Suchergebnisse

The US State Dept suffers from "clientitis, corpulence, & cloning." "Clientitis," or the tendency to treat certain countries as "clients" & to stress bilateral relationships, results from the Dept's division of responsibilities along geographic lines. "Corpulence," or the production of reports far beyond the level of the Dept's collective reading capacity, results from an oversized staff of professionals competing for recognition. "Cloning," the incestuous method of selection & promotion within the Dept, hinders new ideas & structural changes for improvement. Reform measures are suggested by which to cure the above maladies. Modified HA.

Family ownership and control are still significant in the majority of business enterprises in the United States. A high percentage of these companies face special problems particularly related to corporate development and transition from an enterpreneurial to a professional management structure. The dual criteria for corporate membership (family and professional competence) require special management efforts. Without these efforts, organizational rigidities develop which undermine the corporation's ability to function effectively. While the relevance of the interaction between family relationships and the working environment of organizational effectiveness has been recognized, family systems and organization approaches have never been simultaneously applied in the study of family-dominated businesses. In this paper we develop a scheme that is derived from principles of organizational and family-systems theory. We describe a set of processes and mechanisms that define and regulate the interaction between the business and family system. We show the applicability of these concepts to the study of adaptation and maladaptation in the family-dominated corporation.

The private and professional lives of 240 out of a total of 838 Polish Olympians who participated in the Olympics from 1948 to 1972 were studied in detail. Different types of relationships between educational advancement and a career in sport are outlined. Three types of former Olympians are described with reference to the way in which they perceive their role as athletes and representatives of the Polish society. Former top athletes retain a high social status and engage in notable activities in social and cultural life. The tendency to compare the current social position with that attained as an Olympian permeates all spheres of life.

This paper examines potential correlates of attitudinal commitment to minority hiring among urban personnel officials. The authors hypothesized that sociopolitical beliefs concerning equality would be particularly powerful predictors of attitudes toward recruit ing nonwhites, but that work-related beliefs, professional characteristics, community relationships, and personal attributes would explain additional variance in commitment to hiring minorities. Sociopolitical and work-related beliefs do achieve substantial correlations with attitudes toward recruiting nonwhites, but the three other clusters of independent variables account for less variance than expected. A concluding section examines some implications of the data for minority hiring practices in urban bureau cracies.

The sources of social stability & legitimacy in the East European Communist system are postulated, including mobility into elite & professional positions, industrialization & urbanization, & security. However, these are becoming more & more elusive & industrial unrest in the 1980s appears to be inevitable. The Wc promises to be a problem because of changed relationships in the world market. The role of the Ucs in hindering the system's efficiency, increasing SC & SS gaps, generation shifts within the industrial Wc, & the Wc's irrepressible nature are also noted. East European countries may be able to find workable solutions to these problems, as long as there are no effective domestic challenges to the legitimacy of state authority. J. Cannon.

Evaluation research in general, and the evaluation of built environments in particular, is fundamentally a political activity. Political issues are engaged largely within the context of selecting the criteria of success by which a built environment or social program will be judged. It is further argued that the standard evaluator roles and procedures in establishing criteria are inherently conservative. As professionals, we regularly endorse and support the power and position of the status quo. An alternative role for evaluators is suggested, one that offers the possibility of a progressive or radical perspective on social relationships. Some of the difficult requirements of a more radical or instigative evaluator role are outlined.

The periodic use of emergency legislation has been a historic characteristic of the Northern Ireland state. In the past twelve years there has been a marked escalation of the use of emergency powers in response to the political crisis and the continuing urban guerrilla war. In this article we explore some of the effects on social policy of the widespread, long-term use of emergency legislation in Northern Ireland. In particular we examine instances of the diffusion of emergency legislation where it becomes a 'normal' instrument of social policy and also the dilemmas generated for social policy professionals in terms of problematic relationships with the state. Finally we suggest that such developments in Northern Ireland provide new evidence to feed theoretical debates in social policy.

Vor dem Hintergrund eines kurzen Überblicks über den Prozeß der Emanzipation der bulgarischen Frau in historischer Perspektive informiert der Autor über die Situation der bulgarischen Frau im Sozialismus, wobei schwerpunktmäßig die schulische Ausbildung und berufliche Qualifikation sowie die Beschäftigungsquote der Frauen im heutigen Bulgarien berücksichtigt werden. (BIOst-Klk)

AbstractMediation as a method to dissolve marriage relationships is gaining popularity in New Hampshire. Contrary to the popular practice that mediators be professionally educated in law or the mental health field, mediators in New Hampshire are trained community volunteers. Their selection is based on life experience, interpersonal skills, and ability to communicate. This study examined issues of child support, child custody, satisfaction with the final divorce agreement, nature of the postdivorce relationship, and perceptions of fairness of the divorce settlement. The researchers wanted to examine the differences between those couples using the traditional method for a divorce and those using mediation. Furthermore, we wanted to determine if results using volunteer mediators were similar to those in published studies in which the mediator was an attorney or other trained professional.

Thirty employment counselors appraised personal and job‐related attributes of rehabilitation counselors using a 67‐item semantic differential stereotype scale. Thirty rehabilitation counselors rated themselves and also how they believed employment counselors would rate rehabilitation counselors on the same scale.The rehabilitation counselors' self‐ratings revealed a generally positive self‐portrait; however, the self‐ratings, when compared to how they believed employment counselors perceived rehabilitation counselors, yielded statistically significant negative relationships on 60 scales. Comparison of perceived versus actual ratings of rehabilitation counselors by employment counselors showed statistically different ratings on 49 scales, all in a positive direction.That employment counselors perceived rehabilitation counselors much more positively than the latter expected helps explain why placement functions and team cooperation are limited among these professionals, and should therefore be increased.

Educational institutions & scholars in the Middle East & South Asia continue to produce world-class research despite the burdens imposed by the great number of students, inadequate libraries, & limited supportive institutional infrastructure. The challenges facing the foreign scholar are not dissimilar to those of the host-country academic with the exception of the entry formalities, including both the general permission to enter a country & specific permissions for access to particular libraries or sites. The long-term relationship between the guest & the host-country scholar needs to be enhanced by the development of long-term US-overseas institutional relationships & of mechanisms that promote a sustained exchange of scholarship. The professional quality & commitment of the guest researcher or lecturer will be the determining factor of the success of an individual experience & of the idea of mutual understanding through educational exchange. HA

Educational institutions and scholars in the Middle East and South Asia continue to produce world-class research despite the burdens imposed by the great number of students, inadequate libraries, and limited supportive institutional infrastructure. The challenges facing the foreign scholar are not dissimilar to those of the host-country academic with the exception of the entry formalities, including both the general permission to enter a country and specific permissions for access to particular libraries or sites. The long-term relationship between the guest and the host-country scholar needs to be enhanced by the development of long-term U.S.-overseas institutional relationships and of mechanisms that promote a sustained exchange of scholarship. The professional quality and commitment of the guest researcher or lecturer will be the determining factor of the success of an individual experience and of the idea of mutual understanding through educational exchange.

Despite the indubitable cohesiveness of their community life, Nigerian psychiatric patients had social networks with deficiencies not dissimilar to those reported for patients in the industrialised societies. Interactions between these Nigerian patients as focal persons and other members of their network, were found to be intense, but seemed to lack a strong affectional core. As expected, the separated, and the divorced patients scored less than the married patients on intensity of social relationships, but the two groups were not significantly different on all other network parameters examined. These findings should constitute a substratum of a kinship community-based counselling service with the goal of providing individual-oriented support for the psychiatrically disabled persons. It is believed that this may be realised by the relevant training and utilisation of para-professionals; effective liaison with families and special attention to prevailing concepts and socio-cultural norms.

A GREAT DEAL OF EFFORT AND A LOT OF ANALYTICAL INGENUITY HAS GONE INTO THE MAKING OF ABRAHAMIAN'S BOOK. IT IS, HE TELLS US, "AN ANALYSIS OF THE SOCIAL BASES OF IRANIAN POLITICS, FOCUSING ON HOW SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT HAS GRADUALLY TRANSFORMED THE SHAPE OF IRANIAN POLITICS FROM THE EYE OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL REVOLUTION IN THE LATE NINETEENTH CENTURY TO THE TRIUMPH OF THE ISLAMIC REVOLUTION IN FEBRUARY 1979." IT CONCENTRATES ON THE CONDITIONS WITHIN IRANIAN SOCIETY THAT LED TO DIFFERENT MODES OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, TRANSFORMATION OF FORMS OF SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS, AND THE EMERGENCE OF THE BURAUCRATIC/PROFESSIONAL MIDDLE CLASSES IN INDUSTRY, AGRICULTURE, AND BUSINESS. CLEARLY THIS IS AN AMBITIOUS UNDERTAKING AND FORTUNATELY WE ARE OFFERED A VERY SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED PRODUCT THAT MEETS THE HIGH STANDARD OF SCHOLARSHIP AND METICULOUS RESEARCH WE HAVE COME TO EXPECT FROM ABRAHAMIAN'S WORKS OVER THE YEARS.

This paper is based on an investigation of a reorganized comprehensive school. Although in the tradition of the `new' sociology of education, it is critical of aspects of such an approach. It attempts to give a greater insight than hitherto into the work relationships of teachers in schools; concentrates on the consequences for self and role performance of teacher career experience, focusing particularly on teacher/headteacher interaction. Intra-school `horizontal' and `vertical' aspects of teachers' careers (particularly, `the streaming of teachers') and associated moral careers are examined; and the formation of a `cabal' and a `clique' noted. This professional segmentation is linked with the streaming of children and the distribution of `stratified knowledge' within the school, which are seen to guarantee distinctive pupil identities and educational careers. In conclusion, the suggestion is made that comprehensive schooling, as at this school, is a negation of the comprehensive principle.