but can be overcome, so as not to reduce the acquisition of expected learning outcomes. The results of this study are expected to be used as a basic capital for the development of thematic learning either for the needs of students who are teaching in elementary school or for the development of integrated therapeutic learning in elementary school.

В данной статье рассматривается насущная проблема современности – формирование ценностных ориентаций у младших школьников в процессе патриотического воспитания. Актуальность исследования обусловлена целевым ориентиром, который задан ФГОС общего начального образования, а также неразработанностью ценностного компонента содержания патриотического воспитания с точки зрения его научно-практической составляющей. Научная новизна исследования состоит в рассмотрении формирования ценностных ориентаций в начальной школе с позиции патриотического воспитания. Цель статьи – научное обоснование педагогических условий формирования ценностных ориентаций у младших школьников в процессе патриотического воспитания. Ключевым аспектом патриотического воспитания является его ценностная составляющая, направленная на формирование у младших школьников таких черт, как гордость за культуру своей страны, любовь, преданность и готовность встать за защиту своей Родины, своего Отечества, что соотносится с сущностью ценностных ориентаций. Представленные в статье материалы отражают практический опыт формирования ценностных ориентаций обучающихся в современной начальной школе на основе реализации выявленных автором педагогических условий, которые обеспечивают эффективность данного процесса, что доказано результатами исследования. Статья представляет интерес для исследователей в области общей педагогики, работников сферы образования.
This article deals with the actual problem of our time, which is the formation of value orientations among younger pupils in the process of patriotic education. The relevance of the study is due to the goal, which is set by the Federal State Educational Standard of General Primary Education, as well as the lack of development of the value component of the content of patriotic education in terms of its scientific and practical component. Scientific novelty consists in considering the formation of value orientations in primary school from the point of patriotic education. The purpose of the article is a scientific substantiation of the pedagogical conditions for the formation of value orientations among younger schoolchildren in the process of patriotic education. The key aspect of patriotic education is its value component, which guides the formation of such traits in junior schoolchildren as pride in the culture of their country, love, devotion and readiness to stand up for the defense of their Motherland, their Fatherland, which correlates with the essence of value orientations. The presented materials of the article reflect the practical experience in the formation of value orientations of students in a modern primary school based on the implementation of the pedagogical conditions identified by the author, the implementation of which ensures the effectiveness of this process, which is proved by the results of the study. The article is of interest to researchers in the field of general pedagogy and educators.

Health care costs have grown to unsustainable levels nationally and within the Department of Defense. Military health care costs have historically been difficult to isolate, causing budget cuts to be the vehicle for cost control. Maximum efficiency, therefore, is the goal in order to show improvement. With the Air Force's new preventive health plan, they aim to drive a long-term posture for cost reduction through prevention. This research effort aimed to develop a tool to assist in future efforts to understand and improve efficiency in workload output, and whether a relationship exists between patient workload demand and the per-encounter variables collected at the Wright-Patterson AFB Medical Center Primary Care Clinic. This study examined primary care production data from the Military Health System Management Analysis and Reporting Tool from fiscal years 2009 and 2010, measuring patient workload in Relative Value Units (RVU) per encounter. The model produced shows a predictive adjusted R² of 82%, indicating the variable appointment type shows an explanatory capability of the differences in RVU output per encounter and is a demand-based estimating tool for RVU throughput. When applied, the results could lead to a better understanding of efficiency of workload production.

Background Despite many decades of declining mortality rates in the Western world, cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide. In this research we evaluate the optimal mix of lifestyle, pharmaceutical and population-wide interventions for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Methods and Findings In a discrete time Markov model we simulate the ischaemic heart disease and stroke outcomes and cost impacts of intervention over the lifetime of all Australian men and women, aged 35 to 84 years, who have never experienced a heart disease or stroke event. Best value for money is achieved by mandating moderate limits on salt in the manufacture of bread, margarine and cereal. A combination of diuretic, calcium channel blocker, ACE inhibitor and low-cost statin, for everyone with at least 5% five-year risk of cardiovascular disease, is also cost-effective, but lifestyle interventions aiming to change risky dietary and exercise behaviours are extremely poor value for money and have little population health benefit. Conclusions There is huge potential for improving efficiency in cardiovascular disease prevention in Australia. A tougher approach from Government to mandating limits on salt in processed foods and reducing excessive statin prices, and a shift away from lifestyle counselling to more efficient absolute risk-based prescription of preventive drugs, could cut health care costs while improving population health.