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The Russian political system remains subject to sudden radical change--this has been the basic logic of its political history since 1985. Only by understanding the processes and logics of that recent history of change can one understand the present and the (possibly radically different) future. In December 1991 Boris Yeltsin, president of the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (the USSR's largest republic, known as RSFSR), joined Stanislav Shushkevich of Belarus and Leonid Kravchuk of Ukraine in dissolving the Soviet Union and replacing it with the ill-defined Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). The RSFSR was transformed into the Russian Federation, and the process of political transformation and state building was under way, and it continues apace.

Describes the origins, evolution, & functions of the Russian Federation's Constitution, adopted in 1993 & further reformed in 1000 by President Vladimir Putin. An historical overview of Russian federalism is offered to illuminate the structure & operations of current Russian constitutionalism. Russia's historical movement from the extreme centralization of the Empire & then the USSR to a decentralized federation has been arduous, & Putin's policies suggest a tendency toward recentralization. Current challenges also include defining the Federation's structure, concerns about constitutional division of powers, & the crisis in Chechnya. K. Coddon

Cover -- CONTENTS -- CONTEXT: SOUND MACROECONOMIC FRAMEWORK BUT DEEPER REFORMS NEEDED -- RECENT ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS AND NEAR-TERM OUTLOOK -- MEDIUM-TERM OUTLOOK AND RISKS -- POLICY DISCUSSIONS: SLOW GROWTH UNDERSCORES THE IMPORTANCE OF CONTINUING THE REFORM EFFORT -- A. Extending Growth-Friendly Shifts in Taxes and Spending While Following the Fiscal Rule -- B. Monetary Policy: Easing Should Continue -- C. Financial Policies: Fostering Resilience and Addressing Emerging Risks -- D. Persisting with Structural Reforms to Lift Potential Growth -- STAFF APPRAISAL -- BOXES -- 1. Factors Behind Russia's Growth Slowdown -- 2. Assessing the Impact of the Pension Reform and National Projects on Potential Output Growth -- 3. Russia's National Projects -- 4. Natural Real Interest Rate (NRIR) in Russia -- 5. Further Improving Fiscal Transparency In Russia -- FIGURES -- 1. Real Sector Developments 2008-19 -- 2. Inflation and Monetary Policy, 2016-19 -- 3. External Sector Developments, 2007-19 -- 4. Fiscal Policy, 2002-24 -- 5. Banking Sector Developments, 2008-2019 -- 6. Macro-Financial Developments, 2008-2018 -- TABLES -- 1. Selected Macroeconomic Indicators, 2016-24 -- 2. Balance of Payments, 2016-24 -- 3. External Financing Requirements and Sources, 2018-24 -- 4. Fiscal Operations, 2016-24 -- 5. Monetary Accounts, 2016-24 -- 6. Medium-Term Framework and Balance of Payments, 2016-24 -- 7. Financial Soundness Indicators, 2013-18 -- ANNEXES -- I. Risk Assessment Matrix -- II. Implementation of Past IMF Recommendations -- III. Debt Sustainability Analysis -- IV. FSAP Key Recommendations -- V. External Sector Assessment -- VI. Long-Term Growth: Experiences and Challenges -- VII. The Natural Interest Rate in the Russian Federation: A Preliminary Assessment -- CONTENTS -- FUND RELATIONS -- RELATIONS WITH OTHER FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS -- STATISTICAL ISSUES.

Cover -- CONTENTS -- RUSSIA'S FISCAL FRAMEWORK AND THE OIL-PRICE SHOCK -- A. Introduction -- B. Fiscal benchmarks -- C. Fiscal Rule -- D. Conclusion -- TABLES -- 1. Baseline Assumptions -- 2. Baseline Results -- 3. Sensitivity Analysis -- 4. Fiscal Rule -- ANNEXES -- I. Long-term Fiscal Sustainability Analysis -- II. The Russian Fiscal Rule -- EXCHANGE RATE PASS-THROUGH TO INFLATION. IS RUSSIA DIFFERENT? -- A. Introduction -- B. Stylized Facts -- C. Results. Size and State Dependent Nature of the ERPT in EMs -- D. Conclusion and Policy Implications -- FIGURES -- 1. Exchange Rate Depreciation in Emerging Markets -- 2. Exchange Rate Pass-through to Inflation in Russia -- 3. Inflation, Depreciation and Respective Volatilities -- 4. Assymetries, Non Linearities and Inflation Targeting -- 5. Exchange Rate Pass-through during 10 Percent Depreciation Episodes -- 6. Exchange Rate Pass-through during 20 Percent Depreciation Episodes -- 7. ERPT during Appreciation versus Depreciation -- 8. ERPT during Inflation Targeting versus Other Regimes -- TABLES -- 1. ERPT Coefficients - Linear Model -- 2. Exchange Rate Pass-through Coefficient in the Non-linear Model -- 3. Coefficients Appreciation versus Depreciation -- APPENDIX -- I. Empirical Strategy -- REFERENCES -- FOSTERING FINANCIAL SECTOR CONTRIBUTION TO GROWTH -- A. Introduction -- B. Dissecting Russia's Financial System Performance -- C. Reaping the Benefits of More Financial Development -- FIGURES -- 1. Capital Utilization and Investment -- 2. Firms' Financing Structure -- 3. SME Financing -- 4. Financial Development Index -- 5. Financial Depth -- 6. Banking System Structure -- 7. Measures of Efficiency of the Banking System -- TABLE -- 1. Components of the Financial Development Index -- REFERENCES.

Cover -- CONTENTS -- CONTEXT -- RECENT DEVELOPMENTS -- OUTLOOK AND RISKS -- POLICY DISCUSSIONS -- A. Fiscal Policy: Short-term Stimulus, Medium-term Consolidation -- B. Monetary Policy: Measured Normalization -- C. Financial Sector: A Tailored Policy Response -- D. Structural Policies: Re-invigorate the Reform Agenda -- STAFF APPRAISAL -- BOXES -- 1. Impact of Sanctions -- 2. Authorities' Policy Response -- 3. Regional Spillovers -- 4. Russia's Fiscal Rule -- 5. Exchange Rate Pass-through -- 6. Features of the Government's Bank Capital Support Program -- 7. Russian Banking System and Growth -- FIGURES -- 1. Recent Developments -- 2. Monetary and Financial Developments, 2013-15 -- 3. Banking Sector Developments, 2008-15 -- 4. Banking Sector Soundness, 2011-15 -- 5. Corporate Sector Developments, 2008-15 -- 6. Selected Macroeconomic Indicators: 2000-20 -- 7. External Position, 2008-15 -- 8. Exposures to Russia, 2014 (or the latest available) -- 9. Fiscal Policy, 2000-20 -- 10. Inflation Expectations, 2009-15 -- 11. Russia Faces Structural Problems, 2014 -- 12. External Debt Sustainability: Bound Tests -- TABLES -- 1. Selected Macroeconomic Indicators, 2008-16 -- 2. Balance of Payments, 2012-20 -- 3. External Financing, 2012-20 -- 4. Fiscal Operations, 2012-20 -- 5. Monetary Accounts, 2012-20 -- 6. Financial Soundness Indicators, 2012-15 -- 7. Medium-Term Framework and Balance of Payments, 2012-20 -- 8. Public Sector Debt Sustainability Analysis (DSA)-Baseline Scenario -- 9. Public DSA-Composition of Public Debt and Alternative Scenarios -- 10. Public DSA-Stress Tests -- 11. External Debt Sustainability Framework, 2009-19 -- ANNEXES -- I. Implementation of Past IMF Recommendations -- II. External Sector Assessment -- III. Risk Assessment Matrix (RAM) -- IV. Key FSAP Recommendations and Implementation -- CONTENTS -- FUND RELATIONS.

This study of the education system of the Russian Federation is part of the handbook "The education systems of Europe" which presents an analytical description of the education systems of all European countries, following common guidelines. The study begins with the historical background and the socio-cultural and political context of the Russian educational system which is followed by the description of the organizational and administrative context of the current education system. The next step is the functioning of the current education system, beginning with a structural overview and followed by an analysis of the different levels of the education system, including post-secondary and tertiary education. The country study ends with an analysis of current problems and discussions, and opens perspectives for further development. A diagram illustrating the structural scheme of the Russian educational system is part of this article. (DIPF/Orig./Kie.).