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The literature on the relationships among organizational factors, per sonal or individual difference variables, andjob satisfaction and stress is reviewed briefly. The relationships of job satisfaction and job stress to organizational factors are examined for a sample of minority professional personnel in a large manufacturing and sales firm. These relationships are studied using the personal or individual difference variables of race, Type-A personality, and higher order needs. job satisfaction was found to be significantly related to more organizational factors than was job stress. Race was found to moderate the relationships between supportive supervisor behavior andjob stress and organizational level und job stress. The strength of higher order needs significantly moderated the relation ship between role clarity andjob satisfaction, as did Type-A personality. The implications of the findings are discussed.

The combination of social, cognitive and communicative deficits associated with autism has contributed to a unique and complex relationship between parents and professionals who serve these individuals. This relationship has changed over time from one in which parents were blamed for their children's autism to the present situation in which the emphasis is on a parent-professional partnership. This paper addresses some of the roots of non-productive parent-professional interactions related to individuals with autism and suggests some standards which might lead to more fruitful and positive relationships.

This paper examines the development of professional role orientations. The theoretical foundation of this study is Gouldner's (1957, 1958) research of the cosmopolitan-local construct. The focus is on the relationship between the five dimensions of the cosmopolitan-local construct and professional behaviors. Examination of the relationship of professional role orientations and professional behaviors involves the use of cross-lagged correlations of the role-orientation scales with professional behavior variables using data collected in a university at two points in time. The results indicate that the relationships with significant values show professional behaviors influencing professional role orientations over time.

PROFESSION AND POLICY ARE TERMS THAT HAVE ACQUIRED DISTINCT, ALBEIT POORLY BOUNDED, MEANINGS IN ENGLISH BUT LACK EQUIVALENTS IN OTHER LANGUAGES. PARTICULAR PROFESSIONS LIKE THOSE OF LAW AND MEDICINE, ON THE OTHER HAND, HAVE MAINTAINED RATHER SIMILAR MEANINGS AND IDENTITIES IN VARIOUS WESTERN NATIONAL SETTINGS. BUT WITHIN THESE NATIONAL SETTINGS SUBCOMPONENTS OF THE LEGAL AND MEDICAL PROFESSIONS HAVE, OVERTIME, CHANGED THEIR RELATIONSHIPS TO EACH OTHER, AS WELL AS TO THE STATE AND TO THEIR CLIENTS. HENCE A HISTORICAL ANALYSIS MAY FOCUS ON HOW, THROUGH THEIR INTERACTIONS WITH STATE STRUCTURES, PROFESSIONS HAVE CONTRIBUTED TO SHAPING DIFFERENCES IN NATIONAL POLICY PROFILES.

Transitions within families are socially constructed processes that need to be understood in both their historical and their cultural context. This study explored how parents interpret the events and relationships surrounding the transition of their children with severe disabilities from school to adult life. The study used qualitative techniques to collect and analyze data from two sets of parents grouped according to their children's ages. Results indicated that the parents interviewed tended to perceive three distinct types of transition: bureaucratic, family life, and adult status. Generational patterns of parental response to these transitions are discussed in terms of professional relationships and self-reliance. A matrix of these response patterns is presented. The findings suggested several ways in which parent-professional cooperation around transition events might be improved.

Adolescence is a difficult time in the life of any youth. In the hearing-impaired child it can be an especially stressful period. The mother, who in many families is the primary care giver, has probably put more of her time and energy into helping the child than any other individual. Familiarity with the thoughts and feelings of the mothers, then, should contribute to our understanding of the hearing-impaired adolescent. Yet, few studies have examined the experiences of mothers during this stage. In this study, five hearing mothers of hearing-impaired adolescents were interviewed on their experiences in rearing a hearing-impaired child. The information culled from these interviews and the subsequent analysis should help fill the void of knowledge on this aspect of the hearing-impaired child. Using qualitative analysis of the mothers' experiences the researchers identified six major themes from the data collected in the interviews: (1) the mothers' personal growth, (2) the mother-child relationship, (3) parent-professional relationships, (4) concerns about educational programming, (5) the importance of fluent communications, and (6) support systems available to the mothers. Suggestions are made for parents and to help improve parent-professional relationships and the programs that serve the hearing impaired and their families. Areas for further research on the subject of rearing hearing-impaired adolescents are identified.

A study of six small, task-oriented groups was conducted to examine the superiority of humor as it applied to the formal and informal status structures of the focal groups. Three of the groups were units in business firms and three were units in health care organizations. Questions were raised regarding the conventional wisdom of joking be havior on the job. The relatively more professional and highly trained groups in health care displayed humor patterns different from those predicted by the superionty theory of humor. Specifically, high-status individuals were integral parts of the humor network and enjoyed no particular "joking monopoly."

It is argued that 'successful' social science requires the development of a social ethic or sense of research responsibility. An examination of impediments to ethical reflection in sociology suggests that an individualistic orientation is ineffective in coping with the unintended consequences of social research. Such consequences can be particularly harmful in the sociology of science, where policy research & governmental support for its production often entail an 'indiscriminate advocacy of knowledge.' Such advocacy raises anew questions of the power of scientific knowledge, the definition of client-professional relationships, & the collection of data that may not only violate the intent of individuals & groups supplying information, but may undermine the credibility of sociology itself. HA.

SUMMARY. nderstanding inter‐personal communication is no easy task and seems particularly uncertain when adults are talking to children. The authors set out to identify how children perceive what adults say to them by seeking to understand the nature of children's knowledge about adults in general. A study of 300 children, aged 4–14 was carried out to ascertain the types of response children gave at different ages to a standard set of questions in conversation. The authors conclude that as children grow older they move from anecdotal, through physical and social, to psychological responses. They conclude this greater understanding of the way children, in particular adolescents, perceive adults could have a very positive effect on professional relationships with young people

ONE GOAL OF THE LONGMAN MONOGRAPH SERIES IS TO EXAMINE THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN POLITICAL COMMUNICATION AS A SOCIAL PROCESS AND COMMUNICATION POLICY. BRIAN WEINSTEIN, A POLITICAL SCIENTIST AT HOWARD UNIVERSITY, WASHINGTON, D.C., ACHIEVE THIS GOAL BY ILLUSTRATING THE FACT THAT THE VERY OPERATION OF A POLITICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM IS ITSELF A POLITICAL OUTCOME. WEINSTEIN HAS STUDIED THE POLITICS OF LANGUAGE IN NUMEROUS SOCIETIES THROUGHOUT THE WORLD, AND HAD DIRECT PERSONAL EXPERIENCE IN FRANCOPHONE AFRICA, INDIA, AND THE UNITED STATES. HE IS NEITHER A MARXIST NOR A REPRESENTATIVE OF ANY OTHER IDENTIFIABLE SCHOOL OF THOUGHT. HIS APPROACH IS BROADLY LIBERAL, AND IN IDENTIFYING LANGUAGE POLICY OPTIONS WHERE AMERICAN TRADITION HAS FAILED TO IDENTIFY THEM, OR HAS SILENTLY INSISTED UPON LINGUISTIC CONFORMITY, HE VENTURES VIEWPOINTS THAT OTHER AMERICAN SCHOLARS HAVE FAILED TO EXPRESS.

AbstractThis article explores restructuring professional and marital relationships through mediation. A fresh perspective on bringing harmony out of discord in relationships can empower negotiations, unstick the stuck, and free the spirit from past entanglements.

AbstractConsumer empowerment has raised issues of consumer‐provider relationships, definitions of mental illness, cost‐effectiveness in treatment, professional training, and ways of financing care.

As a logical extension of the principle of individual differences, it is suggested that there are various differentiated groups within organizations that may require customized interventions. Administrators and professionals are two such groups represented in most organizations. Focusing on job satisfaction as the dependent variable in a health-care organization, the results indicate that a contingency perspective is warranted. Overall, the theory predicted accurately and significantly in sixty-five of a possible 136 relationships for the professionals and in only forty-four of the relationships for the administrators. This result indicates that differential-intervention strategies should be utilized for the two groups, even in the same organization.

ResumeThe effects of professional intervention in family life and relationships has been questioned by a number of writers who maintain that this involvement has led to the undermining of parental authority and a lessening of parental competence and confidence. By contrast, others see this involvement as supplying necessary skills to family members.Amongst the programmes which professionals have implemented are parent education programmes, many of which are conducted in groups and which are valued by both practitioners and writers. As part of the broader debate about the relationships between professionals and the family however, some critics suggest that parent education programmes can have adverse effects on parents' confidence in their parental role and on their self-reliance in deciding how best to raise their children.A research project is being put into effect in Melbourne to explore these issues.

Mentorship is a valuable aid in developing professional competence and enhancing career objectives. The article examines male‐mentor/female‐protegee relationships from the angle of ambiguity between cultural mating roles and mentoring roles.