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AbstractCritiques of the concept of "Protestant Buddhism" claim to tell a different story about the relation between religion and modernity ("Protestantism") in South Asia. They seek to reconstruct the temporal relation between the past and the present, contesting postcolonial conceptions of history, time, and religious practice. This story of temporality is staked on the question of "influence," which has a genealogy that includes not just colonial, missionary, liberal politics but also contemporary legal-political questions about foreign influence on democracy and sovereignty. This article argues that preoccupation with influence inscribes an a priori ontology that already separates the past from the present. This makes it difficult to understand the relation between temporality and a form of life in a discursive tradition, as the question of influence grounds the ostensive plurality of religions in some preexisting ontological difference. Once religion as such is understood as an object of influence, the temporality of the form, which is encountered within power—that is, the formations of particular sensibilities and dispositions within the coherence of a tradition—is rendered marginal if not irrelevant to the embodied life of religion. The article calls for renewed attention to the temporality of sensibilities to think about the temporality of a form of life within the limits of a tradition.

A visual transformation of the Bible took place in the Renaissance and Reformation. Initially, this occurred as a result of technological advances, for the printing press proliferated biblical texts and images on a previously unimaginable scale. Equally important, Reformation theology, though also a threat to art, served as a catalyst for the creation of innovative biblical iconography. 'In the Beginning Was the Image' demonstrates the pivotal role that the defining artists of the Northern Renaissance - Albrecht Dèurer, Lucas Cranach, and Hans Holbein-played in the reformation of the Bible and the biblical transformation of Protestant art.

"This volume brings together essays based on a conference that took place in 2016 at the Herzog August Bibliothek in Wolfenbüttel. The purpose of the event was to explore the role of the arts within confessional transfer and negotiation processes. While many aspects of cultural transfer in the field of secular representation within Europe are already well studied, the exchange of architectural forms and images between different confessions as well as the political contexts and motivations for these exchanges remain little understood. For this reason the following questions are central to this volume: Which aspects of art and architecture were transferred from one confession to another, and how were they modified? What theological or political intentions motivated processes of reception and adaptation? How did the arts help to interpret the relationship between politics and religion, and how did they, as part of a linguistic and visual discourse, model the relationship between spiritual and temporal powers? And to what extent was religious tolerance thereby encouraged or undermined?"

Early modern Protestant scholars closely engaged with Islamic thought in more ways than is usually recognized. Among Protestants, Lutheran scholars distinguished themselves as the most invested in the study of Islam and Muslim culture. Mehmet Karabela brings the neglected voices of post-Reformation theologians, primarily German Lutherans, into focus and reveals their rigorous engagement with Islamic thought. Inspired by a global history approach to religious thought, Islamic Thought Through Protestant Eyes offers new sources to broaden the conventional interpretation of the Reformation beyond a solely European Christian phenomenon. Based on previously unstudied dissertations, disputations, and academic works written in Latin in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Karabela analyzes three themes: Islam as theology and religion; Islamic philosophy and liberal arts; and Muslim sects (Sunni and Shi'a). This book provides analyses and translations of the Latin texts as well as brief biographies of the authors. These texts offer insight into the Protestant perception of Islamic thought for scholars of religious studies and Islamic studies as well as for general readers. Examining the influence of Islamic thought on the construction of the Protestant identity after the Reformation helps us to understand the role of Islam in the evolution of Christianity.

Einstellung von Theologen zur Theologie, zum Christentum und zur
Kirche. Beurteilung ihrer Ausbildung und der Pfarrertätigkeit.

Berufliche Neuorientierung aus der Sicht ehemaliger Theologen.

Themen: Der Datensatz gliedert sich in 6 Befragungsteile und die
Themen wurden zumeist in Form von Skalen erhoben:

1.)Theologie und Theologiestudium: Hochschulsituation und Beurteilung
des Theologiestudiums; Verhältnis zur Theologie; Beurteilung der
Realitäts- und Praxisbezogenheit des Theologiestudiums; Veränderungen im
religiösen Selbstverständnis und des Interesses an der Theologie im
Verlauf des Studiums; Studienzufriedenheit; Interesse an Fachwechsel;
Kontakte zu anderen Theologiestudenten; Selbstzweifel bezüglich der
Berufswahl und den späteren Anforderungen als Pfarrer; Mitarbeit in
kirchlichen Gruppen während des Theologiestudiums; Motive für die Wahl
des Theologiestudiums; Assoziationen zum Begriff Theologie (semantisches
Differential); wichtigste Ergänzungsfächer für Theologiestudenten;
reduzierbare theologische Fächer innerhalb der Ausbildung;
Zusammensetzung des Freundeskreises; ehemalige Theologen im
Freundeskreis.

2.)Berufliche Neuorientierung: Nur ehemalige Theologen wurden befragt:
Zeitpunkt und Jahr der Aufgabe der theologischen Berufslaufbahn bzw. des
Pfarramts; Semesterzahl und Landeskirche zum Zeitpunkt der Aufgabe des
Theologiestudiums; Kongruenz von Aufgabe der theologischen
Berufslaufbahn und persönlicher Entwicklung; wahrgenommene Veränderungen
und Empfindungen während und nach der Entscheidung für eine berufliche
Neuorientierung; wahrgenommene eigene Distanzierungen gegenüber der
Theologie, dem Theologenberuf und dem Theologiestudium; Veränderungen
der Lebensauffassung und des Freundeskreises seit der Aufgabe der
theologischen Berufslaufbahn; eigenes Selbstverständnis als Theologe;
Beurteilung der Entscheidung für eine berufliche Neuorientierung aus
heutiger Sicht; Situation, Gründe und Bedenken bei der Entscheidung für
eine Beendigung der theologischen Berufsausbildung bzw. Berufsausübung;
eigene Entscheidung bzw. Aufforderung zur Beendigung der theologischen
Berufslaufbahn und Übereinstimmung der offiziellen Begründung der
Kirchenleitung mit dem tatsächlichen Grund; Familienstand zum Zeitpunkt
der Aufgabe der theologischen Berufslaufbahn; erhaltene ideelle
Unterstützung bei der Entscheidung für eine berufliche Neuorientierung;
Reaktionen ausgewählter Personengruppen auf die Entscheidung, die
theologische Berufslaufbahn zu beenden; persönlich erlebte
Erschütterungen und Krisen; empfundene Belastungen beim Übergang von der
Schule zur Universität, während des Theologiestudiums, der Zeit des
Vikariats und der Zeit des Pfarramts.

3.)Kirche und Gesellschaft: Erste Assoziation zum Begriff Kirche und
semantisches Differential; eigenes Kirchenbild und Vorstellungen von
einer idealen Kirche; Einstellung zu einem politischen Auftrag der
Kirche; eigene Erfahrungen mit der Kirche und das Verhältnis zur
Institution Kirche; tatsächliche und erwünschte Rolle der Kirche in der
Gesellschaft; von der Gesellschaft zugewiesene Rolle der Kirche;
Selbstcharakterisierung; Einfluss der Studentenbewegung auf Theologie
und Kirche; gesellschaftspolitische Einstellungen; aktive Beteiligung in
der Studentenpolitik; Parteipräferenz; Selbsteinschätzung und
Fremdeinschätzung des eigenen politischen Standortes;
Parteimitgliedschaft; Charakterisierung der Bundesrepublik.

4.)Christentum: Vorstellungen vom Christsein und Christentum;
empfundene lebenspraktische Bedeutung des Christentums;
Selbstverständnis als Christ; religiöse Erfahrungen und Praxis;
Einstellung zu Kirche und Religion; theologisches Weltbild; präferierte
Spendenorganisation; Gedanke an Kirchenaustritt; kirchlich getraut bzw.
Interesse an kirchlicher Trauung; gemeinsames Beten mit dem
Lebenspartner.

5.)Pfarramt: Ehemalige und gegenwärtige Theologen, die im Pfarramt
tätig gewesen waren bzw. noch sind, wurden gefragt: Beurteilung der
eigenen Berufskompetenz und Ausbildung; Pfarrbezirksgröße; präferierte
und nicht-präferierte Arbeitsfelder; Zufriedenheit mit der
Pfarrertätigkeit; Beurteilung des Sozialprestiges der Pfarrer; eigenes
Pfarrerbild und Kritik am Pfarrerberuf; Beurteilung der
Gratifikationsleistungen der Kirche; empfundene Arbeitsbelastungen und
Auswirkungen auf das Privatleben; Veränderungen in der Einstellung zum
Pfarramt; Beurteilung der Möglichkeiten der Persönlichkeitsentfaltung im
Pfarramt; Beurteilung der Eignung von Frauen für das Pfarramt.

Demographie: Geburtsjahr; Größe des Heimatortes; Geschwisterzahl;
soziale Herkunft; Beurteilung der Erziehung im Elternhaus; gemeinsames
Beten mit den Eltern in der Kindheit; persönliche Kontakte der Familie
zu einem Pfarrer während der eigenen Kindheit; kirchlicher oder
theologischer Beruf eines Verwandten; Konfession beider Elternteile;
Wohnen in einer Diaspora-Kirchengemeinde während der Schulzeit; Lesen
religiöser oder theologischer Zeitungen und Zeitschriften im Elternhaus;
Mitgliedschaften in Gruppen und Vereinen während der Jugendzeit und
Einfluss dieser auf die Entfaltung der eigenen Persönlichkeit;
Ferienaufenthalte in einem Heim oder Jugendlager unter Leitung einer
kirchlichen Organisation; Gruppenführer in einer kirchlichen
Jugendgruppe; Besuch kirchlicher Veranstaltungen als Schüler;
Konfirmanden- oder Religionsunterricht als Anstoß zum Theologiestudium;
privates Lesen der Bibel oder religiöser und theologischer Bücher;
größter Einflussfaktor auf die Wahl des Theologiestudiums; Veränderungen
innerhalb der Familie in der Kindheit und Jugend; Vergleich der eigenen
aktiven Teilnahme am kirchlichen Leben mit der der Eltern zum Zeitpunkt
der Entscheidung für das Theologiestudium; Frömmigkeit der Eltern;
Hochschulorte und Studiendauer; Sprachkenntnisse; abgelegte theologische
Abschluß-Examina; Besuch oder Belegung anderer Fächer während des
Studiums; anderes Fachstudium vor dem Theologiestudium; Abschlussexamen
in einem nicht-theologischen Fach und Abschlussart; angestrebtes Examen;
Art der Studienfinanzierung; Häufigkeit der Besuche bei Eltern und
Geschwistern sowie der Freunde und des Pfarrers am Heimatort;
nichtakademische Berufsausbildung; ausgeübter Beruf vor dem
Theologiestudium; derzeitige Berufstätigkeit; Konfession des
Lebenspartners; Beurteilung der Teilnahme am kirchlichen Leben und der
eigenen Frömmigkeit im Vergleich zu der des Lebenspartners; Kinder;
Wohnortgröße; Fragebogenbewertung.

Ehemalige Theologen wurden zusätzlich gefragt: Mitgliedschaften und
gesellschaftspolitische Aktivitäten zum Zeitpunkt der Aufgabe der
theologischen Berufslaufbahn; Zusammensetzung des Freundeskreises und
Häufigkeit des Gottesdienstbesuches vor der Aufgabe der theologischen
Berufslaufbahn; Veränderung des Familienstandes in zeitlicher Nähe zur
Entscheidung der Aufgabe der theologischen Berufslaufbahn und Konfession
des damaligen Lebenspartners; Beurteilung der Teilnahme am kirchlichen
Leben und der eigenen Frömmigkeit im Vergleich zu der des damaligen
Lebenspartners; Wohnsituation zum Zeitpunkt der Aufgabe der
theologischen Berufslaufbahn; Ausübung einer Tätigkeit nach Aufgabe der
theologischen Berufslaufbahn, die keinen der bisherigen Ausbildungsgänge
erforderlich machte, und Dauer einer solchen Tätigkeit; derzeitige
Verrichtung theologischer Aufgaben.

Zusätzlich verkodet wurde das Rücklaufdatum und die Postleitzahl.

From the 1940s to the 1980s an extraordinary amount of Afrikaans Protestant churches were built in South Africa. Most of these were in designed in a modernist style, often boldly so. The use of modernist abstraction in the symbolic art is another striking feature of these churches. This use of modernism in both architecture and fine art might seem contradictory when considering that the Afrikaans communities which built these churches were generally conservative in religious, political and cultural terms during this era. However, this article shows that some manifestations of modernism in fine art have certain affinities with Protestantism. Modernist abstraction reveals itself to be an ideal vehicle for the expression of a specifically Protestant conception of spirituality.

This article deals with the state of the art around the knowledge produced in the relationship of the categories of imaginary meanings and political citizenship, during the period 2007-2018 in Ibero-America. This state of the art is carried out with the objective of identifying the theoretical and methodological trends and the most relevant results, which have guided the investigations with respect to these categories, in their analytical relation, in order to base subsequent analyzes that allow to identify and problematize the advances and gaps in the field, which help to broaden the view on these issues, within the framework of the doctoral research "Imaginary meanings around citizenship and religiosity, in a group of young university students from Pereira", which is in the process of construction and execution. ; El presente artículo, aborda el estado del arte en torno al conocimiento producido en la relación de las categorías de significaciones imaginarias y ciudadanía política, durante el periodo 2007-2018 en Iberoamérica. Este estado del arte, se realiza con el objetivo de identificar las tendencias teóricas, metodológicas y los resultados más relevantes, que han orientado las investigaciones respecto a dichas categorías, en su relación analítica, con el fin de fundamentar posteriores análisis que permitan identificar y problematizar los avances y vacíos en el campo, que ayuden a ampliar la mirada sobre estos asuntos, en el marco de la investigación doctoral "Significaciones imaginarias en torno a la ciudadanía y la religiosidad, en un grupo de jóvenes universitarios de Pereira", la cual se encuentra en proceso de construcción y ejecución. ; Este artigo aborda o estado da arte em torno do conhecimento produzido na relação das categorias de significados imaginários e cidadania política, durante o período 2007-2018 na Ibero-América. Esse estado da arte é realizado com o objetivo de identificar as tendências teóricas, metodológicas e os resultados mais relevantes, que orientaram as investigações sobre essas categorias, em sua relação analítica, a fim de subsidiar análises subsequentes que permitam identificar e problematizar os avanços e lacunas no campo, que ajudam a ampliar a perspectiva sobre essas questões, no âmbito da pesquisa de doutorado "Significados imaginários sobre cidadania e religiosidade, em um grupo de jovens universitários de Pereira", que está em processo de construção e execução.

This set of engravings are taken from an edition of Foxe's Book of Martyrs, and depicts the persecution of Protestants in Italy, likely utilized as anti-Catholic propaganda elsewhere in Europe. Many European nations tended to align themselves with one faith or another, though minority religious groups emerged throughout the continent. After the Reformation of the mid-16th century and the rise of Protestantism throughout many areas of Europe, sectarian violence became commonplace, and some governments instituted policies that intended to silence or even drive out certain religious populations. The top plate (Plate XXX) depicts the execution of Waldensians, a Protestant ascetic group that emerged in Northern Italy. The "Popish Prosecutors" (indicating they are Catholic) carrying out this torture are dressed in clothing that indicates they are government officials, and carry weapons and staffs that communicate their authority. The Waldensians, however, are nearly nude and depicted in solemn agony. Keeping track of martyrs and their experiences became a crucial part of religious culture in the 19th century, as exhibited through John Foxe's 700-page tome documenting crimes against Protestants over the previous centuries. The events in Italy demonstrated in these engravings are included in this document, as well as various events elsewhere in Europe. In framing deaths of Protestants as "martyrdom," Foxe is able to engage in a unique form of preservation. The memory of these deaths is preserved through the lens of sacrifice and loyalty to faith—remembered even centuries later. The black-and-white engraving is richly detailed despite its small size—the woodcut-style inking depicts executions and torture in brutal detail, with bodies in the foreground and background contorted in nooses. In creating violent, striking images, worshippers are able to remember the sacrifices of followers before them, and use these images as inspiration for their own faith. In the bottom plate (Plate XXXI), a massacre of Protestants in the Piedmont region of Italy is depicted, using the same black-and-white engraving style. The woman at the left-hand side of the plate is posed like a crucified Jesus, evoking imagery of martyrdom to suit a specific agenda. The invocation of "Popish" in the caption of the first plate establishes these works as anti-Catholic, using a term that was typically an anti-Catholic slur in this period in Europe. These prints were likely distributed through pamphlets and other Protestant literature, energizing the masses to find strength in their faith despite oppression. —Deirdre Sheridan ('17) ; https://digital.kenyon.edu/arthistorystudycollection/1030/thumbnail.jpg

The aesthetics of everyday life, as reflected in art museums and galleries throughout the western world, is the result of a profound shift in aesthetic perception that occurred during the Renaissance and Reformation. In this book, William A. Dyrness examines intellectual developments in late Medieval Europe, which turned attention away from a narrow range liturgical art and practices and towards a celebration of God's presence in creation and in history. Though threatened by the human tendency to self-assertion, he shows how a new focus on God's creative and recreative action in the world gave time and history a new seriousness, and engendered a broad spectrum of aesthetic potential. Focusing in particular on the writings of Luther and Calvin, Dyrness demonstrates how the reformers' conceptual and theological frameworks pertaining to the role of the arts influenced the rise of realistic theater, lyric poetry, landscape painting, and architecture in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

This innovative new work demonstrates that a significant minority of pastors, bishops, and theologians of varying theological and church-political persuasions utilized Martin Luther's writings about Jews and Judaism with considerable effectiveness to reinforce the anti-Semitism and anti-Judaism already present in substantial degrees among Protestants in Nazi Germany. Scholarship on Nazi Germany and the Holocaust has typically viewed anti-Semitism as a modern, racially-based phenomenon. Anti-Judaism, on the other hand, has regularly been regarded as a pre-modern, religiously-based hatred of Jews. In this book, Christopher J. Probst, demonstrates that anti-Semitism pre-dates the modern era and anti-Judaism survived into and flourished during the Nazi era. Following historian Gavin Langmuir, Probst argues that the traditional distinction between anti-Judaism as "theological" hostility and anti-Semitism as "racial" animus is not empirically demonstrable and thus should be abandoned. Instead, it is irrational thought that characterizes anti-Semitism; nonrational (symbolic) thought, the kind found in art and affirmations of belief, characterizes anti-Judaism. This schema helps us to comprehend with greater clarity how the nature of theological discourse shaped German Protestant approaches to the "Jewish Question." The carefully situated case studies presented in the book demonstrate that a significant minority of pastors, bishops, and theologians of varying theological and church-political persuasions utilized Luther's writings about Jews and Judaism with considerable effectiveness to reinforce the cultural anti-Semitism and anti-Judaism already present in significant degrees among Protestants in Nazi Germany. With material from Luther's writings forming an important part of their intellectual arsenal, many German Protestant theologians and clergy

The history of Christianity in Owerri area especially since 1902 after the historic Arochukwu expedition has been an impressive one. It is to be noted that this much celebrated spread of Christianity in the Igbo heartland was the hand work of mainly the Protestant missions. Yet the history of Protestant missions in the area has not received commensurable scholarly attention. This study is a systematic intent to re-examine and reconstruct the history of Protestant Christianity in Owerri area from 1902 to 1950. The study focuses on the strategies and approaches used by Anglicans and Adventists in the region to promote their particular brands of Christianity and leave their impacts amongst the indigenes. Qualitative research approach was adopted for data collection through primary and secondary sources. Data collected were analyzed using phenomenological approach. The study reveals that the Protestant missionaries had a significant impact on the daily life of the people, influencing the region's education system, economic development, health care system, human capital development through the engagement of indigenous agents, and even some of its traditional customs, and provided a platform for the expansion of Christianity in the Igbo interiors.