Suchergebnisse

In order to imagine the law's future, we need reconstruct its past. The evolution of law in western countries disclaim a process of positivization: the law become and it is conceived as positive, i. e. less or more contingent, available for change. In more recent areas of law, such as constitutional, international and European Union's law, However, inverses processes occur: the de-positivization of law. In constitutional case-law, in particular, an ever more crucial role is played by implicit norm as equality, reasonabless, proportionality. These principles are positive only in a very weak sense of the term: in reality, they are only a part, and a necessary part of the very concept of distributive justice.

Autorice analiziraju praksu Europskog suda za ljudska prava povezanu sa zaštitom prava na poštovanje doma iz članka 8. Europske konvencije za zaštitu ljudskih prava i temeljnih sloboda s obzirom na pitanje razmjernosti. Kategorija razmjernosti promatrana je kao kriterij osiguravanja zaštite i kao materijalna pretpostavka za odlučivanje o razmjernosti miješanja države ugovornice u pravo na poštovanje doma. Istaknuti su predmeti kod kojih je iseljenje podnositelja zahtjeva uslijedilo u postupcima prisilnog namirenja stvarnopravno osiguranih tražbina i u tom je kontekstu istražena geneza kategorije razmjernosti od njezina nužnog ispitivanja do odluke prema kojoj nema potrebe za ispitivanjem razmjernosti. ; The authors discuss and analyse case law of the European Court of Human Rights regarding the right to respect for home under Article 8 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and with respect the issue of proportionality. In the paper, the proportionality category was viewed as a criterion for securing protection and as a material precondition for deciding whether the State party's interference with the right to respect for home was proportionate. The cases in which the applicant's eviction occurred after national proceedings for the enforcement of mortgages were addressed. In this context, the genesis of the proportionality category was analysed, from the cases where the Court found it necessary to examine the proportionality to the cases where the Court did not consider the proportionality test necessary. ; Die Autorinnen analysieren die Rechtsprechung des Europäischen Gerichtshofs für Menschenrechte bezüglich des Schutzes des Rechtes auf Achtung der Wohnung aus Artikel 8 der Europäischen Konvention zum Schutze der Menschenrechte und Grundfreiheiten, und zwar aus der Perspektive der Proportionalität. Die Proportionalitätskategorie wird als Kriterium für die Sicherung des Schutzes und als materielle Voraussetzung für die Eingriffe des Vertragsstaates in das Recht ...

In order to imagine the law's future, we need reconstruct its past. The evolution of law in western countries disclaim a process of positivization: the law become and it is conceived as positive, i. e. less or more contingent, available for change. In more recent areas of law, such as constitutional, international and European Union's law, However, inverses processes occur: the de-positivization of law. In constitutional case-law, in particular, an ever more crucial role is played by implicit norm as equality, reasonabless, proportionality. These principles are positive only in a very weak sense of the term: in reality, they are only a part, and a necessary part of the very concept of distributive justice.

This research project examines the consistency of Italian regional and local electoral systems with the Constitution. After a brief presentation of the international, European and constitutional norms regulating the right to vote, the thesis follows the evolution of the electoral laws of every level of government and the corresponding judicial decisions, both constitutional and not, which formed in the same years. It then analyzes thoroughly the electoral rules of the 19 Regions, 2 Autonomous Provinces, of the Provinces/Metropolitan Cities and of the Municipalities. The project assesses whether the standards provided by the Constitutional Court in relation to a particular level of government can be applied to other levels: in particular, the focus is on the interpretation of section 2, art. 48 Const. as applied to the national electoral law in the 1/14 and 35/17 decisions. After demonstrating that it would probably be appropriate to differentiate the application of the constitutional standards (more strictly to the Regions and less to the other entities), the thesis compares today's laws with these standards. Finally, in order to allow a comparative analysis, the research project presents the German and Spanish systems of local electoral laws and its constitutional norms, from which it derives proposals to solve some of the long-lasting issues of the Italian local electoral system.

The judgment of 5 May 2020 of the Zweiter Senat of the Bundesverfassungsgericht is manifestly inappropriate from a legal point of view as it expresses the German constitutional judge's claim to assess the legality of the ECB's decisions and the correctness of reasoning of the CJEU in Weiss. The German judges are using the principle of proportionality to assess the correct application of the principle of conferral in a way that is "simply completely unintelligible and thus objectively arbitrary" — to use their own qualification of the CJEU's reasoning. Furthermore, the judges make a very questionable use of the principle of democracy and of economic analysis in assessing the correctness of the ECB's PSPP program. The judgement is extremely dangerous by ultimately questioning the application of EU law in a Member State and it encourages other courts and Member States' governments to do the same. The German judges' reasoning is the glaring demonstration of a form of "cultural dominance" which particularly emerges in the reasoning carried out on proportionality.

L'analisi, essenzialmente di diritto comparato, prende necessariamente le mosse da un esame delle origini del principio di proporzionalità: e, quindi, dal diritto tedesco. Se, infatti, l'ingresso del principio di proporzionalità nel nostro ordinamento nazionale è certamente da farsi risalire alla giurisprudenza della Corte di giustizia UE (ed alla potente azione di diffusione di principi e modelli di cui essa si è resa protagonista nel corso degli ultimi sessant'anni ), le origini del principio sono tuttavia certamente da farsi risalire al diritto tedesco. Dopo di che per il tramite della giurisprudenza della Corte di giustizia di Lussemburgo questo principio si è successivamente diffuso all'interno degli ordinamenti nazionali di altri Stati membri. Ma, più di recente, si è esteso anche al di là dei confini dell'Unione europea, in ragione del suo enorme potenziale quale strumento di sindacato giurisdizionale dell'azione dei poteri pubblici. ; The comparative law analysis starts from the origins of the principle of proportionality: and, therefore, from German law. If, in fact, the origin of the principle of proportionality iis certainly to be traced back to the jurisprudence of the EU Court of Justice (and to the powerful dissemination of principles and models of which it has become the protagonist during the last sixty years years), the origins of the principle are however certainly to be traced back to German law. After that, through the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of Luxembourg, this principle subsequently spread within the national systems of other Member States. But, more recently, it has also extended beyond the borders of the European Union, due to its enormous potential as a tool for judicial review of the action of public authorities.

To what extent the legitimate aspiration of the States to prevent terrorist attacks can go further? This is one of the main issues that modern democracies must face. In this scenario, this PhD thesis proposes a comparative study on preventive counter-terrorism measures targeted on suspected terrorists within a human rights' approach, in the searching of the "sustainable prevention". After the study of Italian preventive counter-terrorism law from different perspectives, a small "field research" and the analysis of the UK counter-terrorism system, the Author uses the proportionality principle to suggest some corrective mechanisms for a more sustainable balance between freedom and security.

La sentenza 5 maggio 2020 del zweiter Senat del Bundesverfassungsgericht, nella misura in cui esprime la pretesa del giudice costituzionale tedesco di valutare la legalità delle decisioni della BCE sulla base dei principi di attribuzione e di proporzionalità è più che discutibile in punto di diritto. Inoltre essa è estremamente pericolosa: e non solo perché implica che il zweiter Senat, in ultima analisi, rifiuta, sulla base del principio democratico e del controllo delle competenze dell'Unione, l'uniformità di applicazione del diritto dell'Unione. Ma anche perché essa appare come la lampante dimostrazione di una forma di "bullismo culturale" lamentato ormai da più parti; e che emerge in maniera lampante nel ragionamento svolto sulla proporzionalità. È un atteggiamento questo che, nella contingenza causata dall'emergenza COVID-19, potrebbe avere conseguenze davvero tragiche per il futuro dell'Unione. ; The judgment of 5 May 2020 of the zweiter Senat of the Bundesverfassungsgericht, to the extent that it expresses the German constitutional judge's claim to assess the legality of the ECB's decisions on the basis of the principles of attribution and proportionality, is more than questionable in point of law. Furthermore, it is extremely dangerous: and not only because it implies that the zweiter Senat ultimately refuses, on the basis of the democratic principle and the control of the Union's competences, the uniformity of application of EU law. But also because it appears as the glaring demonstration of a form of "cultural bullying" many complain about, and which emerges in a crystal clear way in the reasoning carried out on proportionality. This is an attitude which, in the contingency caused by the COVID-19 emergency, could have truly tragic consequences for the future of the European Union.

In order to imagine the law's future, we need reconstruct its past. The evolution of law in western countries disclaim a process of positivization: the law become and it is conceived as positive, i. e. less or more contingent, available for change. In more recent areas of law, such as constitutional, international and European Union's law, However, inverses processes occur: the de-positivization of law. In constitutional case-law, in particular, an ever more crucial role is played by implicit norm as equality, reasonabless, proportionality. These principles are positive only in a very weak sense of the term: in reality, they are only a part, and a necessary part of the very concept of distributive justice. ; L'unico modo per immaginare il futuro e pensarlo come prosecuzione del passato. Il passato del diritto occidentale consiste in un processo di positivizzazione: dove 'positivo' significa contingente o mutevole, in modo che il diritto possa adattarsi sempre meglio a cambiamenti sempre piu rapidi e imprevedibili. Peraltro, proprio nelle regioni piu recenti del giuridico – diritto costituzionale, internazionale, comunitario – si sta verificando um processo contrario, che potrebbe chiamarsi de-positivizzazione. Nelle giurisprudenze di tutti questi settori, in altri termini, si vanno affermando principi spesso impliciti – uguaglianza, ragionevolezza, proporzionalita – che possono dirsi positivi solo in un censo debolissimo del termine: nel senso di costituire la parte comune, nella sua genericita, alla maggior parte delle dottrine normative della giustizia.

Between the legislative rule of law (Rechtsstaat) of the nineteenth century and the constitutional State of the twentieth century there is a paradigmatic leap, characterized by the transition from a systemic and functionalistic legal consciousness (instrumental to the socio-political order) to a "personalistic" one. In this sense, the very notion of person in the constitutional State receives a new shape, characterized by the unavailable value of the person-in-relation: it constitutes an inclusive notion, always opened to social transformations, through mutual recognition between social institutions and actors. Such a recognition reveals itself as based on the thoughtful protec-tion of fundamental rights universally recognized to all, but at the same time balanced by jurisprudence, in the case of the onset of conflicts, through the principles of proportionality and reasonableness that have always characterized juridical mediations.

In this brief intervention it is submitted that the emergency measures against COVID-19, adopted by the Hungarian Government, infringe the rule of law under the European Convention of Human Rights. First of all, these measures appear to be discriminatory, according to art. 1 of the Convention, insofar as they expressly aim at protecting only Hungarian citizens. Furthermore, they are not "necessary" under article 15, given that they extend to the « legal security and the stability of the national economy ». Thirdly, the measures at stake cannot be deemed proportionate (under art. 15), to the extent that : (a) they are not limited in time ; (b) they provide the government with the power to extend the state of emergency ; (c) they do not provide that parliamentary sittings may be held online. Finally, the very weak reactions of both the EU organs and the member Stats of the Council of Europe are critically highlighted.

Marx's analysis of the determination of the general rate of profit and of the associated relative prices is based on the conceptual distinction between law of value and law of exchange. The law of value states that simple, necessary abstract labour is the substance and measure of the value of commodities and is fundamental in the analysis of the social relations of the capitalist economy, i.e. for the analysis of the creation of surplus-value; it therefore represents the theoretical framework within which the problem of the distribution of surplus-value among the different capitals may be approached, i.e. the law of exchange must be taken into consideration. The analytical mistakes surrounding the marxian solution of the problem have given the way to the critics of the labour theory of value to question its relevance and coherence as a tool for the analysis of the capitalist mode of production. The aim of the present note is simply to show that it is possible to frame the relationship between law of value and law of exchange along marxian lines while determining in a coherent way the rate of profit and the corresponding relative prices of commodities in such a way that the proportionality between profits and surplus-labour is retained. Actually this is the main result of the "New Interpretation" of the marxian transformation problem which is obtained by defining the conservation of value in terms of the net product and not the gross one and the value of labour power in terms of generalized (or unallocated) purchasing power. This interpretation of the problem is therefore in contrast with the neoricardian one which is based on the refutation of the role of the law of value different from that of the determination of the relative prices of the commodities.

La legge 40/2004, disciplinante il fenomeno della procreazione medicalmente assistita, ha rappresentato una delle normative più controverse dell'ultimo decennio, riaccendendo l'annoso dibattito sul complesso rapporto tra scienza, diritto e persona. Il carattere fortemente repressivo della legge ha determinato la necessità di un'incisiva opera di trasformazione della stessa da parte della giurisprudenza, in particolar modo attraverso le pronunce della Corte costituzionale, le quali hanno letteralmente riscritto l'impianto della legge 40. Nel presente lavoro, si è ripercorso l'evoluzione della giurisprudenza costituzionale in materia, evidenziando il percorso argomentativo delineato nelle varie sentenze pronunciate dalla Corte, incentrato sul richiamo ai principi di proporzionalità e ragionevolezza, attraverso i quali, la Corte ha consentito alla normativa in materia di PMA di garantire il necessario bilanciamento di tutti gli interessi costituzionali coinvolti, inviando un chiaro monito al legislatore anche per i futuri e necessari interventi in materia di procreazione assistita. ; Law 40/2004, which sets the phenomenon of medically assisted procreation (MAP), has represented one of most controversial regulations of the last decade, igniting the long-standing debate on the complex relationship between science, law and person. The strongly repressive character of the law has determined need of an incisive work of transformation of it, carried out by the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court, which has literally rewritten the structure of law 40. This work has analyzed the evolution of the constitutional jurisprudence on law 40, highlighting the argumentative route outlined in the various sentences pronounced by the Court, focusing on the principles of "proportionality" and "reasonabless", throught which the Court allowed the legislation on MAP to guarantee the necessary balancing of all constitutional interests involved, sending a clear message to the Parlament, also for the future and necessary legislative works on assisted reproduction

The research focuses on the way in which European law influences the discretionary decisions of national Authorities in the organization of services of general economic interest (hereinafter referred to as "SGEI"). In general terms, to ensure the European compatibility of a model of organization to be adopted to carry out a SGEI, it must be verified that the organizational formula chosen complies with the internal market. Various institutions of European law come into play, both of primary and secondary legislation: the rules on public tender procedures, the new legislation on the "public contracts between entities within the public sector" (art. 12, Directive 2014/24/EU, and the similar provisions in Directives 2014/23/EU and 2014/25/EU), the case-law on public-private partnerships, and the rules on State aids. The phenomenon is particularly interesting since it involves immediate repercussions on the exercise of discretionary powers. The fact that National Authorities must act coherently with the internal market rules implies that the decisions taken on the organisation of SGEI must be consistent with such market. Therefore, all decisions must consider that the service will be provided in the context of a free economy and a pro competitive environment. This means that the decisions on the organisation of SGEI must always state the reasons on which they are based. In particular, it is necessary to clarify why the organizational model chosen is deemed viable having regard to the framework deriving from the European competition principles. As a consequence, a decision to adopt a given organizational model may be contested if no adequate reasons are given to support it. European competition principles may thus be relevant in a "judicial review procedure". In this context, the applicant could seek the annulment claiming that the choice made by the Public Authority has not been taken in accordance with the principle of proportionality, or that it is not sustainable in economic terms.