Suchergebnisse

In the present work the author reviews the two scientific monographs and twenty scientific articles in which the history of the Lithuanian legal system is investigated. The author aspires to elucidate how did the main subsystems of the Lithuanian legal system – legislation, jurisdiction and jurisprudence – appeared and developed up to the end of the 20th century in the context of evolution of the Western legal tradition. The basic methods of research used in the works are historical, comparative and teleological. The main theses of the reviewed scientific monographs and articles are these: The law of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) was created by the Government on the basis of the national Lithuanian law and some elements of the custom Slav law. Substitution of the custom Slav law for the Lithuanian public and private law took place in those provinces in the 14th-16th centuries. The custom Slav law hampered forming of the system of law of the GDL. It was created finally in the middle of the 16th century. The law of the GDL was a medieval estate law. Estate is a legal phenomenon and law determines signs and features of any estate. Main sign of any estate is rights leaved to him by law and protected by state. Estate system, that is an organization of society into classes rigidly divided for political purposes and defined primarily by law, is based on a legal inequality of estates. Any estate is a stable order closed to outsiders. In order to belong to estate any person must correspond to certain conditions determined by law. At the same time any person can belong to a few different social groups but only to one estate. The estate system of the GDL was formed finally in the middle of the 16th century. It was defined by the Second Statute of Lithuania and consisted of four estates: nobility, clergy, peasantry and townspeople. The nobility and the clergy were privileged. They governed the state and exploited bondsmen. In the towns which obtained the Magdeburg Law the townsmen were free, but haven't political rights and privileges. The author believes that all persons were subjects of medieval law of Lithuania, but their legal capacity was not equal. This inequality was determined by law. Volume of legal capacity of these persons depended upon their age, sex, citizenship, religion and estate. It could be changed in accordance with law. Under certain conditions loss of legal capacity also was able. Collective subjects of law were the GDL itself (not its government bodies or officials), the people of Lithuania as a political unit (not estates or ethnographic nations), political confederations of noblemen (if they were sanctioned by the Grand Duke), self-governing territorial units (counties, towns, etc.), guilds organized by craftsmen and merchants and self-governing religions communities. The author believes that a land-ownership in the GDL was divided. Two persons held the same land. One of them was an immediate owner, the second was a superior owner of the land. An immediate owner's right to dispose the land was limited by a superior owner's rights to this land. In the 14th-first half of the 16th century an ancestral land was the main form of land-ownership in the GDL. At first an ancestral land was owned without obligation of vassalage. Since the beginning of the 16th century an owner of an ancestral land was obliged to military service from his land. Since the 14th century a benefice was the second form of feudal land-ownership in the GDL. Gradually a benefice turned into a feud. In 1566 the Second Statute of Lithuania gave the equal rights to all owners of ancestral lands and feuds. They got the freedom to dispose all their lands, but were obliged to military service from their real estate. In the middle of the 16th century the domain of the Grand Duke was divided into the State lands and Throne lands. The Grand Duke's freedom to dispose these lands was limited. Up to the middle of the 16th century there were no permanent circuit courts for land disputes in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. All state courts heard land cases in their permanent quarters and moved in locality to survey borders only if it was very necessary. The Government of the GDL stimulated activity of arbitration and village courts and set them to resolve land disputes in locality. The first permanent circuit court (Sub-Chamber court) for boundary disputes was established in every county during the court reform in 1564-1566. Up to the middle of the 16th century jurisdiction of the Church determined by canons was very wide and came into collision with jurisdiction of the State. Besides clergymen and other subjects of the Church spiritual courts prosecuted noblemen, peasants and townsfolk. Competence of secular and spiritual courts was delimited clearly by the Third Statute of Lithuania. In accordance with this Statute spiritual courts could prosecute noblemen, peasants and townsfolk only if a certain case was bound up with religion or marriage. The medieval conception of formal evidences existed and dominated in the GDL from the 13th century up to the 18th century. The court was passive because all evidences were collected and produced by the plaintiff or by the defendant, and legal force of any evidence was determined by Lithuanian custom law and by the Lithuanian Statutes. The author believes that compurgators were not eye-witnesses of crime or event, there testified on oath only about good name of somebody. Compurgators swore together with plaintiff or defendant. Witnesses testified to or against somebody without oath. The legal status of witnesses and compurgators determined by the Lithuanian custom law and the First Lithuanian Statute was partly corrected by the Second and the Third Lithuanian Statutes in 1566 and 1588. Dietsky office appeared in the Ancient Slav State about the 11th century. From the 13th century onwards this office functioned in the GDL. Vizh office was instituted in the end of the 15th century or in the beginning of the 16th century in the GDL. Dietsky and Vizh were court officers executed judgements. Vizh was also official witness in criminal and civil cases. Vozny office was established in the GDL during the judicial reform in 1564-1566. Vozny was an important official of a court of law. He used to be elected by county noblemen. His duty was to inspect damages, wounds, and to witness at a trial. He was an executor of court's sentences. The number of lawyers who took scholastic degrees increased in the GDL in the 16th century. They developed legal terminology, introduced the written form of contracts and elaborated many legal acts. The Lithuanian Statutes should be regarded as the acme of progressive legal theoretical thought and practical activity. They surmounted the codification of the legislation of the GDL and brought the country to the leading position among other European countries. Yet the high standard, progressive spirit and intrinsic humanistic ideas by themselves did not mean that the Statutes were properly applied. In the 16th century, the lack of qualified lawyers complicated application of the Lithuanian Statutes. The legal sophistication of judges was often rather poor. Even members of the Lithuanian Tribunal of the GDL were not professional lawyers. The requirement constituted in the Lithuanian Statutes that only nobility were eligible to the position of judges was hardly observed because for a long time there had been not a single law school or college in the GDL. Why the Faculty of Law had not been founded in the Vilnius Jesuits' Academy before 1641? The author believes that the problem may be viewed in the context of international relations between the Kingdom of Poland and the GDL. In the year of the foundation of Vilnius University, one more event important for the legal development of GDL took place: creation of the highest appeal court – Lithuanian Tribunal. Polish landlords did not tolerate the steps strengthening the statehood of Lithuania. Creation of the Lithuanian Tribunal was a difficult victory of the GDL nobility. It is quite possible that concession to the University of Krakow and recognition of Polish monopoly in preparing lawyers were the cost paid for the mentioned victory. It seemed then more important to have their own appeal court than to prepare lawyers in the GDL. In the one article the author aspires to elucidate what was a medieval university – integral part of the town or feudal benefice, what were professors ant students – full fledged citizens of the town or aliens, and what were courts of the university – State or private, secular or ecclesiastical. The author established that any university in the Middle Ages was a self-governing professional corporation similar with guild or craft. Doctors and scholars (like merchants or craftsmen) elected rector and some others officials who governed and administered justice. Mostly university was an integral part of the town; professors ant students could exercise their rights on an equality with citizens of the town. Sometimes university was ruled by the Bishop or King as a feudal benefice independent from the town magistrates and courts (in this case the relations between town citizens and students were exceptionally strained). A very ample jurisdiction was allowed to the Rector's court, extending to all civil cases and all criminal cases except such as involved mutilation (in those criminal cases the jurisdiction of the town Magistrates, King's or Bishop's judges was recognized). Rector was required to suppress quarrels between students and townsmen, or among the students themselves. If Rector failed to punish offenders, a scholar or doctor was amenable to the town Magistrates, King's or Bishop's judges. The Bishop always reserved to himself spiritual jurisdiction over professors ant students. An appellate civil jurisdiction was reserved to the town Magistrates, King's or Bishop's judges. It should be recognized that the legal system

In the present work the author reviews the two scientific monographs and twenty scientific articles in which the history of the Lithuanian legal system is investigated. The author aspires to elucidate how did the main subsystems of the Lithuanian legal system – legislation, jurisdiction and jurisprudence – appeared and developed up to the end of the 20th century in the context of evolution of the Western legal tradition. The basic methods of research used in the works are historical, comparative and teleological. The main theses of the reviewed scientific monographs and articles are these: The law of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) was created by the Government on the basis of the national Lithuanian law and some elements of the custom Slav law. Substitution of the custom Slav law for the Lithuanian public and private law took place in those provinces in the 14th-16th centuries. The custom Slav law hampered forming of the system of law of the GDL. It was created finally in the middle of the 16th century. The law of the GDL was a medieval estate law. Estate is a legal phenomenon and law determines signs and features of any estate. Main sign of any estate is rights leaved to him by law and protected by state. Estate system, that is an organization of society into classes rigidly divided for political purposes and defined primarily by law, is based on a legal inequality of estates. Any estate is a stable order closed to outsiders. In order to belong to estate any person must correspond to certain conditions determined by law. At the same time any person can belong to a few different social groups but only to one estate. The estate system of the GDL was formed finally in the middle of the 16th century. It was defined by the Second Statute of Lithuania and consisted of four estates: nobility, clergy, peasantry and townspeople. The nobility and the clergy were privileged. They governed the state and exploited bondsmen. In the towns which obtained the Magdeburg Law the townsmen were free, but haven't political rights and privileges. The author believes that all persons were subjects of medieval law of Lithuania, but their legal capacity was not equal. This inequality was determined by law. Volume of legal capacity of these persons depended upon their age, sex, citizenship, religion and estate. It could be changed in accordance with law. Under certain conditions loss of legal capacity also was able. Collective subjects of law were the GDL itself (not its government bodies or officials), the people of Lithuania as a political unit (not estates or ethnographic nations), political confederations of noblemen (if they were sanctioned by the Grand Duke), self-governing territorial units (counties, towns, etc.), guilds organized by craftsmen and merchants and self-governing religions communities. The author believes that a land-ownership in the GDL was divided. Two persons held the same land. One of them was an immediate owner, the second was a superior owner of the land. An immediate owner's right to dispose the land was limited by a superior owner's rights to this land. In the 14th-first half of the 16th century an ancestral land was the main form of land-ownership in the GDL. At first an ancestral land was owned without obligation of vassalage. Since the beginning of the 16th century an owner of an ancestral land was obliged to military service from his land. Since the 14th century a benefice was the second form of feudal land-ownership in the GDL. Gradually a benefice turned into a feud. In 1566 the Second Statute of Lithuania gave the equal rights to all owners of ancestral lands and feuds. They got the freedom to dispose all their lands, but were obliged to military service from their real estate. In the middle of the 16th century the domain of the Grand Duke was divided into the State lands and Throne lands. The Grand Duke's freedom to dispose these lands was limited. Up to the middle of the 16th century there were no permanent circuit courts for land disputes in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. All state courts heard land cases in their permanent quarters and moved in locality to survey borders only if it was very necessary. The Government of the GDL stimulated activity of arbitration and village courts and set them to resolve land disputes in locality. The first permanent circuit court (Sub-Chamber court) for boundary disputes was established in every county during the court reform in 1564-1566. Up to the middle of the 16th century jurisdiction of the Church determined by canons was very wide and came into collision with jurisdiction of the State. Besides clergymen and other subjects of the Church spiritual courts prosecuted noblemen, peasants and townsfolk. Competence of secular and spiritual courts was delimited clearly by the Third Statute of Lithuania. In accordance with this Statute spiritual courts could prosecute noblemen, peasants and townsfolk only if a certain case was bound up with religion or marriage. The medieval conception of formal evidences existed and dominated in the GDL from the 13th century up to the 18th century. The court was passive because all evidences were collected and produced by the plaintiff or by the defendant, and legal force of any evidence was determined by Lithuanian custom law and by the Lithuanian Statutes. The author believes that compurgators were not eye-witnesses of crime or event, there testified on oath only about good name of somebody. Compurgators swore together with plaintiff or defendant. Witnesses testified to or against somebody without oath. The legal status of witnesses and compurgators determined by the Lithuanian custom law and the First Lithuanian Statute was partly corrected by the Second and the Third Lithuanian Statutes in 1566 and 1588. Dietsky office appeared in the Ancient Slav State about the 11th century. From the 13th century onwards this office functioned in the GDL. Vizh office was instituted in the end of the 15th century or in the beginning of the 16th century in the GDL. Dietsky and Vizh were court officers executed judgements. Vizh was also official witness in criminal and civil cases. Vozny office was established in the GDL during the judicial reform in 1564-1566. Vozny was an important official of a court of law. He used to be elected by county noblemen. His duty was to inspect damages, wounds, and to witness at a trial. He was an executor of court's sentences. The number of lawyers who took scholastic degrees increased in the GDL in the 16th century. They developed legal terminology, introduced the written form of contracts and elaborated many legal acts. The Lithuanian Statutes should be regarded as the acme of progressive legal theoretical thought and practical activity. They surmounted the codification of the legislation of the GDL and brought the country to the leading position among other European countries. Yet the high standard, progressive spirit and intrinsic humanistic ideas by themselves did not mean that the Statutes were properly applied. In the 16th century, the lack of qualified lawyers complicated application of the Lithuanian Statutes. The legal sophistication of judges was often rather poor. Even members of the Lithuanian Tribunal of the GDL were not professional lawyers. The requirement constituted in the Lithuanian Statutes that only nobility were eligible to the position of judges was hardly observed because for a long time there had been not a single law school or college in the GDL. Why the Faculty of Law had not been founded in the Vilnius Jesuits' Academy before 1641? The author believes that the problem may be viewed in the context of international relations between the Kingdom of Poland and the GDL. In the year of the foundation of Vilnius University, one more event important for the legal development of GDL took place: creation of the highest appeal court – Lithuanian Tribunal. Polish landlords did not tolerate the steps strengthening the statehood of Lithuania. Creation of the Lithuanian Tribunal was a difficult victory of the GDL nobility. It is quite possible that concession to the University of Krakow and recognition of Polish monopoly in preparing lawyers were the cost paid for the mentioned victory. It seemed then more important to have their own appeal court than to prepare lawyers in the GDL. In the one article the author aspires to elucidate what was a medieval university – integral part of the town or feudal benefice, what were professors ant students – full fledged citizens of the town or aliens, and what were courts of the university – State or private, secular or ecclesiastical. The author established that any university in the Middle Ages was a self-governing professional corporation similar with guild or craft. Doctors and scholars (like merchants or craftsmen) elected rector and some others officials who governed and administered justice. Mostly university was an integral part of the town; professors ant students could exercise their rights on an equality with citizens of the town. Sometimes university was ruled by the Bishop or King as a feudal benefice independent from the town magistrates and courts (in this case the relations between town citizens and students were exceptionally strained). A very ample jurisdiction was allowed to the Rector's court, extending to all civil cases and all criminal cases except such as involved mutilation (in those criminal cases the jurisdiction of the town Magistrates, King's or Bishop's judges was recognized). Rector was required to suppress quarrels between students and townsmen, or among the students themselves. If Rector failed to punish offenders, a scholar or doctor was amenable to the town Magistrates, King's or Bishop's judges. The Bishop always reserved to himself spiritual jurisdiction over professors ant students. An appellate civil jurisdiction was reserved to the town Magistrates, King's or Bishop's judges. It should be recognized that the legal system

The article deals with the changing basic upbringing and confrontation in the second half of the 20th century. People understood the meaning and influence of education even in old times. The focal attention for a long time was paid to boys' upbringing and teaching, but secondary and, mostly, non-formal - to girls. In ancient countries boys were taught to be noble, in Middle Ages - courageous knights and devotional Christians, in newest ages national upbringing becomes an important factor. The 20th century and especially its second half were distinguished by upbringing variety: long-drawn-out nationalism or softer, more human form of nationality, buildup of homo sovieticum and Anglo-Saxon civil upbringing, liberalism and democracy that spread from Western countries after World War II. In the 20th century Lithuania had to experience upbringing accents and their changes.

The article deals with the changing basic upbringing and confrontation in the second half of the 20th century. People understood the meaning and influence of education even in old times. The focal attention for a long time was paid to boys' upbringing and teaching, but secondary and, mostly, non-formal - to girls. In ancient countries boys were taught to be noble, in Middle Ages - courageous knights and devotional Christians, in newest ages national upbringing becomes an important factor. The 20th century and especially its second half were distinguished by upbringing variety: long-drawn-out nationalism or softer, more human form of nationality, buildup of homo sovieticum and Anglo-Saxon civil upbringing, liberalism and democracy that spread from Western countries after World War II. In the 20th century Lithuania had to experience upbringing accents and their changes.

The article deals with the changing basic upbringing and confrontation in the second half of the 20th century. People understood the meaning and influence of education even in old times. The focal attention for a long time was paid to boys' upbringing and teaching, but secondary and, mostly, non-formal - to girls. In ancient countries boys were taught to be noble, in Middle Ages - courageous knights and devotional Christians, in newest ages national upbringing becomes an important factor. The 20th century and especially its second half were distinguished by upbringing variety: long-drawn-out nationalism or softer, more human form of nationality, buildup of homo sovieticum and Anglo-Saxon civil upbringing, liberalism and democracy that spread from Western countries after World War II. In the 20th century Lithuania had to experience upbringing accents and their changes.

The article deals with the changing basic upbringing and confrontation in the second half of the 20th century. People understood the meaning and influence of education even in old times. The focal attention for a long time was paid to boys' upbringing and teaching, but secondary and, mostly, non-formal - to girls. In ancient countries boys were taught to be noble, in Middle Ages - courageous knights and devotional Christians, in newest ages national upbringing becomes an important factor. The 20th century and especially its second half were distinguished by upbringing variety: long-drawn-out nationalism or softer, more human form of nationality, buildup of homo sovieticum and Anglo-Saxon civil upbringing, liberalism and democracy that spread from Western countries after World War II. In the 20th century Lithuania had to experience upbringing accents and their changes.

However, the practical implementation of the idea until the division of the Republic of Two Nations and in the 20th century had its own gaps and even painful long-term consequences, having conditioned the gap from the aforementioned civilization space. O. Halecki, who dedicated his research to that idea, argued that the collapse of the Republic of Two Nations was conditioned by the factor that the Jagiellonian idea had not been fully realized, as in the 16th-17th centuries its third member Russia (present Ukraine) had not been included. J. Pilsudski's practical federalist project on the realization of the Jagiellonian idea in the inter-war period foresaw the corrections of the conclusions presented in Polish historiography. However, Poland's war with Bolshevik Russia and the 1921 Treaty of Riga prevented their implementation as they deprived Lithuania of its historical capital Vilnius and parcelled out Ukraine and Belarus, which had just regained their independence. Only as late as after World War II J. Giedroyc, who found himself in emigration, was able to dialectically criticize J. Pilsudski's previous plans and the Jagiellonian idea itself; therefore, he clearly spoke for the creation of sovereign states of the largest nations: the Ukrainians, Lithuanians and Belarusians, that were part of the Republic of Two Nations. For the Polish it meant the recognition of the claims of civil nationalism of its Eastern neighbours, as only they could return all the states to Western Europe and insure smooth future cooperation under new geopolitical conditions. Nowadays, thoughts on the Jagiellonian idea have not been completely disrupted in Polish public discourse and obviously they should be significant not only to the Polish, but also equally importan to the Ukrainians, Lithuanians and Belarusians in the context of the system of the European Union and European regionalism.

However, the practical implementation of the idea until the division of the Republic of Two Nations and in the 20th century had its own gaps and even painful long-term consequences, having conditioned the gap from the aforementioned civilization space. O. Halecki, who dedicated his research to that idea, argued that the collapse of the Republic of Two Nations was conditioned by the factor that the Jagiellonian idea had not been fully realized, as in the 16th-17th centuries its third member Russia (present Ukraine) had not been included. J. Pilsudski's practical federalist project on the realization of the Jagiellonian idea in the inter-war period foresaw the corrections of the conclusions presented in Polish historiography. However, Poland's war with Bolshevik Russia and the 1921 Treaty of Riga prevented their implementation as they deprived Lithuania of its historical capital Vilnius and parcelled out Ukraine and Belarus, which had just regained their independence. Only as late as after World War II J. Giedroyc, who found himself in emigration, was able to dialectically criticize J. Pilsudski's previous plans and the Jagiellonian idea itself; therefore, he clearly spoke for the creation of sovereign states of the largest nations: the Ukrainians, Lithuanians and Belarusians, that were part of the Republic of Two Nations. For the Polish it meant the recognition of the claims of civil nationalism of its Eastern neighbours, as only they could return all the states to Western Europe and insure smooth future cooperation under new geopolitical conditions. Nowadays, thoughts on the Jagiellonian idea have not been completely disrupted in Polish public discourse and obviously they should be significant not only to the Polish, but also equally importan to the Ukrainians, Lithuanians and Belarusians in the context of the system of the European Union and European regionalism.

This thesis determines and analyzes four stages of constitutional regulation or waves of constitutional development. The first stage of constitutional regulation covers period from the end of 18th century to the end of World War I, second stage – period between the two world wars, the third stage – period from the end of World War II to the end of nineties in the 20th century and the fourth stage – period from the end of 20th century to nowadays. The research is relevant in respect of development of constitutional regulation. Historical analysis of the constitutions of European states allows to determine essential attributes of development of constitutions of European states and identify the main tendencies of the development. Only by taking into account historical-political circumstances of adoption of the constitutions and legal regulation established in them, by comparing them with each other it is possible to clearly understand why certain provisions are provided in the constitutions. It also allows to examine development of Lithuanian state constitutions in the context of development of constitutions of other European states. Analysis is original because the research provides comparative analysis of constitutions of different European states by analyzing constitutions through perspective of historical development of individual and civil rights and freedoms and relations of state government organization and operation. The main objective of this research is to discuss the main modern constitutions of the European states in the context of stages of development of European constitutional regulation, identify the main characteristics of the development of constitutions of European states, determine the main tendencies of their development, discuss characteristics of the development of Lithuanian state constitutions in the context of development of constitutions of other European states. Systemic, logical-analytical, comparative and historical methods of analysis were employed in conducting research. Constitutions of European states served as the main sources of analysis, also works of Lithuanian and foreign scientists were used as well as material from conferences and presentations and internet material. Conclusions, summary in Lithuanian and English, list of sources and literature and internet websites are presented at the end of the thesis.

This thesis determines and analyzes four stages of constitutional regulation or waves of constitutional development. The first stage of constitutional regulation covers period from the end of 18th century to the end of World War I, second stage – period between the two world wars, the third stage – period from the end of World War II to the end of nineties in the 20th century and the fourth stage – period from the end of 20th century to nowadays. The research is relevant in respect of development of constitutional regulation. Historical analysis of the constitutions of European states allows to determine essential attributes of development of constitutions of European states and identify the main tendencies of the development. Only by taking into account historical-political circumstances of adoption of the constitutions and legal regulation established in them, by comparing them with each other it is possible to clearly understand why certain provisions are provided in the constitutions. It also allows to examine development of Lithuanian state constitutions in the context of development of constitutions of other European states. Analysis is original because the research provides comparative analysis of constitutions of different European states by analyzing constitutions through perspective of historical development of individual and civil rights and freedoms and relations of state government organization and operation. The main objective of this research is to discuss the main modern constitutions of the European states in the context of stages of development of European constitutional regulation, identify the main characteristics of the development of constitutions of European states, determine the main tendencies of their development, discuss characteristics of the development of Lithuanian state constitutions in the context of development of constitutions of other European states. Systemic, logical-analytical, comparative and historical methods of analysis were employed in conducting research. Constitutions of European states served as the main sources of analysis, also works of Lithuanian and foreign scientists were used as well as material from conferences and presentations and internet material. Conclusions, summary in Lithuanian and English, list of sources and literature and internet websites are presented at the end of the thesis.

The paper presents the most prominent 20th century trumpet teachers of the United States (V. Cichowicz, W. Vacchiano) and Russia (Y. Bolshiyanov, T. Dokshizer), which best reflect the trumpet schools of these countries. In both schools of trumpet, both in the United States and Russia, playing the trumpet is united by a look through an artistic prism, an effort to copy and align its phrasing to vocalists and string players, and to keep up with virtuosity. Trumpet teachers in the United States paid close attention to the technological side of playing, breathing and articulation, doing everything they could to make it easier to achieve the result. Russian trumpet teachers, meanwhile, paid close attention to finding an individual method of engaging each trumpet player. Also important for trumpet teachers in the United States was musical artistic interpretation, for which sound, its concept and work with sound were crucial, while Russian trumpet teachers focused specifically on preparing trumpet players to play in symphony orchestras and prepare for the challenges ahead.

The land there was an axis of life that centres the worldview, rituals and worships, cultural lifestyles, and symbolic representations, routine ofdaily life and celebrities, and connects the tradition of ancestors and of living people into one unbreakable chain (Baudouin de Courtenay-Ehrenkreutzowa 1930/1998). After the reconstruction of statehood of Lithuania in 1918, and during the Interwar period of 1920's - 1930's the individual strategies of households started to change actively under the land reform of 1922, and new agricultural politics established on the national level. A self-sufficient peasant became a farmer, who organizes his agricultural activities on the ground of capitalistic way of production, and market economy. However, World War II, and the Soviet annexation interrupted the process. The study underlines that the reestablishment of property rights is not the crucial point and aspect of postsoviet transformations even people used to emphasise this. It is the whole and indivisible set of social, economic, technological, moral, and symbolic questions that come together with the reestablishment of property rights that is significant in understanding of those transformations, and social worlds oftoday.

The land there was an axis of life that centres the worldview, rituals and worships, cultural lifestyles, and symbolic representations, routine ofdaily life and celebrities, and connects the tradition of ancestors and of living people into one unbreakable chain (Baudouin de Courtenay-Ehrenkreutzowa 1930/1998). After the reconstruction of statehood of Lithuania in 1918, and during the Interwar period of 1920's - 1930's the individual strategies of households started to change actively under the land reform of 1922, and new agricultural politics established on the national level. A self-sufficient peasant became a farmer, who organizes his agricultural activities on the ground of capitalistic way of production, and market economy. However, World War II, and the Soviet annexation interrupted the process. The study underlines that the reestablishment of property rights is not the crucial point and aspect of postsoviet transformations even people used to emphasise this. It is the whole and indivisible set of social, economic, technological, moral, and symbolic questions that come together with the reestablishment of property rights that is significant in understanding of those transformations, and social worlds oftoday.

The land there was an axis of life that centres the worldview, rituals and worships, cultural lifestyles, and symbolic representations, routine ofdaily life and celebrities, and connects the tradition of ancestors and of living people into one unbreakable chain (Baudouin de Courtenay-Ehrenkreutzowa 1930/1998). After the reconstruction of statehood of Lithuania in 1918, and during the Interwar period of 1920's - 1930's the individual strategies of households started to change actively under the land reform of 1922, and new agricultural politics established on the national level. A self-sufficient peasant became a farmer, who organizes his agricultural activities on the ground of capitalistic way of production, and market economy. However, World War II, and the Soviet annexation interrupted the process. The study underlines that the reestablishment of property rights is not the crucial point and aspect of postsoviet transformations even people used to emphasise this. It is the whole and indivisible set of social, economic, technological, moral, and symbolic questions that come together with the reestablishment of property rights that is significant in understanding of those transformations, and social worlds oftoday.

The land there was an axis of life that centres the worldview, rituals and worships, cultural lifestyles, and symbolic representations, routine ofdaily life and celebrities, and connects the tradition of ancestors and of living people into one unbreakable chain (Baudouin de Courtenay-Ehrenkreutzowa 1930/1998). After the reconstruction of statehood of Lithuania in 1918, and during the Interwar period of 1920's - 1930's the individual strategies of households started to change actively under the land reform of 1922, and new agricultural politics established on the national level. A self-sufficient peasant became a farmer, who organizes his agricultural activities on the ground of capitalistic way of production, and market economy. However, World War II, and the Soviet annexation interrupted the process. The study underlines that the reestablishment of property rights is not the crucial point and aspect of postsoviet transformations even people used to emphasise this. It is the whole and indivisible set of social, economic, technological, moral, and symbolic questions that come together with the reestablishment of property rights that is significant in understanding of those transformations, and social worlds oftoday.