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Derrida's relationship with psychoanalysis is very complex. On the one hand, the deconstruction intends to unmask the metaphysical character of the Freudian conceptual apparatus, on the other, Derrida does not renounceto recognize the revolutionary character of psychoanalysis, that is, its vocation to be "knowledge without alibi". Psychoanalysis today seems to be affected by a double resistance, external as well as internal, which prevents it from expressing its critical and subversive spirit. However, Derrida trusts in the to-come of psychoanalysis, provided that it deals with the great ethical, political and juridical transformations underway, starting from the crucial questions of cruelty and the instinct to master [Bemächtigungstrieb], which are at the origin of ipseity and the ghost of sovereignty. Keywords: Cruelty, Derrida, Instinct to Master [Bemächtigungstrieb], Psychoanalysis, Sovereignty ; Derrida's relationship with psychoanalysis is very complex. On the one hand, the deconstruction intends to unmask the metaphysical character of the Freudian conceptual apparatus, on the other, Derrida does not renounceto recognize the revolutionary character of psychoanalysis, that is, its vocation to be "knowledge without alibi". Psychoanalysis today seems to be affected by a double resistance, external as well as internal, which prevents it from expressing its critical and subversive spirit. However, Derrida trusts in the to-come of psychoanalysis, provided that it deals with the great ethical, political and juridical transformations underway, starting from the crucial questions of cruelty and the instinct to master [Bemächtigungstrieb], which are at the origin of ipseity and the ghost of sovereignty. Keywords: Cruelty, Derrida, Instinct to Master [Bemächtigungstrieb], Psychoanalysis, Sovereignty

Generally, the developments of criminology and psychoanalysis between the end of the Nineteenth century and the first decades of the XX° are considered substantially separate; such interpretation is especially applied to relationships between Lombrosian scholars and the first Italian followers of Sigmund Freud. However, an accurate analysis of bibliographical and archival materials relevant to that period allows to describe a more articulated and manifold reality. Purpose of this paper is to reconstruct by an historical approach the relationships between criminologists and pioneers of psychoanalysis in Italy in the period between world wars, when Lombroso had died from a long time and an elder Freud had reached a worldwide notoriety. Especially after 1930 – despite a largely hostile political and cul-tural context – some considerable Italian exponents of criminology and psychoanalysis developed a lively and sometimes significant dialectics. Their comparison – although among increasing reticences and difficulties – continued, even after the dramatic beginning of racial persecutions, up to the war already begun. ; Generalmente gli sviluppi della criminologia e della psicoanalisi tra la fine del XIX secolo e i primi decenni del XX si considerano sostanzialmente separati e tale interpretazione viene applicata specialmente ai rapporti intercorsi fra gli studiosi di ispirazione lombrosiana e i primi seguaci italiani di Sigmund Freud. Tuttavia la scrupolosa analisi di materiali bibliografici e archivistici attinenti a quel periodo consente di ricostruire una realtà più articolata e complessa. Scopo del presente contributo è ricostruire mediante un approccio storico le relazioni intercorse fra criminologi e pionieri della psicoanalisi in Italia nel periodo fra le guerre mondiali, quando Lombroso era scomparso da tempo e Freud, ormai anziano, aveva raggiunto una notorietà mondiale. Specialmente dopo il 1930, nonostante un contesto politico e culturale in buona parte ostile, alcuni importanti esponenti italiani della ...

Winnicott's "Some Thoughts on the Meaning of the Word Democracy" is a problematic, layered work, which analyzes the importance of unconscious emotional factors in the election and removal of leaders. According to Winnicott, a true democracy exists only if a certain number of individuals, thanks to the secrecy of the vote, are capable of producing a psychic field in which the public sphere is brought back to interiority, so as to produce a specific individual responsibility. Voting is considered an intermediate zone of experience, to which both internal and external life contribute. The author shows the relationship that this interpretation of the democratic electoral system has with the concept of transitional area

Recently, a significant part of the psychoanalytical world, especially the psychoanalysts belonging to the Lacanian orientation, under the guide of J.-A. Miller, has committed to the project of "making psychoanalysis exist in the political field". In this article, first I reconstruct and discuss the ways in which contemporary Lacanian psychoanalysts tried to realize this project; second, I illustrate some of the past political inventions of radical feminism that could constitute as many symbolic and practical resources to develop that project more consistently.

Georges Canguilhem has never systematically discussed Sigmund Freud's thinking. This essay aims to reconstruct Canguilhem's reading of Freudian psychoanalysis, highlighting its strategic use within the framework of Canguilhem's controversy against psychology. From this point of view, knowledge is established as a field of political struggle: unlike psychology and its deterministic and normalizing drifts, psychoanalysis allows Canguilhem to affirm the irreducibility of thought to brain localizations, to emphasize its erratic power and to think the constitution of an eccentric subjectivity. ; Georges Canguilhem non ha mai trattato in maniera sistematica il pensiero di Sigmund Freud. Il presente saggio propone di rintracciare la lettura della psicoanalisi freudiana operata da Canguilhem, mettendone in evidenza l'utilizzo strategico nel contesto della sua polemica contro la psicologia. In tale prospettiva, il sapere risulta istituito come campo di una lotta politica: al contrario della psicologia e delle sue derive deterministiche e normalizzanti, la psicoanalisi permette di affermare l'irriducibilità del pensiero alle localizzazioni cerebrali, di enfatizzarne la potenza erratica e di pensare la costituzione di una soggettività eccentrica.

Tra "Corporeal Turn" e modelli biocognitivi la poesia e la psicoanalisi non cessano di testimoniare quanto la conoscenza umana sia sovradeterminata dalla dimensione fantasmatica che informa ritmo, stile e strategie retoriche dell'animale umano. La poesia e la psicoanalisi trasgrediscono i limiti della comunicazione autoconsapevole per cercare la complessità in modi e forme di espressione alternativi. Poesia e psicoanalisi mostrano una profonda sfiducia nel nominare, concettualizzare e definire e promuovono una conoscenza che elude dominio, padronanza e controllo mediante la ricerca di "un altro dire". Questa indagine sulla resistenza della psicoanalisi e della poesia al discorso attuale si sviluppa alla luce della produzione lirica e saggistica di Durs Grünbein, uno dei massimi poeti tedeschi contemporanei. L'opera di Grünbein, che ha trascorso più di 20 anni nella Germania orientale, dove è nato, esplora i processi creativi che presiedono al poetico ed emergono nella vita quotidiana, ogniqualvolta l'individuo si liberi dall'imposizione di categorie predeterminate. Concentrandosi sulle potenzialità in gioco nei processi inconsci, Durs Grünbein indaga la frammentarietà del mondo, la fragilità e la precarietà della vita creando oggetti poetici, le cui caratteristiche prosodiche, stilistiche, retoriche rinviano agli oggetti internalizzati della psicoanalisi. Anche il concetto freudiano di Bahnung viene chiamato in causa nella ricerca sui processi creativi qui indagati. ; Between Corporeal Turn and biocognitive models poetry and psychoanalysis do not cease to draw attention to the crucial importance of language in order to show that human knowledge is overdetermined with phantasmatic dimensions, which do express themselves in words, rythm and rhetorical strategies. Poetry and psychoanalysis transgress the limits of selfconscious communication and grow in complexity and alternative modes of expression by showing deep distrust in naming, conceptualising and defining, thus enhancing a knowledge which obviates mastery. This account of the inextricability of psychoanalysis and poetry is worked out in a reading of the lyrical and essaystic production of Durs Grünbein, one of the most eminent contemporary German poets. The works of the poet, who spent more then 20 years in East-Germany, where he was born, explore the creative processes that preside over poetic production and emerge in everyday life, whenever the individual breaks free from the imposition of preconceived categories thwarting human emotions and feelings. Focusing upon the creative potentialities at stake in unconscious processes, Grünbein investigates the fragmentariness of our world, the fragility and precariousness of life in order to represent the impingement of "Being" on prosodic and stylistic features inspired by poetic objects, whose shapes and motion of words on the page can be compared with the internalised objects of psychoanalysis. Freud's concept of Bahnung will also act as a beacon for navigating the creative strategies developed by Grünbein's production in coping with internal objects and projective identifications.

[English]:Diffractions. 1994: Philosophy put to test by Psychoanalysis, namely a changing over the method, better to say a style, of the philosophical discourse which "takes care" of other discourses, coming to aid or to annexe them, just because felt/perceived as deficient from the epistemological point of view, as they are no more than empirical knowledges, and thus in need of a "second foundation".Beyond this canon, (it is) the experience of the proof of diffraction, with and within the thought itself, which means a mutual "de-construction and re-construction" of knowledges which assay themselves beyond any foolish and pretentious sovereignism. Diffractions. 2018: Psychoanalysis between Kultur and Civilisation, namely the whole of the cultural products; the social patterns; the political and institutional options; the whole of the values and ideologies that shapes the Kultur itself, diffracted by the psychoanalytical stream, beyond any childish "gentry" of Kultur on Civilisation. / [Italiano]: Diffrazioni. 1994: la filosofia alla prova della psicoanalisi, ovvero ribaltare il metodo, in realtà uno stile, del discorso filosofico che "si prende cura" di altri discorsi, o andando in loro soccorso, o praticandone l'annessione, perché ritenuti, in quanto saperi empirici, carenti dal punto di vista epistemologico e bisognosi dunque di una "ri-fondazione".Oltre questo canone, fare esperienza, nel pensiero e con il pensiero, della prova della diffrazione, ovvero di una 'scomposizione-ricomposizione' reciproca dei saperi che si saggiano, aldilà di ogni stupido e presuntuoso sovranismo! Diffrazioni. 2018: la psicoanalisi fra Kultur e civilizzazione, ovvero l'insieme dei prodotti culturali, le configurazioni societarie, le opzioni politico-istituzionali, il mondo dei valori e delle ideologie che formano la sfera della Kultur, diffratti dal 'discorso' psicoanalitico, aldilà di ogni infantile "nobiltà" della Kultur sulla Civilizzazione.

In Lenin's idea of Revolution, the concept of historical contingency is central. The revolutionary is who knows how to grasp the right time. But the ability to act on time is always in relation to the development of the productive forces and to the transformations of the subjects, as well as interpreted the Italian workerism (operaismo). At the opposite side, in some readings, as in the one inspired by the Lacanianan psychoanalysis offered by S. Žižek, the contingency of revolutionary action turns into a decision based solely on itself, open not to the concreteness of class relationships and transformations of subjectivity but to a transcendent Truth. So Lenin's thought is likely to be transformed into a thought of the 'autonomy of politics'. Instead, it would be more urgent to come back to thinking about the original way in which social self-organization (the Soviets) and political decision-making are articulated in Lenin

Il contributo è volto a illuminare le relazioni di potere, le dinamiche sociali, politiche e private della prima prova teatrale büchneriana, composta quando Büchner era un giovane studente di anatomia, impegnato nei moti rivoluzionari. Tra figure retoriche ed economia libidica Morte di Danton sonda i limiti della sovranità nella società occidentale come eredità della Rivoluzione Francese e dei suoi eccessi. In tal senso il corpo incarna i suoi propri effetti attraverso situazioni paradossali, grottesche, argute dove si impone l'ambivalenza dello psichico. La psicoanalisi freudiana e lacaniana offre gli strumenti per indagare il valore semiotico del corpo-carne, la retorica rivoluzionaria e la struttura della sconfessione nella semantica della frase. Alto e basso; purezza e sporcizia nutrono l'universo del Danton dove teologico e scatologico sono embricati in un intreccio blasfemo e confusivo, volto a denunciare una società allo sbando in cui perversione, tradimento e inganno hanno la meglio. Lo sguardo autoptico di Büchner smaschera nell'ideale di sovranità un desiderio di dominio sull'altro che sfocia in violenza e fanatismo; orge e terrorismo reggono i rapporti umani. A dominare è una pulsionalità che gira a vuoto e sconfessa l'Edipo come principio ordinatore delle generazioni e della filiazione. Incesto e sovraesposizione del corpo popolano la scena insieme ai feticci del potere, ridotto a legge di fazione nel disconoscimento della creatura e della sua presenza nel mondo. Celan riconosce nel personaggio di Lucile la lingua della poesia e ne fa uno dei perni del suo discorso Il meridiano. L'accettazione del limite e della differenza; lo scacco della mancanza immettono nella pièce il respiro della creatura capace di congiungere in un unico destino alterità ed etica del vivente. «Body effects and theology of the flesh in Georg Büchner's Danton's death». The present contribution aims at highlighting the political, social and private intertwinings of Georg Büchner's first play, written when he was a twenty-one year old German student of anatomy engaged in revolutionary events. Between rhetorical figures and the economics of Danton's death investigates the limits of sovereignty in Western societies as heritage of the French Revolution and its excesses. Body incarnates its own effects by means of paradoxical situations, wit and ambivalence. Freudian and Lacanian psychoanalysis yield useful clues to investigate the semiotic value of the flesh as well as revolutionary rhetoric and semantic denial. Robespierre's fantasy of purity nourishes a Sadian-sadistic innocence. The condensation of low and high, purity and filth, discipline and disorder, theological and scatological elements, denounces a scattered social order dominated by perversion, ravaged by deception, exploitation and betrayal. Büchner's clinical clear-eyed, autoptic analysis reaches beyond the idea of sovereignty to a perverted desire of mastery breaking out into violence and fanaticism. Considering the overabundant flesh the body becomes theery protagonist of the drama: the place of possession and exclusion, idolatry and cannibalism. What dominates is a pure, wasteful expenditure; autonomous and unlinking acts reject the Oedipal conflict. This entails the substitution of a personal law for the collective one thus suggesting that the history of the Western onto-theological tradition is the history of the sequestration of the life of the body into fetishes and the disavowal of creatureliness, as Paul Celan argues in The Meridian. Celan draws attention to the ethical questions raised by Lucile as a way of relating to otherness, i. e. to poetry as the very voice of each single creature.

In my thesis I tried to frame the problem of the individual from an aesthetic, ethic and politic point of view, starting from Adorno's own words in Minima moralia, which say that "in the age of individual's liquidation, the question of individuality must be raised anew". The first part – the negative one – is all dedicated to reflect on the liquidation of the individual and its deep meaning. I decided to start with the lecture of the Dialectic of enlightenment, in particular of the famous 'excursus' "Odysseus oder Mythos und Aufklärung" (1947), that with high probability was written only by Adorno, paying attention to the first version of Adorno's chapter, entitled "Geschichtsphilosophischer Exkurs zur Odyssee". Regarding the background of Adorno's interpretation of the Urgeschichte der Subjektivität, I focused to clarify the influence of post-Nietzschean and anti-modernist thinkers like Rudolf Borchardt and Ludwig Klages – whose names have been removed by Horkheimer, but actually they are the setting for Adorno's interpretation of Odyssey – and the dialectic between conservation and sacrifice. Then, in the second chapter, I considered the real "age of individual's liquidation". Analyzing Adorno's essays of the Thirties and Forties about the crisis of the modern individual – from the lack of images, the decay of traditional language, the creation of a "synthetic language, essentially determined by the advertising" to the disintegration of the family's authority – I outlined a world of loss of experience, in which the individual could be helped neither by psychoanalysis nor by sociology. Inevitable was the confrontation with Martin Heidegger, to whom I dedicated the third chapter. His description of Dasein collides with the conception of the Adornische individual, but allows us to jump to the problem of the relationship between Dasein and Mitdasein, individual and collectivity. The second part of my thesis – the positive one – wants, indeed, to show that it is exactly the crisis of the individual to open the possibility for a "new human type" and aspires to an aesthetical-political and ethical prospective of the "otherwise", where it would be possible a new Enlightenment for a new human type. In the forth chapter, I analyzed a dialogue between Adorno and Horkheimer about the possibility to write a "new manifesto" and an inedited Adorno's manuscript, titled "Zum Marxismus" (1945), in order to show that the point is not a redefinition of the individual, but the attempt to understand the theoretical coordinates, within which it is even possible to rethink it. And the coordinates to rethink the individual, the new individual, are a new political, pedagogical and aesthetical Enlightenment, in which a new alternative is possible. If so far the history has showed its cruelest face, this does not mean that another one cannot exist. Only running through the reification of the individual, the letter can open a breach of utopia, only if the men know their situation of impotence, they can act on it and change it. Like this it is so shaped a dialectic of individual. In the last chapter, it was natural to concentrate my reflection to another interlocutor: Walter Benjamin. He is the one, who shows us a new street not only for a new individual, but also for a new collectivity. It is exactly the collective of Paris, Moscow and Naples, to outline a collective, which is not a metropolitan mass nor a Heideggerian community, but a crow, that could indicate a new way for a new collectivity.

La investigación de nuestra tesis doctoral se propone demostrar desde un análisis científico el problema social referido a la habitabilidad de la vivienda y a la vivencia del ambiente urbano, cómo vive la generalidad de la población el,problema de la vivienda, su grandeza o su extrechura, cómo todo ello manifiesta una influencia del tipo psicológico, denominado "influencia habitativa". "Influencia de la vivienda" en las personas. La "vivienda", propia o alquilada, pequeña o grande, céntrica o alejada de la población, moderna o antigua, comoda o insegura, es y significa mucho mas que el termino "vivienda". Es la casa, el "nido" de crecimiento y de realización, es el nucleo de referencia, de seguridad, de protección. Es el centro de felicidad o de infelicidad. En la casa se nace, en la casa se vive, en la casa se muere. Qué y cómo se perciba la vivienda en su referencia o seguridad es algo que influye en el mundo personal de cada uno y condiciona la personalidad, asi como la personalidad condiciona el tipo de vivienda que uno desea tener. En nuestra investigación utilizamos una metodología deductiva, investigativa, descriptiva y analítica, una perspectiva cuantificadora sobre la influencia psicológica generada en la población como consecuencia del vivir en una vivienda o en otra. Todo el trabajo trata de medir los problemas críticos actuales del ambiente: ambiente, vivienda, casa, habitantes, población, influencia, perspectiva habitacional. Citando a Thomas Mann (arquitecto francés que se ocupa del psicoanálisis), el cual afirma (1955), che Ningún hombre es una isla, podemos hablar de la influencia de la interacción entre los individuos, el contacto con el ambiente y con la naturaleza, para tratar de encontrase con el bienestar. El ambiente y la arquitectura han influido fundamentalmente en la formación de nuestra identidad, nuestro pensamiento y nuestras emociones. Al mismo tiempo, el hombre es el ser que más que cualquier otro ser puede modificar el ambiente para adaptarlo a sus propias necesidades, realizando cambios en el terreno y elecciones arquitectónicas. En esta investigación, mediante un cuidadoso análisis metodológico deductivo, descriptivo, analítico y electivo, se ha indagado sobre la relación entre el ambiente habitativo, el malestar de la influencia habitacional y psicológica que se genera en la población y las causas socio políticas que las provocan. El tema ha sido motivado por la evidente situación de sufrimiento que acompaña a gran parte de la población que no posee una casa de su propiedad, y de cómo, muy a menudo, se encuentran insatisfechos de su propia vivienda, de su propio ambiente y de la política habitacional, generando esto último una fuerte disparidad entre territorios, trastornos y contrastes entre los pobladores. El trabajo empírico se ha llevado a cabo sobre una muestra de 274 individuos (135 hombres 139 mujeres), residentes en todo el territorio regional de Sicilia. Se suminsitro un cuestionario con el propósito de alcanzar resultados sobre los grados de conciencia de la situación actual del estado de insatisfacción habitacional que se ha generado a través del tiempo en la población. La muestra seleccionada, se encuentra formada por individuos de diversas extracciones sociales, condiciones económicas, sexos, y por edades. Del análisis de los datos, ha resultado una correlación significativa entre el ambiente habitacional, conjuntamente con la políticas del sector, y la personalidad psicológica de los sujetos incluidos en las muestras. ; The aim of the research is to show as, by an accurate analysis of the social problems connected to the habitability of the lodging and to a good life in the habitat, we highlight the development in the people, of a psychological influential state, named house influence. We use a deductive, investigative, descriptive, analytic and perspective methodology to quantify the psychologic influence produced on the people as the living effect. The whole work is oriented to get over the influential critical problems increasing today: environment, habitation, house, inhabitants, people, influence, living welfare. Quoting Thomas Mann (a French architect who deals with psychoanalysis) who asserts (1955) that 'No Man is an Island', we can affirm the influence of the interactions among the individuals, the connection with the environment and nature about man's welfare. The environment and the architecture have fundamental influences to build up our identity, our thoughts and our emotions. At the same time, man is the human being who, more than others, can modify the environment to adapt it to own aims through territory changings and architectural choises. In this investigation, through a methodological deductive, descriptive, analytic, and perspective thorough analysis, it was investigated the relationship between the living habitat, the living and psychologic influential discomfort generated in the population and the sociopolitical causes that give use to it. The theme was motivated by the evident pain condition that unites a large part of the population without the possession of a house, and those who, often unsatisfied with own house, own habitat and the living policy, the latter causing a heavy difference among the territories, alterations and contrasts among the people. The empiric research was carried out on a sample of 274 people (135 men and 139 women) resident all over the Sicilian regional territory. Such a work had the aim to make clear and to know the present situation of the state of living dissatisfaction generated in the years on the people. The chosen sample, was picked out among several social origins, economic conditions, sex, age. By the data analysis, it emerged an important correlation between the living habitat, together with the sector policy, and the psychological discomfort of the sample subjects.