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The chemical industry is changing, going beyond commodity chemicals to a palette of higher value added products. This groundbreaking book, now revised and expanded, documents this change and shows how to meet the challenges implied. Presenting a four-step design process - needs, ideas, selection, manufacture - the authors supply readers with a simple design template that can be applied to a wide variety of products. Four new chapters on commodities, devices, molecules/drugs and microstructures show how this template can be applied to products including oxygen for emphysema patients, pharmaceuticals like taxol, dietary supplements like lutein, and beverages which are more satisfying. For different groups of products the authors supply both strategies for design and summaries of relevant science. Economic analysis is expanded, emphasizing the importance of speed-to-market, selling ideas to investors and an expectation of limited time in the market. Extra examples, homework problems and a solutions manual are available.

Creating good products is not an easy thing to do. There are usually many different people who have an interest in the product. People such as the user, of course, but also marketing managers, production engineers, maintenance workers, recycling specialists, and government representatives, just to name a few. Each of these stakeholders has his own ideas and agenda, which may conflict with the ideas and agendas of others. Designers have an extremely tough job trying to satisfy the differing needs and desires of all stakeholders. Moreover, it is very difficult for designers to determine what those needs and desires are in the first place - especially when dealing with complex products and/or products that don't exist yet. To make matters worse, designers are always confined by time and cost constraints. Through the years, various methods and tools have been developed that support designers in dealing with these difficulties. But, so far, these methods and tools have only been a band-aid on a wound. Design has essentially remained a process in which designers are forced to make assumptions about what other people want. This is especially true when designing products that are new, that are complex, and that involve many different stakeholders. The goal of this research was the development of a new product design method that adequately supports designers in determining stakeholders' preferences and finding the best compromise between those preferences. A method that gives stakeholders insight into the consequences of their decisions and enables them to express their preferences. A method that provides designers with the information necessary to create a good design. A method that specifically supports the design of products that are new, that are complex, and that involve many different stakeholders.

The importance of supporting the early stages of design is widely accepted. In particular, the development of supportive tools and methods for modelling and analysis of evolving design solutions present a difficult challenge. One reason for this is the need to model both the product design and the design knowledge from which the design is created. There are a number of limitations with many existing techniques and an alternative approach that deals with the design constraints themselves is presented. Dealing directly with the constraints affords a more generalised approach that represents the process by which a product is designed. This enables modelling and reasoning about a product from an often abstract and evolving set of requirements. The constraint methodology is an iterative process where the design requirements are elaborated, the constraint rules altered, design ideas generated and tested as functional structures. The incorporation of direct search techniques to solve the constrained problem enables different solutions to be explored and allows the determination of 'best compromises' for related constraints. A constraint modelling environment is discussed and two example cases are used to demonstrate the potential of a constraint-aided approach for supporting important issues such as the design of product variants and product families.

1 Polymer Structure and Physical Properties -- 2 Stress-Strain Behavior of Plastics Materials -- 3 Effects of Fillers on Properties and Performance -- 4 Stress Analysis for Plastics -- 5 Structural Design of Beams, Plates and Other Structural Members -- 6 Dynamic Load Response of Plastics Members and Effects of Cyclical Loading -- 7 Other Forms of Stress Applied to Plastics Parts -- 8 Design for Stiffness -- 9 Processing Limitations on Plastics Product Design -- 10 CAD/CAM and Plastics Product Design -- 11 Material and Process Interaction and the Effects on the Performance of Plastics Parts and the Resulting Design Limitations -- 12 Performance in Service and Environmental Exposure -- 13 Design Procedure for Plastics Parts: Function, Material, Geometry, Test -- 14 Design of Plastics Structural Parts for Static Loads -- 15 Design of Dynamically Loaded Plastics Parts and Evaluation Procedures -- 16 The Design of Plastics Parts for Electrical Applications -- 17 Design of Plastics Parts for Optical Applications -- 18 Other Design Applications for Plastics -- Index/.