Suchergebnisse

The life imprisonment assumes various modalities in Argentine and Italian legislation. In these modalities it´s possible to find diverse incompatibilities with fundamental rights and principles of criminal law, such as reasonableness, proportionality, equality, the reeducational purpose of punishment and the culpability. Likewise, the institute of life imprisonment as such is analyzed and various reflections are made regarding its legitimacy in contexts of free and democratic states of law. ; La cadena perpetua asume diversas modalidades tanto en la legislación argentina, como en la italiana. En estas modalidades se observan incompatibilidades con los derechos fundamentales y principios del derecho penal, tales como la razonabilidad, la proporción, la igualdad, la finalidad reeducativa de la pena y la culpabilidad. Asimismo, se analiza el instituto de la cadena perpetua como tal y se realizan diversas reflexiones en torno a su legitimidad en contextos de Estados libres y democráticos de derecho.

Bedingt durch Überschneidungen in den Gewährleistungsbereichen der Grundrechte wird in manchen Lebenssituationen mehr als ein Grundrecht eines Grundrechtsträgers aktiviert. Zu einer Verstärkungswirkung unter diesen Grundrechten im Sinne einer Verstärkung der Position des Grundrechtsträgers in einer Gesamtabwägung kommt es jedoch nur dann, wenn inhaltlich unterschiedliche Gewährleistungsgehalte beeinträchtigt werden. Um festzustellen, ob sich die in einer bestimmten Situation aufgerufenen Grundrechte materiell unterscheiden, müssen ihre Gewährleistungsbereiche anhand eines gemeinsamen Maßstabs miteinander verglichen werden. Innerhalb des gemeinsamen Referenzrahmens der Menschenwürde schlägt Julia Sandner unter Rückgriff auf Arbeiten von H.L.A. Hart, John Rawls und John Finnis einzelne Menschenwürdeaspekte vor, mit denen ein solcher Vergleich ermöglicht wird und eine idealkonkurrentielle Gewichtsverstärkung festgestellt werden kann. / »Mutual Reinforcement of Fundamental Rights under the German Basic Law« -- In light of the intersecting nature of fundamental rights under the Basic Law, several rights may be invoked concurrently in certain cases. In her doctoral thesis, Julia Sandner explores whether this increases the level of protection by attaching greater weight to the affected rights positions in the balancing test under the principle of proportionality. Introducing a new approach for determining normative intersections, the author shows that this may create an effect of mutual reinforcement.

Die Arbeit berührt ein zentrales dogmatisches Problem an der Schnittstelle zwischen Verfassungsrecht und Verwaltungsrecht. Es geht um die oft relevante Frage, ob der verfassungsrechtliche Grundsatz der Verhältnismäßigkeit bei Grundrechtseingriffen im Einzelfall auch dann einen Kontrollmaßstab bildet, wenn das Gesetz eine »gebundene« Entscheidung vorgibt. Dabei sollen »gebundene« Normen und Ermessensrechtssätze – in Übereinstimmung mit neueren Entwicklungen in der Rechtsprechung und in Abkehr vom herrschenden Verständnis in der Wissenschaft, die atypische, unverhältnismäßige Einzelfälle bei der Ausführung »gebundener« Normen als Kollateralschäden und ein Problem der (abstrakten) Verhältnismäßigkeit einer Norm versteht – keine streng gegensätzlichen Rechtsfolgentypen bilden, sondern sich in der Dichte der Determination der Exekutive bloß graduell voneinander unterscheiden. Grundlage dieser Betrachtung ist ein verändertes Verständnis der Gesetzesbindung der Verwaltung. / »The Proportionate Application of Mandatory Legal Provisions« -- This thesis at the intersection of German constitutional and administrative law raises the question whether the principle of proportionality can be a standard of review for restrictions on fundamental rights even where the law prescribes a mandatory duty of the authority. Rather than interpreting mandatory and discretionary provisions as mutually exclusive types of legal effects, they are presented as fine gradations in the density of executive authorities' decisions.

La cadena perpetua asume diversas modalidades, tanto en la legislación argentina como en la italiana. En estas modalidades se observan incompatibilidades con los derechos fundamentales y principios del derecho penal, tales como la razonabilidad, la proporción, la igualdad, la finalidad reeducativa de la pena y la culpabilidad. Asimismo, se analiza el instituto de la cadena perpetua como tal y se realizan diversas reflexiones en torno a su legitimidad en contextos de Estados libres y democráticos de derecho. ; The life imprisonment assumes various modalities in Argentine and Italian legislation. In these modalities it ́s possible to find diverse incompatibilities with fundamental rights and principles of criminal law, such as reasonableness, proportionality, equality, the reeducational purpose of punishment and the culpability. Likewise, the institute of life imprisonment as such is analyzed and various reflections are made regarding its legitimacy in contexts of free and democratic states of law. ; Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales

The general objective of the research consists of relating the states of exception with the doctrine of administrative law, exposed by García de Enterría (2016), called fight against the immunities of power, in order to conceptualize the decrees with force of law on states of exception; with special reference to the decrees with force of law on states of exception for public calamity pandemic COVID-19, issued by the President of the Republic of Ecuador throughout the national territory, during the period from March 17, 2020 to September 1, 2020. The methodology refers to the documentary research strategy, supported by the analytical method. It is concluded that the COVID-19 pandemic puts at risk the existential conditions of the State: population, territory and government, due to the immediate spread of the coronavirus and the President of the Republic of Ecuador finds himself in the need to dictate acts of normative content, subject to internal - political and legal - and international control, containing measures of restriction and suspension of rights in a discretionary manner and with regulated elements, based on the principle of proportionality, called decrees with force of law on states of exception.

[ES] Citizenship relates to a set of practices and practices that give active component status to individuals in their reference community. Their study and conceptualisation have concentrated on the functional dimension of social life. But citizens are also members of space political communities, which is reflected in the resurgence of territorial identities, and the impact of the mesocommunal sphere on contemporary political life. The interaction between the local and the global level, manifested in the case of the European Union in the processes of Europeanisation and subsidiarisation, occupies the main interest of this article. The effects of the so-called 'new social risks' are felt in those areas closest to the citizen, which calls for a stronger emphasis on the provision of personal care and 'final network' services in accordance with the principles of proximity and proportionality. ; Peer reviewed ; [ES] Citizenship relates to a set of practices and practices that give active component status to individuals in their reference community. Their study and conceptualisation have concentrated on the functional dimension of social life. But citizens are also members of space political communities, which is reflected in the resurgence of territorial identities, and the impact of the mesocommunal sphere on contemporary political life. The interaction between the local and the global level, manifested in the case of the European Union in the processes of Europeanisation and subsidiarisation, occupies the main interest of this article. The effects of the so-called 'new social risks' are felt in those areas closest to the citizen, which calls for a stronger emphasis on the provision of personal care and 'final network' services in accordance with the principles of proximity and proportionality. ; [EN] Citizenship is related to a compound of practices and uses which confers the quality of active members to individuals within their political community of reference. The conceptualization and study of citizenship has ...

El artículo analiza las características del examen legal de los proyectos de actos jurídicos reglamentarios en la Rusia moderna. Se considera como el principal medio legal para aumentar la calidad, efectividad e idoneidad de la previsibilidad de las consecuencias de su adopción. Los autores creen que un marco regulatorio único para el examen de los actos legales reguladores, y lo más importante, la consolidación de técnicas y métodos uniformes con base científica y probada en la práctica para su implementación generalmente contribuirá a la mejora de la legislación rusa. ; The article discusses the features of the legal examination of draft regulatory legal acts in modern Russia. It is considered as the main legal means of increasing quality, effectiveness, and the appropriateness of the predictability of the consequences of their adoption. The authors believe that a single regulatory framework for the examination of regulatory legal acts, and most importantly, the consolidation of uniform scientifically-based and practice-tested techniques and methods for its implementation will generally contribute to the improvement of Russian legislation.

Die Arbeit beschäftigt sich zum einen mit der materiellen Verfassungsmäßigkeit der §§ 8c, 8d KStG und knüpft an die Rechtsprechung des Bundesverfassungsgerichts zu § 8c Abs. 1 Satz 1 KStG a.F. sowie an den Vorlagebeschluss des Finanzgerichts Hamburg zu § 8c Abs. 1 Satz 1 KStG an. Im Mittelpunkt steht die Frage, ob § 8d KStG den verfassungswidrigen Zustand von § 8c KStG heilen kann. Schwerpunkt der Arbeit ist die Prüfung, ob § 8d KStG im Lichte des Bestimmtheitsgebots, des allgemeinen Gleichheitssatzes sowie des Verhältnismäßigkeitsgrundsatzes verfassungskonform ist. Zum anderen knüpft die Arbeit an die Rechtsprechung des Europäischen Gerichtshofs zur sog. Sanierungsklausel an und unterzieht § 8d KStG einer europarechtlichen Beihilfeprüfung. -- Jens Denninger kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass § 8d KStG nur in Teilen mit Art. 3 Abs. 1 GG vereinbar ist und gegen den Grundsatz der Verhältnismäßigkeit verstößt. § 8d KStG stellt hingegen keine europarechtswidrige Beilhilfe dar. / »The Tax Exception Clause Sec. 8d Corporate Income Tax Act. An Analysis under Constitutional and European Law« -- The thesis deals with the question whether Sec. 8d Corporate Income Tax Act (KStG) can cure the unconstitutional condition of Sec. 8c KStG. Subject of the thesis is the analysis of Sec. 8d KStG in the light of the constitutional principle of legal certainty, general principle of equality and principle of proportionality. In addition, Sec. 8d KStG is subject to a review under EU state aid law.

In August 2015, a Finnish citizen embarked on a tour from Finland to Estonia and back on a pleasure boat. The private boat trip quickly evolved into a matter of great significance. His journey not only challenged the foundations of the Finnish sentencing system but also shed new light on the requirements of proportionality that EU law may impose on national sentencing systems more broadly. The boatman was fined for not carrying his passport. He contested the penal order, and the case was heard by the district court before being escalated to the Supreme Court of Finland. The Supreme Court sought a preliminary ruling from the European Court of Justice (ECJ), which delivered a verdict that struck at the very core of the Finnish sentencing system.

The legal theory regarding Criminal Law limits' has not reached a perfect development. This is particularly true as long as it has not been defined and interpreted in the light of the different legal rationales, namely the legislative, judicial ; La dogmática de los límites y principios penales no han alcanzado un perfecto desarrollo en la medida en que no se han delimitado e interpretado a tenor de las distintas racionalidades jurídicas, a saber, la legislativa, la judicial y la constitucional. E

With regard to the 2014's Commission's Whitebook, this thesis inquires into the question whether the scope of the EU Merger Regulation should be extended to also cover non controlling minority share acquisitions. Learning from international experiences (Germany, UK, USA), the need for as well as the structuring of such reform are the main research subjects. Regarding the first issue, several findings lead the author to doubting such a need. These include the scarce competitive significance of minority shareholdings, the limited extent of the alleged enforcement gap in EU Merger Control as well as the dubious efficiency enhancement in competition law enforcement, resulting from such reform. The Commission's reform proposals are assessed in the light of legal certainty, proportionality and coherence with the existing merger control system in Europe. Concluding, alternative approaches to the identified problems are presented.

Environmental governance is - not least as a result of European Union legislation - increasingly based on economic instruments. In the field of waste policy long-winded political debates on the introduction of packaging waste charges have been a case in point. More recently, the political attention has shifted to local waste charges. The specification of the latter occurs within a complex framework of general legal principles related to fee collection (like the principle of cost recovery), constitutional principles (principles of proportionality and equality), federal law, as well as local statutes. Against this backdrop, the central problem addressed by this article refers to the question if and to what extent waste charges may actually entail incentives for waste avoidance and this way might constitute an elementary cornerstone of national waste governance. Adapted from the source document.

Die Arbeit unterzieht die 2015 vollzogene Neuausrichtung der staatlichen Dopingbekämpfung auf den dopenden Sportler einer eingehenden Analyse. Erstmal herausgearbeitet wird dabei u.a., dass die »Einnahmeklausel« des § 4 Abs. 7 Nr. 2 AntiDopG als Auffangklausel für Mängel im Kontrollsystem des Spitzensports dient und, dass die Verfassungskonformität der Testpool-Klausel des § 4 Abs. 7 Nr. 2 davon abhängt, dass man sie mit der hier vertretenen Auffassung als normatives und nicht etwa als Blanketttatbestandsmerkmal einstuft. Außerdem verzahnt die Arbeit die strafrechtsdogmatische Rechtsgutsdiskussion mit der verfassungsrechtlichen Verhältnismäßigkeitsprüfung und bezieht dabei auch die Bedeutung der Abgrenzung des Rechtsguts vom Schutzreflex ein. Sie kommt insoweit zu dem Schluss, dass die Selbstdopingdelikte verfassungskonform sind. Aus einem rechtspolitischen Blickwinkel betrachtet erscheint deren Schaffung indes eher als staatliche Symbolpolitik denn als ernsthaftes Bekenntnis gegen Doping im Spitzensport. / »Criminal liability for self-doping. Dogmatic, constitutional and legal policy perspectives on §§ 3; 4 Abs. 1 Nrn. 4, 5, Abs. 2, 7 Anti-Doping Act« -- The thesis evaluates the realignment of the state's anti-doping campaign towards the athlete as a result of the creation of the Anti-Doping Act. From a criminal law perspective, the focus is on the personal scope of the self-doping offences, from a constitutional law perspective on the determination and proportionality of the punishment, and from a legal policy perspective on the seriousness of the state's commitment against doping in top-level sport.

The Internal Market Services Directive establishes the freedom of entry for economic activities. This European norm has been object of implementation in Spain with the passing of Act 17/2009 and Act 25/2009. There is no special scheme foreseen for the guarantee of industrial safety. Industrial safety control entities, may be subjected to administrative authorisation under strict conditions of equality and proportionality. The Autonomous Community of Catalonia has maintained its regulations (previous and new ones) in clear inconsistency with State Law standards and with principles of European Law. ; La Directiva europea de servicios en el mercado interior establece la libertad de entrada para las actividades económicas. Esta normativa ha sido objeto de transposición en España mediante las Leyes 17/2009 y 25/2009. No se prevé un régimen especial para la garantía de la seguridad industrial. Los organismos de control, pueden quedar sujetos a autorización administrativa bajo estrictas condiciones de igualdad y proporcionalidad. La Comunidad Autónoma de Cataluña ha mantenido su normativa (anterior y posterior) en clara contradicción con las normas del Estado y con los principios de derecho europeo.

This is a polemic commentary on Christian Tomuschat's (2006) interpretation of the Israel vs. Hisbollah conflict in Lebanon in summer of 2006. The topic discussed is the application of the international law of armed conflict in asymmetric situations involving states & nonstates. It is argued that recent wars between state & nonstate actors can no longer be interpreted in the light of the classical model of armed conflict between two nation-states. This model is based on the historically debunked & invalidated premise that only nation-states enjoy the monopoly & legitimacy of exercising physical violence. Lebanon is characterized as a failed state & Hisbollah is defined as a political actor without institutional or territorial basis which, nonetheless, can be treated, from the international law perspective, as an actor with a parity status to that of a state. However, this approach needs to resolve the strong vs. weak asymmetry associated with warring parties of which one is a state & the other is not. Issues of double standard, proportionality of military response, & preferential treatment of nonstate actors need also to be addressed. Z. Dubiel