CHANGING POWER RELATIONSHIPS IN THE PACIFIC
In: Parameters: the US Army War College quarterly, Band 2, Heft 1
ISSN: 2158-2106
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In: Parameters: the US Army War College quarterly, Band 2, Heft 1
ISSN: 2158-2106
In: The China quarterly, Band 51, S. 444-474
ISSN: 1468-2648
The analytical approaches so far devoted to the contemporary People's Liberation Army (PLA) have been of three general types. First, biographical studies which explain events in terms of the individual military leaders and their inter-relationships. Second, some students of the PLA have devised analytical models of informal power structures. The behaviour of the PLA in the "Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution," has been interpreted by some as determined by personal loyalties, latent regionalism, and cliques formed around common service in military units prior to 1949. Others have viewed the PLA as split between "professional" commanders and the political cadres in the armed forces – sometimes dubbed a "Red versus expert" analysis. These categories of studies have one thing in common; they treat PLA institutions as being manipulated by informal and extra-legal forces. The third type of study emphasizes organizational and institutional frameworks. This paper falls into the third category. It asks the question: to what extent were the military institutions the subject or object of developments in the Cultural Revolution? It concludes that the organizational structures of the PLA and the missions assigned them heavily influenced the political behaviour of military leaders in the provinces.
In: The annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Band 394, Heft 1, S. 46-56
ISSN: 1552-3349
In influencing the content and operation of public policy at the over-all conceptual level, economics has emerged as a super-discipline among the social sciences. This influence is reflected in the American Presidency by the work of the Council of Economic Advisers, which, over the past twenty-five years, has proved to be the government's economic ideologist. The functioning of economic advice has been determined by the President's elastic demand for economic advice, the range of issues involving presidential leadership resources, the Council's participation in decision-making processes, and the institutional relationships maintained by the Council. Experience has shown that: 1) the application of economic expertise is shaped largely by political and bureaucratic factors and hence part of, rather than apart from, the political process; 2) consensus regarding basic economic theory is balanced by disagreement among economists regarding values and convictions; 3) economists work from common income, employment, and production data but different program data; and 4) the constraints of limited resources keep the Council functioning at the conceptual rather than the operating level. Application of professional macro-economic analysis to macro-policy yields a knowledge/power relationship that strengthens both presidential leadership and democratic government.
In: The annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Band 394, S. 46-56
ISSN: 0002-7162
In influencing the content & operation of public policy at the over-all conceptual level, econ's has emerged as a super-discipline among the soc sci's. This influence is reflected in the Amer Presidency by the work of the Council of Econ Advisers, which, over the past 25 yrs, has proved to be the gov's econ ideologist. The functioning of econ advice has been determined by the President's elastic demand for econ advice, the range of issues involving presidential leadership resources, the Council's participation in decision-making processes, & the instit'al relationships maintained by the Council. Experience has shown that: (1) the application of econ expertise is shaped largely by pol'al & bur'tic factors & hence part of, rather than apart from, the pol'al process; (2) consensus regarding basic econ theory is balanced by disagreement among econ'ts regarding values & convictions; (3) econ'ts work from common income, employment, & production data but diff program data; & (4) the constraints of limited resources keep the Council functioning at the conceptual rather than the operating level. Application of professional macro-econ analysis to macro-policy yields a knowledge/power relationship that strengthens both presidential leadership & democratic gov. HA.
In: American journal of international law: AJIL, Band 66, Heft 4, S. 763-784
ISSN: 2161-7953
Signs of inadequacy and crisis in general international law as to the economic ownership interests of aliens have been numerous since World War II. The pages o f the J ournal have recorded and analyzed a number of situations in which the existing legal order is not working well: ineffectual resorts to international adjudication; unilateral disregard of arbitral commitments; national decisions made in the name of international law but of dubious international acceptability; professional frustrations so intense as to have directed prime attention to happenstantial "salvage" operations. In a phase now apparently ended, groups in capital exporting countries have tried time after time to put forward normative formulations of investment codes as new positive law, only to have their efforts ignored in developing countries. Now we seem to be in a new phase, one in which direct investment-receiving, or host, countries, organized into groups or regional arrangements, compact among themselves that a comprehensive normative system shall prevail in each of them as to the legal relationships between foreign investors and each of those countries. Although foreign investment codes for particular states, including systems of prior restraints on entry in some developed countries, are not new, the Andean Foreign Investment Code is, indeed, a new juristic phenomenon. The Editors of the Journal have wished, therefore, to record and analyze preliminarily this new development in transnational investment law, one whose text has been carried in International Legal Materials and considered as to its possible impact in Research Panels organized by the American Society of International Law.
In: Public opinion quarterly: journal of the American Association for Public Opinion Research, Band 36, Heft 2, S. 200-212
ISSN: 0033-362X
A quantitative description is presented of the audience & the content of the daytime TV serials. The growth of the soap opera audience is documented with figures for the number of minutes of programs, the Viewer-Hours per day, & the average audience size at semi-annual intervals since 1955. Current audience composition is presented for age, sex, region of US, Ur vs Ru, income, educ, & household size. There are 2 types of content analysis of programs. 1st, the major problems & events of one week in all soap operas are distilled & presented as a list of 85 themes divided into "criminal & undesirable activity," "Med developments," "soc problems," & "romantic & marital affairs." The 2nd analysis of content was derived from a sample of 4 episodes of each of 14 programs. 371 diff characters were identified by sex, age group, marital status & occup. Coding was applied to 884 distinct conversations for object, topic, tone & location. Findings indicated that the typical viewer of soap operas is an adult woman (71% of total). Viewing is strongest in the south & midwest, in Ru areas, among lower educ & income viewers, & among viewers from larger households. The world of the soap opera is populated by M & F adults--mainly M professionals & their F wives, lovers, secretaries & assistants. They spend almost all of their time talking while indoors. In conversations, M's tend to pair off with F's who tend to be younger. The M's are less likely to be married. Over 90% of the conversations are about people, mostly people who are not present. When the topic is not business or small talk, conversation turns to fam matters, health, & romantic relationships. The key remaining area for res involves the question of what effects this content has on these viewers. AA.