Suchergebnisse

Models explaining the rise of American-style or so-called postmodern campaigning have focused primarily on changes taking place at the systemic level. While these models help explain variance across countries where these techniques are used, they do not explain variations among individual parties. Given that not all parties adopt these tactics & techniques at the same time, the authors argue that there are party-specific variables that need to be taken into account when understanding the shift to the new campaigning era. Building on the existing literature, the authors identify the key traits of what they term professionalized campaigning & the variables that prime a party to adopt it. The article goes on to develop a causal model, based on external & internal party events or shocks, that explains why a particular party would embrace this new style of campaigning. Finally, the authors operationalize their theory & develop indicators to measure the key variables for empirical testing. 1 Table, 1 Figure, 42 References. Adapted from the source document.

The features of the Spanish regional parliamentary elite are analyzed in this article according to eight socio-demographic and political variables: age, sex, educational level, continuity (being re-elected), seniority as MPs, profession, previous experience as party officials, and previous experience in top-ranking political positions in Public Administration or as elected (representative) officials. The aim of this article is to show how the Spanish parliamentary elite have become professional quickly with distinguishing features regarding the society they represent, and also their national counterpart. The peculiarities of such elite do not seem to be related to higher self-government levels, the presence of non-state-wide parties, party systems different from the national one, different types of governments, the economic status and wealth at a regional level, or population size. Adapted from the source document.

The 1950's saw the passing of 66.6% of the newspapers from a single owner or a family to newspaper chains. In the 1960's a new breed of "advocacy journalists" appeared & gave powerful impetus to a growth of professionalism among journalists. In relations with the government, Ur professionals have, on the whole, rejected pressures to make the media subservient to officialdom. A study is urged which attempts to determine whether persistently high quality news reporting is more rewarding economically than low quality news. Additional research suggestions are made with respect to the rise of alternative media in large cities. S. Karganovic.

The details of military & pol'al developments connected with the emergence of the standing army varied from state to state. However, in the 2nd half of the 17th cent princes throughout the continent were shaping their military forces into better organized & more professional fighting forces. No country in the 17th cent developed a professional fighting force without a substantial econ base (industry, the land, etc). With the centralization of pol'al authority in the hands of the princes, they were able to control the taxation of the local estates which were needed for the revenue to maintain an army. The military necessities of the age, as well as the transformation of the European economy & the development of the centralized state signif'ly altered the character of armies, giving them a modern appearance. H. Rosen.

Within the last fifty years, the entire social organization of gambling has changed radically, due to the growing availability of legal casinos & card rooms. One result has been the creation of an entirely new breed of professional gambler, with four distinct subtypes: the worker-professional, the outside-supported professional, the subsistence professional, & the career professional. The majority of these gamblers eventually succumb to the interminable pressures of full-time gambling & encounter some degree of devastating social & financial failure. Only a minority find relatively lasting fame & fortune. The legitimation of recreational gambling is currently in an era of growth, aided by the promotion of casino gambling as a kind of leisurely activity, the attention of the national media & gambling publications, & the organization of high-stakes international tournament play. All of these conditions have helped professional gamblers pursue their specialized art with much more publicity, safety, & potentially greater rewards than ever before. 1 Table. Modified HA.