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Throughout the history of the modern world-system, projects of globalization promoted by world elites have been met with resistance from people on the ground whose livelihoods have often been threatened. As the geographic scale of global capitalism has expanded, and its penetration into daily life has deepened, the scale and intensity of resistance to this system has grown as well. Local e?orts to protect traditional ways of life, for instance, have evolved into national campaigns for union protections and then into international movements for stronger labor, human rights, and environmental protections. Today, as global elites push for the ?nal incorporation of all regions into a single capitalist system based on neoliberal principles, they are being met by an unexpectedly resilient, far-reaching, and multi-faceted coalition of resistance. Whatever it may be called—the 'anti-globalization movement,' the 'global solidarity movement,' or the 'globalization protest movement'—it is clear that this anti-systemic movement has emerged as an important challenger to the dominance of global capital over the contemporary world.

This article asks why new protest movements have recently emerged in Western Europe by focusing on the British postwar race and anti-nuclear movements. Contrary to "subjective" propositions which have attributed their emergence to inter-generational value change, this article instead proposes a "structural" explanation. It is argued that the failure of the major British political parties to articulate citizen concerns on a number of salient issues has generated extra-party initiatives whose willingness to "voice" citizen anxieties primarily explains their popular support. Once in existence, these groups further politicize the conflict over public policy through various unconventional activities.

Analysis of rural protest movements in Cayambe, Ecuador, during the 1920s & 1930s illustrates the nature of the relationship between Marxists & the indigenous peasantry. An overview of the establishment of the Peasant Workers Syndicate of Juan Montalvo in Cayambe during the mid-1920s & of Jesus Gualavasi's leadership in the organization & participation in the local Socialist Party is provided. The support received by the indigenous peasant organization from urban leftists during the 1930/31 strike in Pesillo & Moyurco to improve working conditions in the agricultural sector is discussed. The collaboration between Marxists & the indigenous peoples in creating the First Congress of Peasant Organization & the local government's response to the social movement are examined. It is contended that Marxist organizers played a significant role in the indigenous people's social movement, eg, through the provision of legal guidance. The influence of this movement on the history of social protest in 20th-century Ecuador is acknowledged. 13 References. J. W. Parker

Race movements of the 1970s and the antinuclear movement of the 1950s and 1980s.