A child's language development vs. blended learning Abstract The author of the article analyzes the phenomenon of b-learning in speech therapy of children. The article presents answers to research hypotheses from the PhD dissertation of the author, "B-learning in the diagnosis and speech therapy of children". The author tries to find an answer to the question whether new technologies have a positive impact on the linguistic development of contemporary children? The digital world has not only risks but also benefits. Speech therapist, who are responsible for the linguistic development of children, should pay particular attention to these phenomena and study them in order to develop the best possible methods of stimulating the speech and communication of "digital natives".
The paper deals with the issue of the professional promotion of women working in the aca- demic sector, in the context of Poland's membership of the European Union. The authors discuss European legal requirements in this respect in order to assess the state of implementation of the recommendations issued by the European Commission and the European Parliament, and included in the European Charter for Researchers and the Code of Conduct for the Recruitment of Researchers in Poland. Next, using statistical data from the 2007 and 2011 re- ports of the Central Statistical Office, the authors describe the proportion of women in the structures of academic workers at different levels of academic career and attempt to explain the conditions of the situation they identify. A considerable part of the paper concerns the results of pilot studies carried out among female academics of the Faculty of Political Science and Journalism of Adam Mickiewicz University for the purpose of this paper. Finally, the authors recommend concrete solutions for changing the legal and institutional conditions in order to increase the number of female academics. ; The paper deals with the issue of the professional promotion of women working in the aca- demic sector, in the context of Poland's membership of the European Union. The authors discuss European legal requirements in this respect in order to assess the state of implementation of the recommendations issued by the European Commission and the European Parliament, and included in the European Charter for Researchers and the Code of Conduct for the Recruitment of Researchers in Poland. Next, using statistical data from the 2007 and 2011 re- ports of the Central Statistical Office, the authors describe the proportion of women in the structures of academic workers at different levels of academic career and attempt to explain the conditions of the situation they identify. A considerable part of the paper concerns the results of pilot studies carried out among female academics of the Faculty of Political Science and Journalism of Adam Mickiewicz University for the purpose of this paper. Finally, the authors recommend concrete solutions for changing the legal and institutional conditions in order to increase the number of female academics.
The purpose of this text is to present the results of a research in which the author analysed succeeding crisis situations that could constitute the basis for some of the changes in the political system of the EC/EU and subsequently made an attempt to delineate a certain scheme behind such behaviours. It is justified to seek the answer to the following question: What is the underlying reason for introducing changes in such situations and is it possible to pinpoint certain shared elements in different cases?To achieve that goal the author takes a closer look on the "empty chair" crisis, Schengen Area crisis and the recent financial crisis in Europe. In order to confirm the actual value of the conducted research, the author will make an attempt to relate his observations to the current geopolitical situation in Eastern Europe with reference to the EU competences in the existing political system.
The purpose of this text is to present the results of a research in which the author analysed succeeding crisis situations that could constitute the basis for some of the changes in the political system of the EC/EU and subsequently made an attempt to delineate a certain scheme behind such behaviours. It is justified to seek the answer to the following question: What is the underlying reason for introducing changes in such situations and is it possible to pinpoint certain shared elements in different cases?To achieve that goal the author takes a closer look on the "empty chair" crisis, Schengen Area crisis and the recent financial crisis in Europe. In order to confirm the actual value of the conducted research, the author will make an attempt to relate his observations to the current geopolitical situation in Eastern Europe with reference to the EU competences in the existing political system.
The article discusses the issues of an agreement between the two European integration organizations and the systems of financing those groups. In recent times, the negotiations aimed at concluding a treaty between, the European Community and the CMEA are conducted more and more often. Since an important place in relations between the two organizations will fall to financial matters, the article shows similarities and differences in that respect. The article discusses budget economy, taxation, bank organization and currency matters. To attain the integration, the European Communities employ in the first place financial instruments, whereas the main tool to further the integration of the CMEA countries is the coordination of their economic plans, the financial instruments being of secondary importance. However, in future it will be indispensable for the CMEA countries to use more and more often the financial instruments in order to achieve integration. The latter requirement is important also for a future agreement between the two organizations. ; Digitalizacja i deponowanie archiwalnych zeszytów RPEiS sfinansowane przez MNiSW w ramach realizacji umowy nr 541/P-DUN/2016
Nowadays we observe the popularization of codes addressed to various social groups. It is reasonable to search for answers to questions about the conditions of their construction and the possibility of their practical use. This article presents a critical review of the literature in the field of positions specifically related to the issue of codification of professional ethics. In the first place the importance attributed to the concept of an ethical code and basic ethical positions are discussed. The rest of the paper contains an analysis of the supporters and opponents of codification standards arguments.
One of the greatest achievements of the socio-political transformation process in Poland is the profound decentralization of public governance. In administrative law, decentralization is perceived as a system with a larger number of independent hubs, vested with competences in terms of public law, and a single center. Therefore, decentralization is a process of delegating certain public functions which formerly were reserved for the central government to groups of citizens organized in corporations. Although local government exemplifies decentralization it is not a one-dimensional no- tion that refers exclusively to territorial relations. In the system of representation specialized self-government bodies, formed with different criteria, play a highly significant role represen- ting the interests of various groups. They are divided into self-governing bodies focused on the economy and the professions. Formal and legal homogeneity, though, does not translate into the appropriate political position of these two forms of self-governing bodies in Poland. While the professional self-governing body is clearly an association governed by public law, the so-called economic self-governing body is based on concepts that emphasize the volunta- ry nature of the ties between entrepreneurs, associated in chambers of commerce. The differences in their legal status and the resulting powers bear no influence on the fact that both economic and professional self-governing bodies are now facing equally serious threats in Poland. In both cases these are related to how the state approaches the extra-territo- rial form of decentralization. We can speak of different motivations here. The state, or rather the state administration, is excessively interested in the professional self-governing bodies and is curbing the autonomy they have traditionally been vested with. The situation is quite different with respect to the economic self-governing bodies, where the public authorities are scarcely interested in becoming involved in supporting them. It should be realized then, that the success of Polish decentralization reform will only be complete when all forms of self-government develop harmoniously irrespective of the rela- tions between their members, whose empowerment will serve democracy and strengthen civic society. ; One of the greatest achievements of the socio-political transformation process in Poland is the profound decentralization of public governance. In administrative law, decentralization is perceived as a system with a larger number of independent hubs, vested with competences in terms of public law, and a single center. Therefore, decentralization is a process of delegating certain public functions which formerly were reserved for the central government to groups of citizens organized in corporations. Although local government exemplifies decentralization it is not a one-dimensional no- tion that refers exclusively to territorial relations. In the system of representation specialized self-government bodies, formed with different criteria, play a highly significant role represen- ting the interests of various groups. They are divided into self-governing bodies focused on the economy and the professions. Formal and legal homogeneity, though, does not translate into the appropriate political position of these two forms of self-governing bodies in Poland. While the professional self-governing body is clearly an association governed by public law, the so-called economic self-governing body is based on concepts that emphasize the volunta- ry nature of the ties between entrepreneurs, associated in chambers of commerce. The differences in their legal status and the resulting powers bear no influence on the fact that both economic and professional self-governing bodies are now facing equally serious threats in Poland. In both cases these are related to how the state approaches the extra-territo- rial form of decentralization. We can speak of different motivations here. The state, or rather the state administration, is excessively interested in the professional self-governing bodies and is curbing the autonomy they have traditionally been vested with. The situation is quite different with respect to the economic self-governing bodies, where the public authorities are scarcely interested in becoming involved in supporting them. It should be realized then, that the success of Polish decentralization reform will only be complete when all forms of self-government develop harmoniously irrespective of the rela- tions between their members, whose empowerment will serve democracy and strengthen civic society.
Samorząd zawodowy inżynierów budownictwa odgrywa istotną rolę w reprezentowaniu interesów określonych grup i administracji publicznej w Polsce. Pojawia się coraz więcej wątpliwości co do zasadności istnienia takich struktur i ich funkcjonowania w sferze publicznej, w ostatnim czasie samorząd zawodowy jest w Polsce ostro krytykowany przez społeczeństwo i jego członków. Z tego powodu Autor przeprowadził w porozumieniu z Polską Izbą Inżynierów Budownictwa szereg ankiet, których celem była odpowiedź na pytanie: "Jaka jest rzeczywista ocena funkcjonowania samorządu zawodowego inżynierów budownictwa przez jego członków? ". Artykuł przedstawia wyniki badań ; Professional self-government of civil engineers plays a major role in representing interests of some specified groups and public administration in Poland. There have been more and more doubts about the legitimacy of the existence of such structures and their functioning in the public sphere, recently professional self-government has been harshly criticized in Poland by society and its members. For this reason, in agreement with The Polish Chamber of Civil Engineers Author conducted a series of surveys, with aim was to answer the question: "What is the real assessment of the functioning of the professional self-government of civil engineers by its members?". The paper represents the results of the research ; 3 ; 117 ; 125 ; Budownictwo i Inżynieria Środowiska
In recent years, there has been an intense public debate about the implementation of the age-friendly cities and communities concept as well as its more recent and broader iteration related to smart healthy age-friendly environments (SHAFE). The first part of the article introduces the basic concepts and current activities of the European Commission in the area of promoting intergenerational dialogue and programming intergenerational relations policies. This discussion is followed by concise analyses of case studies focused on selected social innovation projects and methodologies aimed at: (1) empowering facilitators of the concepts of age-friendly cities and communities as well as smart, healthy and inclusive environments; (2) facilitating citizens, especially older people, to deal with public health crises; and (3) supporting the voice of senior citizens in deciding on the goals and objectives of public policies (co-design), their implementation (governance, co-delivery/co-production of public services) as well as their monitoring and evaluation (co-assessment). The final section contains recommendations for selected entities responsible for public policies on ageing and suggestions for further research directions.
The article discusses the role of the European Communities' organs in forming of the budget. This role has been presented on the example of the share that each individual organ has in the presentaition, authorization and implementation of the budget. Particularly, a lot of importance has been attached to the role of the Parliament and the Council in forming of the budget. These two are the most important Communities'organs. However, their role in forming of the budget is different; and the Council has stronger influence upon the whole process. It decides on the prevailing part of budgetary expenditures. Yet, the European Parliament is gradually achieving a wider scope of. budgetary competence. Direct election to the Parliament in 1979, was a very important incentive which hastened this process. Moreover, it was then, that the Parliament gained political identity. The process of widening the budgetary competence of the Parliament will gradually develop. Therefore, the position of the Commission will greatly change and will be more determined and controlled by parliamentary decisions. The question of the role of Communities'organs in forming of the budget has both financial and political importance. All these problems are widely discussed in the article. ; Digitalizacja i deponowanie archiwalnych zeszytów RPEiS sfinansowane przez MNiSW w ramach realizacji umowy nr 541/P-DUN/2016
The study has been devoted to showing the relationship between legal security and financial security at the local government level. To this end, firstly some consideration has been given to determining the meaning of the terms "security" and "financial security" from the point of view of the state and local government. In addition, it has been shown that financial security is inextricably linked to the financial power enjoyed by the state, specifically by the bodies acting in its name and on its behalf. The power resulting from this is the financial power of local government units, which is enjoyed by such units although to a limited extent. However, it has been found that even this scope of legal regulations limiting the possibilities of authoritative financial activities of local government bodies is of key importance from the security viewpoint of local communities. ; Opracowanie zostało poświęcone ukazaniu zależności pomiędzy bezpieczeństwem prawnym a bezpieczeństwem finansowym na szczeblu samorządowym. W tym celu w pierwszej kolejności przeprowadzono rozważania dotyczące określenia znaczenia pojęć "bezpieczeństwo" oraz "bezpieczeństwo finansowe", zarówno z punktu widzenia państwa, jak i samorządu terytorialnego. Ponadto wykazano, że bezpieczeństwo finansowe jest nierozerwalnie związane z władztwem finansowym przysługującym państwu, a dokładnie organom działającym w imieniu państwa i na jego rzecz. Za wynikające z tego władztwa uznano władztwo finansowe jednostek samorządu terytorialnego, które przysługuje tym jednostkom, choć w ograniczonym zakresie. Jednakże uznano, że nawet ten zakres regulacji prawnych, ograniczający możliwości władczego działania finansowego organów samorządowych, ma zasadnicze znaczenie z punktu widzenia bezpieczeństwa społeczności lokalnych.
This report discusses the following topics: basics of the vocational training system in Poland; causes of change in the development of vocational schools; formal and legal aspects of the school cooperation with the environment; modernization of vocational schools based on the development programs; combining the flexibility of employment with the Teacher Card.
Introduction: Over the last decade lifelong guidance has been given increasing attention at both European and national levels. It is recognised as a crucial dimension of lifelong learning, promoting both social and economic goals: in particular, improving the effi ciency and effectiveness of education, training and the labour market through its contribution to reducing drop-out, preventing skill mismatches and boosting productivity. Two EU Resolutions of the Education Council (20041; 20082) have highlighted the need for strong guidance services throughout the lifespan to equip citizens with the skills needed to manage their learning and careers, and the transitions between and within education/training and work. The Resolutions drew attention to four priority areas, i.e. the development of career management skills; accessibility of services; quality assurance; and co-ordination of services; and Member States were invited to take action to modernise and strengthen their guidance policies and systems. [Continues, please see the article.] ; peerReviewed
The objective scope of the article includes an analysis of the course and the results of the elections to the parliament in the Autonomous Communities of Galicia and the Basque Country, which took place on July 12, 2020. In Galicia, as the first of the Autonomous Communities, the Spanish government introduced the last phase related to restrictions during the coronavirus pandemic, the so-called 'nueva normalidad' (effective from June 15, 2020). This meant that elections in Galicia were held in zone 3 (the so-called green zone from June 8, 2020), in which the lowest level of restrictions was introduced. In the Basque Country, on the other hand, elections were originally scheduled for April 5, 2020. Due to the 'estado de alarma' (state of alert) in force from March 2020, the elections were postponed in both Autonomous Communities. During the analysis, attention was paid to voter turnout and the distribution of votes cast among individual political parties.
The aim of the article is to describe the processes of local communities mobilization in the face of (small) schools liquidation in the rural areas. The author focuses on those cases of local activism which resulted in the formalization of undertaken activities and the establishment of local associations willing to lead local schools. The article presents determinants of social mobilization processes, pointing to the important role of local authorities (executive bodies) and teachers perceived as leaders of local activism. Based on the results of qualitative research conducted in selected rural municipalities in Poland, the author identifies three models of local activism leading to the creation of local (grassroots) associations that act as school governing bodies. Two of the identified models of activism are of a cooperative nature, based on the co-action of local authorities and the local community. While third one is non-cooperative. In this case, the mobilization of the local community and the formation of the association resulted from the lack of community acceptance for the decision of the municipality related to schools liquidation. Theoretical frameworks of the article are based on the concept of local governance, assuming the active participation of nonpublic actors in the process of public tasks implementation. The author also refers to the concept of public participation and presents selected definitions of social activity. The article is based on empirical research conducted in the form of semi-structured interviews and available statistical data (GUS). The author used the following methods: the literature review method and elements of the comparative and systemic methods. ; Celem artykułu jest opis procesów aktywizacji społeczności lokalnej w obliczu likwidacji szkół na obszarach wiejskich, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem tych, których efektem była formalizacja działań i powołanie stowarzyszeń prowadzących szkoły. Autorka koncentruje się na uwarunkowaniach procesów aktywizacji społecznej, wskazując na istotną rolę władz lokalnych (organów wykonawczych) oraz nauczycieli, jako liderów lokalnej mobilizacji. Bazując na wynikach badań jakościowych prowadzonych w wybranych gminach wiejskich, wskazuje na trzy modele aktywizacji prowadzącej do powstania oddolnych stowarzyszeń prowadzących szkoły. Dwa ze zidentyfikowanych rozwiązań mają charakter kooperatywny, oparty na współpracy władz lokalnych i społeczności lokalnej. Jeden zaś niekooperatywny, w przypadku którego władze gminy nie wspierały społeczności lokalnych w tworzeniu oddolnych stowarzyszeń, które podjęłyby się prowadzenia szkół. W tym przypadku aktywizacja społeczności lokalnej i powstanie stowarzyszenia były rezultatem braku akceptacji społeczności dla decyzji władz gminy. Ramy teoretyczne artykułu wyznacza koncepcja współrządzenia na poziomie lokalnym (local governance), zakładająca aktywny udział podmiotów niepublicznych w procesach realizacji zadań publicznych. Ponadto autorka dokonuje przeglądu definicji aktywności społecznej i partycypacji publicznej. W artykule wykorzystane zostały wyniki z badań empirycznych prowadzonych w formie wywiadów półustrukturyzowanych wśród 60 interesariuszy lokalnej polityki oświatowej oraz danych zastanych (GUS). W badaniu wykorzystano takie metody jak analiza literatury przedmiotu oraz metoda porównawcza.
