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Introduction: Over the last decade lifelong guidance has been given increasing attention at both European and national levels. It is recognised as a crucial dimension of lifelong learning, promoting both social and economic goals: in particular, improving the effi ciency and effectiveness of education, training and the labour market through its contribution to reducing drop-out, preventing skill mismatches and boosting productivity. Two EU Resolutions of the Education Council (20041; 20082) have highlighted the need for strong guidance services throughout the lifespan to equip citizens with the skills needed to manage their learning and careers, and the transitions between and within education/training and work. The Resolutions drew attention to four priority areas, i.e. the development of career management skills; accessibility of services; quality assurance; and co-ordination of services; and Member States were invited to take action to modernise and strengthen their guidance policies and systems. [Continues, please see the article.] ; peerReviewed

The objective scope of the article includes an analysis of the course and the results of the elections to the parliament in the Autonomous Communities of Galicia and the Basque Country, which took place on July 12, 2020. In Galicia, as the first of the Autonomous Communities, the Spanish government introduced the last phase related to restrictions during the coronavirus pandemic, the so-called 'nueva normalidad' (effective from June 15, 2020). This meant that elections in Galicia were held in zone 3 (the so-called green zone from June 8, 2020), in which the lowest level of restrictions was introduced. In the Basque Country, on the other hand, elections were originally scheduled for April 5, 2020. Due to the 'estado de alarma' (state of alert) in force from March 2020, the elections were postponed in both Autonomous Communities. During the analysis, attention was paid to voter turnout and the distribution of votes cast among individual political parties.

The aim of the article is to describe the processes of local communities mobilization in the face of (small) schools liquidation in the rural areas. The author focuses on those cases of local activism which resulted in the formalization of undertaken activities and the establishment of local associations willing to lead local schools. The article presents determinants of social mobilization processes, pointing to the important role of local authorities (executive bodies) and teachers perceived as leaders of local activism. Based on the results of qualitative research conducted in selected rural municipalities in Poland, the author identifies three models of local activism leading to the creation of local (grassroots) associations that act as school governing bodies. Two of the identified models of activism are of a cooperative nature, based on the co-action of local authorities and the local community. While third one is non-cooperative. In this case, the mobilization of the local community and the formation of the association resulted from the lack of community acceptance for the decision of the municipality related to schools liquidation. Theoretical frameworks of the article are based on the concept of local governance, assuming the active participation of nonpublic actors in the process of public tasks implementation. The author also refers to the concept of public participation and presents selected definitions of social activity. The article is based on empirical research conducted in the form of semi-structured interviews and available statistical data (GUS). The author used the following methods: the literature review method and elements of the comparative and systemic methods. ; Celem artykułu jest opis procesów aktywizacji społeczności lokalnej w obliczu likwidacji szkół na obszarach wiejskich, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem tych, których efektem była formalizacja działań i powołanie stowarzyszeń prowadzących szkoły. Autorka koncentruje się na uwarunkowaniach procesów aktywizacji społecznej, wskazując na istotną rolę władz lokalnych (organów wykonawczych) oraz nauczycieli, jako liderów lokalnej mobilizacji. Bazując na wynikach badań jakościowych prowadzonych w wybranych gminach wiejskich, wskazuje na trzy modele aktywizacji prowadzącej do powstania oddolnych stowarzyszeń prowadzących szkoły. Dwa ze zidentyfikowanych rozwiązań mają charakter kooperatywny, oparty na współpracy władz lokalnych i społeczności lokalnej. Jeden zaś niekooperatywny, w przypadku którego władze gminy nie wspierały społeczności lokalnych w tworzeniu oddolnych stowarzyszeń, które podjęłyby się prowadzenia szkół. W tym przypadku aktywizacja społeczności lokalnej i powstanie stowarzyszenia były rezultatem braku akceptacji społeczności dla decyzji władz gminy. Ramy teoretyczne artykułu wyznacza koncepcja współrządzenia na poziomie lokalnym (local governance), zakładająca aktywny udział podmiotów niepublicznych w procesach realizacji zadań publicznych. Ponadto autorka dokonuje przeglądu definicji aktywności społecznej i partycypacji publicznej. W artykule wykorzystane zostały wyniki z badań empirycznych prowadzonych w formie wywiadów półustrukturyzowanych wśród 60 interesariuszy lokalnej polityki oświatowej oraz danych zastanych (GUS). W badaniu wykorzystano takie metody jak analiza literatury przedmiotu oraz metoda porównawcza.

The central concern of this paper is the growing influx of Russian migrants to the Czech Republic and the consequences for political and social order. With nearly 40,000 migrants, Russians are the fourth biggest foreign community in Czechia. Due to their material status, the history of bilateral relations, and the significant role of their homeland in Czech politics, the growing Russian community poses a problem for Czech society. The fear of Russian dominance – in political as well as economical dimensions – as well as resentment about the communistic era, is still present among Czech people. Although most Russians come to Czech to study or to do business and are not engaged in political activity, relations between migrants and the host society can be strained. Mutual prejudices make themselves felt in moments of the political crisis between two countries, such as the recent row over Soviet monuments in Prague. However, this doesn't necessarily mean that the Russian community could easily become a tool for Kremlin propaganda. Russians appreciate the opportunity to live in a rich, liberal and democratic society and even though they keep strong emotional ties with their homeland they are not keen to affirm all of Moscow's deeds.

The leading goal of this paper is to attempt to answer the question whether gender and ethnic origin have an influence on the international professional career of an individual. Since 1989 Poland has been affected by the changes taking place worldwide in the wake of rampant globalisation. The country's accession to the European Union has opened new labour markets, an opportunity that Polish people are eagerly taking advantage of. At the same time, Poland has become home to international corporations, which have transformed its economy to a considerable extent. These processes involve the active participation of women. Their social position, professional opportunities, as well as related expectations and challenges have undergone a substantial change. The first part contains an overview of literature on gender and ethnic origin and discusses the most significant concepts related to culture and its dimensions according to G. Hofstede, as well as with culturally-conditioned social roles. The second part presents the results of the author's research on the influence of gender and ethnic origin on international professional career, taking into account the research method applied. The final part indicates possible practical implications and potential directions for further research. (fragment of the text) ; Głównym celem artykułu jest próba odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy płeć i pochodzenie etniczne mają wpływ na przebieg międzynarodowej kariery zawodowej jednostki. W nurt zmian zachodzących na świecie, związanych z postępującą globalizacją, Polacy włączyli się po 1989 r. Wejście Polski do Unii Europejskiej otworzyło nowe rynki pracy, z czego Polacy chętnie korzystają. Jednocześnie do Polski przybyły korporacje międzynarodowe, w zasadniczy sposób zmieniając sposób dotychczasowego modelu funkcjonowania gospodarki. W procesach tych aktywnie uczestniczą kobiety. Ich pozycja społeczna, możliwości zawodowe i związane z tym oczekiwania oraz napotykane wyzwania uległy zasadniczej zmianie. W części pierwszej dokonano przeglądu ...

The article discusses the organisational issues of self-government organisations of the professions of public trust in Poland, in the context of the implementation of the principle of incompatibilitas, as a sine qua non condition for their proper functioning and due performance of the public tasks entrusted to them. The analysis covers the self-government organisations of advocates, attorneys-at-law, notaries, bailiffs, patent attorneys and tax advisers, taking into account their different structures and the legal basis (statutory law or bye-laws) for the prohibition on the one-handed holding of multiple functions or mandates in the bodies of these professional associations. The study found that the phenomenon of holding multiple functions in the self-government of attorneys-at-law constitutes a problem. The study outlines the cause of this situation and draws conclusions for the law as it should stand, which concern the introduction of a prohibition of accumulating functions to the optimum extent, in line with the solutions applied by the self-government of advocates. The aim of the article is not only to substantiate the necessity of these changes, but also to show how they should be made. This proposal can be implemented by amending the internal rules governing the self-government of attorneys-of-law, which should be treated as intra-corporate normative acts and only ultimately through legislative intervention. ; Artykuł dotyczy zagadnień organizacyjnych samorządów prawniczych zawodów zaufania publicznego w kontekście realizacji zasady incompatibilitas jako warunku sine qua non właściwego ich funkcjonowania i rzetelnej realizacji powierzonych im zadań publicznych. Przeprowadzona analiza dotyczy samorządów: adwokatów, radców prawnych, notariuszy, komorników, rzeczników patentowych i doradców podatkowych, z uwzględnieniem ich zróżnicowanej struktury oraz podstaw obowiązywania (ustawa lub/i akty prawa wewnętrznego) zakazu łączenia funkcji lub mandatów w organach tych samorządów zawodowych. W wyniku ...

NGO's are of great interest for observers as a measurement of quality of civil life and subsidiarity in society. They expose the directivity and outcomes of citizens' activities, of their interests, values, beliefs, and their existence conditions. Their development is empowered or hampered by the legal and administrative regulations. Nongovernmental organizations generate social initiatives of local groups. They are seen as a partner of local governments. They also indicate the scope of social, educational, health, and ecological problems of certain locality. Six administrative localities of comparable potentials from Poland and Lithuania (three + three) were under investigation. Relationship and cooperation between local governments and local citizen associations, the sources of financial support of NGO, projects and other activities implemented by nongovernmental organizations were comparatively analyzed. A comparative study gives deeper insight into local prosocial activities on both sides of the border. Both investigated regions across the border are under different rules of administration, have different past, though they are located in neighbourhood and interconnected by many cultural and historical congruities. The article is finalised by conclusions involving variety and similarity of Lithuanian and Polish NGO's achievements.

NGO's are of great interest for observers as a measurement of quality of civil life and subsidiarity in society. They expose the directivity and outcomes of citizens' activities, of their interests, values, beliefs, and their existence conditions. Their development is empowered or hampered by the legal and administrative regulations. Nongovernmental organizations generate social initiatives of local groups. They are seen as a partner of local governments. They also indicate the scope of social, educational, health, and ecological problems of certain locality. Six administrative localities of comparable potentials from Poland and Lithuania (three + three) were under investigation. Relationship and cooperation between local governments and local citizen associations, the sources of financial support of NGO, projects and other activities implemented by nongovernmental organizations were comparatively analyzed. A comparative study gives deeper insight into local prosocial activities on both sides of the border. Both investigated regions across the border are under different rules of administration, have different past, though they are located in neighbourhood and interconnected by many cultural and historical congruities. The article is finalised by conclusions involving variety and similarity of Lithuanian and Polish NGO's achievements.

The article brings up the issue of the attitude of the Polish liberal community towards integration with the European structures. Its objective is to show the attitudes, opinions and argumentation of the liberal pro-integrative option after the year 1989. In this regard, the standpoints of the following parties are analysed: Citizens' Movement for Democratic Action (ROAD), Democratic Union (UD), Liberal-Democratic Congress (KLD), Freedom Union (UW) and Civic Platform (PO). In further parts of the article, the author shows that to liberal parties Western Europe constituted a synonym of freedom, democracy, prosperity and progress. One can get an impression that this fascination was so strong that it was trusted without any critical reflections. As a result, the liberals contributed to the guiding of Poland's development, accepting the pro-western option that was maintained and consistently realised by all successive governments.

Odrodzenie samorządu terytorialnego w 1990 r. stanowiło zasadniczą zmianę ustrojową. Niedawno minęło 25 lat od tego wydarzenia, ale obraz rozwoju samorządności w Polsce trudno jednoznacznie ocenić. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest zarysowanie odpowiedzi na pytanie, w jakim stopniu oczekiwania związane z rewitalizacją społeczności lokalnych poprzez odrodzenie samorządu terytorialnego zostały spełnione, a więc w jakim stopniu realizację znalazła idea pomocniczości. Kwestia ta jest analizowana na przykładzie kilku obszarów życia społecznego: a) aktywności tzw. trzeciego sektora i współpracy organizacji pozarządowych z jednostkami samorządu terytorialnego (pomocniczość pozioma); b) stosowania procedur i technik partycypacji (włączania obywateli do procesu podejmowaniu decyzji publicznych); c) działania jednostek pomocniczych (rad osiedli i sołectw ‒ pomocniczość pionowa); d) aktywności obywatelskiej w postaci ruchów i inicjatyw społecznych (zwłaszcza tzw. ruchów miejskich); e) regionalizmu.Jeśli uznać, że celem reformy samorządowej było praktyczne zrealizowanie idei pomocniczości, to cel ten został osiągnięty. Jednak niewątpliwy sukces polskiej samorządności, który zmienił Polskę na lepsze, nie przełożył się na sukces polskiej samorządności rozumianej jako sfera harmonijnej współpracy wybieralnych władz lokalnych odpowiedzialnych wobec aktywnych społeczności. Struktury samorządu zdominowały życie lokalne, w wielu przypadkach urzędy stanowią największego pracodawcę, co ma negatywne oddziaływanie zarówno w sferze ekonomicznej, jak i społecznej. W tym sensie więc można mówić o częściowej porażce samorządności, która jest dzieckiem sukcesu reformy samorządowej. ; The revival of local government in 1990 constituted a fundamental change in the Polish political regime. However, on the twenty-fifth anniversary of this event the picture of local government in Poland is still unclear. The article offers answers to questions about how the expectations related to the revitalisation of local communities through the revival of local government have been met and about the scope of the idea of subsidiarity implementation. The following areas of social life are analysed: (i) the activity of what are known as third sector organisations and their cooperation with local government (horizontal subsidiarity); (ii) the use of procedures and techniques of participation by local government; (iii) the functioning of local government auxiliary units (district councils and village councils – vertical subsidiarity); (iv) activities of urban social movementsand initiatives; (v) regionalism. Considering the practical implementation of the idea of subsidiarity as the main purpose of the local government reform, the objective has been achieved. However, the unquestionable success of the Polish self-government which have changed Poland for the better does not entail the revival of Polish local communities. The harmonious cooperation of elected local authorities accountable to an active community is still missing. Local government structures have dominated local life, being in many places the largest employer, with all negative consequences of this in terms of both economic and social life. In this sense, it can be argued that a partial failure of self-government is a side effect of the success of the self-government reform.

From today's perspective, local self-government regions, including Małopolska, are key entities as far as the allocation of EU funds is concerned, as well as important actors in the process of implementing many tasks in the field of public and development policy. The development of these local government institutions took place at the beginning of the 21st century and they formed, apart from being bound by institutional frameworks, in the course of and partly on the basis of their ongoing activities. One such milestone activity for the self-government of Małopolska was the preparation of the first Development Strategy of the Małopolska Region (2000–2006). This process not only led to the creation of the strategy itself, but also shaped the organization (UMWM) and its future practices. The aim of this article is to analyze to what extent the creation of this strategy could have become an element shaping the organization, in the light of Peter Senge's theory of the learning organization. From this perspective, the authors conclude that the process of creating the analyzed strategy was an important element that influenced the formation of the organization and also that public organizations can learn and consequently that the theories of learning organizations also apply to them. ; Z dzisiejszej perspektywy czasowej województwa samorządowe, w tym Mało­polska, to kluczowe podmioty z punktu widzenia rozdysponowywania fun­duszy unijnych, jak również poważni aktorzy, jeżeli chodzi o realizację wielu zadań z zakresu polityki publicznej i rozwojowej. Wypracowywanie pozycji oraz praktyk związanych z funkcjonowaniem tych podmiotów dokonywało się na początku XXI w., a budowa pozycji tych jednostek, oprócz tego, że obwa­rowana była ramami instytucjonalnymi, odbywała się również w trakcie i po części na podstawie prowadzonych działań. Jednym z takich kamieni milo­wych dla samorządowej Małopolski był proces przygotowania przez Urząd Marszałkowski Województwa Małopolskiego (UMWM) pierwszej Strategii Rozwoju Województwa ...

The purpose of the study is to present the situation of professional activity of women in the ICT industry (information and communication technology) and the industry of selected tourist services in the countries of the Baltic Sea Region (BSR) which are EU member states. The Baltic Sea Region forms one of the micro-regions of the European Union for which special strategies are formulated. These strategies aim, among others, to strengthen transnational cooperation, which can as a result lead to greater territorial cohesion and potential of the region. The research was conducted as part of the WINNET (Winnet Centre of Excellence) project, and more precisely, within the scope of measure defined as: WP4 – Gender analysis of the SMEs in ICT and tourism in the BSR – quantitative approach. The research covered analysis of the structure and dynamics of employment rates by gender in the indicated industries. Because of the guidelines formulated in the Europe 2020 strategy, the analysis focussed on the 20-64 age group1 . The analysis takes into account 8 countries from the Baltic Sea Region that are EU member states: Germany, Denmark, Finland, Sweden (the so-called old member states designated as BSR-EU15) and Poland, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia (states from the group that acceded to the EU after 2003, hereinafter referred to as BSR-NM10). (fragment of the text) ; Celem opracowania jest przedstawienie sytuacji związanej zaktywnością zawodową kobiet wsektorze ICT (technologii informacyjno-komunikacyjnych) oraz wsektorze wybranych usług turystycznych wpaństwach Regionu Morza Bałtyckiego (BSR) należących do Unii Europejskiej. Region Morza Bałtyckiego stanowi jeden zmakroregionów UE, dla których są formułowane specjalne strategie. Strategie te mają na celu m.in. zacieśnienie współpracy transnarodowej, co wrezultacie może prowadzić do zwiększenia spójności terytorialnej oraz potencjału regionu. Badanie zostało przeprowadzone wramach projektu WINNET (Winnet Centre of Excellence), adokładniej wramach działania określonego ...

This article explores current issues of minority education in China, especially in the context of religion and language education. In the first part of the article, the author describes (1) cultural and political framework of Chinese education in general and (2) current educational conditions, also discussing differences in educational attainment for minority groups in China. The second part of the article presents the situation of minority religions, which is not really recognised in state schooling in China. The author shows educational examples from the Tibet region and from Muslim education. The third part of the article explores another major challenge related to ethnic minority schooling, which is language diversity. In the final part of the paper, the author tries to comment on Chinese minority education dilemmas and concludes with some social recommendations. ; This article explores current issues of minority education in China, especially in the context of religion and language education. In the first part of the article, the author describes (1) cultural and political framework of Chinese education in general and (2) current educational conditions, also discussing differences in educational attainment for minority groups in China. The second part of the article presents the situation of minority religions, which is not really recognised in state schooling in China. The author shows educational examples from the Tibet region and from Muslim education. The third part of the article explores another major challenge related to ethnic minority schooling, which is language diversity. In the final part of the paper, the author tries to comment on Chinese minority education dilemmas and concludes with some social recommendations.