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This dissertation analyzes the charismatic voice in the context of political leadership. It is shown that the speaker-leader uses his/her voice based on two functions. The primary function is biological and consists of manipulating changes in fundamental frequency in order to be recognized as the leader of the group. The secondary function is learned and dependent upon the language spoken and the culture that one belongs to, and consists of changing voice quality in order to convey different traits and types of charisma. These functions are employed in order to persuade an audience and achieve certain goals. The phenomenon of charisma is first addressed through social-cognitive theory that distinguishes charisma of the mind (the leader's thought, actions, and vision expressed through written and spoken language) from charisma of the body (all non-verbal behaviors used for expressing one's message, affects, and emotions. Certain adjectives were established through empirical research to describe positive and negative traits in French, Italian, and Brazilian Portuguese speech. The tool MASCharP (Multi-dimensional Adjective-based Scale of Charisma Perception) was then developed in order to evaluate the charismatic traits of an individual's perceptible behavior. The study then establishes an acoustic and perceptual description of the charismatic voice. Speech range profiles are created for French, Italian, and Brazilian male leaders in order to represent the leaders' vocal extension in different communication contexts (formal vs. informal). The voice profiles demonstrate how the leaders adopt a particular vocal strategy related to the communication context as well as the leaders' persuasive strategy. These results show cross-language and cross-cultural similarities in leaders' vocal behavior. The following experimental phase demonstrates the influence of voice quality on the perception of different types and attributes of charismatic leadership. The speaker-leader uses his vocal production to be recognized as the ...

This dissertation analyzes the charismatic voice in the context of political leadership. It is shown that the speaker-leader uses his/her voice based on two functions. The primary function is biological and consists of manipulating changes in fundamental frequency in order to be recognized as the leader of the group. The secondary function is learned and dependent upon the language spoken and the culture that one belongs to, and consists of changing voice quality in order to convey different traits and types of charisma. These functions are employed in order to persuade an audience and achieve certain goals. The phenomenon of charisma is first addressed through social-cognitive theory that distinguishes charisma of the mind (the leader's thought, actions, and vision expressed through written and spoken language) from charisma of the body (all non-verbal behaviors used for expressing one's message, affects, and emotions. Certain adjectives were established through empirical research to describe positive and negative traits in French, Italian, and Brazilian Portuguese speech. The tool MASCharP (Multi-dimensional Adjective-based Scale of Charisma Perception) was then developed in order to evaluate the charismatic traits of an individual's perceptible behavior. The study then establishes an acoustic and perceptual description of the charismatic voice. Speech range profiles are created for French, Italian, and Brazilian male leaders in order to represent the leaders' vocal extension in different communication contexts (formal vs. informal). The voice profiles demonstrate how the leaders adopt a particular vocal strategy related to the communication context as well as the leaders' persuasive strategy. These results show cross-language and cross-cultural similarities in leaders' vocal behavior. The following experimental phase demonstrates the influence of voice quality on the perception of different types and attributes of charismatic leadership. The speaker-leader uses his vocal production to be recognized as the leader of a group. This is true for all formal communication contexts wherein the leader must express his leadership and has a persuasive goal to achieve. If he wants to submit group members and hopes to appear as a dominant or threatening leader, the leader uses a low fundamental frequency associated with phonatory types such as creaky voice. If he wants to be perceived as a sincere, calm, and reassuring, he uses a higher fundamental frequency associated with his modal voice, avoiding phonatory types such as harsh voice. This is the primary function of the charismatic voice. Lastly, this study shows that, in political discourse, the traits of a charismatic leader are filtered by the language and cultural context of the interaction. The secondary function of the charismatic voice is therefore addressed: the use of one's voice for conveying different types of charisma, as characterized by varying attributes, is filtered through the language and culture that favor certain charismatic vocal behaviors which serve as prototypes that correspond to the audience's inherent expectations. ; Cette thèse porte sur la voix charismatique dans le cadre du leadership politique. L'hypothèse générale est que le locuteur-leader utilise sa voix selon deux fonctions. Une fonction primaire, biologique, qui est d'utiliser les modulations de fréquence fondamentale pour être reconnu comme le leader du groupe. Une fonction secondaire, apprise et dépendante de la langue parlée et de la culture d'appartenance, qui est de modifier la qualité de la voix pour véhiculer différents traits et types de charisme dans le but de persuader l'auditoire et atteindre certains buts. La première étape a été de décrire le phénomène du charisme avec une théorie socio-cognitive qui distingue le charisme de l'esprit (la pensée, les actions et le visionnarisme du leader exprimés à travers le langage écrit et verbal) du charisme du corps (tout comportement non verbal utilisé pour exprimer son message ainsi que ses affects et émotions). De plus, des recherches empiriques ont permit de récolter des adjectifs décrivant les traits positifs et négatifs du charisme propres au français, à l'italien et au portugais brésilien. Enfin, un outil appelé MASCharP a été développé pour évaluer les traits du charisme d'un individu à partir de tout comportement perceptible. La deuxième étape d'étude concerne la description acoustique et perceptive de la voix charismatique. Une première phase a consisté à créer des profils vocaux des leaders masculins français, italiens et portugais brésiliens, dans le but de représenter l'extension vocale du leader lors de différents contextes de communication (formels vs. informels). Les profils vocaux montrent l'adoption, par les leaders, d'une stratégie vocale liée au contexte de communication et à leur stratégie persuasive. Ces résultats montrent des similarités inter-langagières et culturelles du comportement vocal entre leaders. La deuxième phase expérimentale sur la voix charismatique démontre l'influence de la qualité de voix des phrases sur la perception de différents types et attributs du leadership charismatique. Le locuteur-leader utilise sa production vocale pour être reconnu comme le leader du groupe. Ceci est valable dans tous les contextes de communication formels où le leader doit exprimer son leadership et a un but persuasif à atteindre. S'il veut soumettre les membres du groupe et souhaite apparaître comme un leader dominant ou menaçant, il utilise une fréquence fondamentale basse associée à des types phonatoires comme le creaky. S'il veut être perçu comme un leader sincère, calme et rassurant, il utilise une fréquence fondamentale plus haute associée à sa voix modale, évitant des types de phonation comme le harsh. Cela est la fonction primaire de la voix charismatique. Enfin, ces travaux de recherche montrent que les traits du leader charismatique, dans le discours politique, sont filtrés par le contexte langagier et culturel d'interaction partagé entre leader et partisans. L'utilisation de la voix pour véhiculer différents types de charisme, caractérises par des attributs différents, est filtrée par la langue et la culture qui favorisent l'émergence de comportements vocaux charismatiques, prototypiques et qui correspondent à l'attente inhérente de l'auditoire. Cela est la fonction secondaire de la voix charismatique.

In the last few years, especially after the Brexit referendum and the 2016 US elections, there has been a surge in academic interest for misinformation and disinformation. Social, cognitive, and political scientists' work on these phenomena has focused on two main aspects:● Individuals' (and by extension societies') vulnerability to misinformation.● Factors and interventions that can increase individuals' (and societies')resistance to misinformation.In this article we offer a critical review of the psychological research pertaining to these two aspects. Drawing on this review, we highlight an emerging tension in the relevant literature. Indeed, the current state-of-the-art of the political misinformation literature reflects the combined operation of two opposing psychological constructs: excess gullibility on the one hand and excess vigilance on the other. We argue that this conceptualization is important in both advancing theories of individuals' and societies' vulnerability to misinformation and in designing prospective research programs. We conclude with proposing what, in our view, are the most promising avenues for future research in the field. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Prematurity : The opening of new avenues
An analysis of the current state of our knowledge of the developmental issue ofpre- term infants is provided. Most psychological research has focused primarily on description of associated disabilities. Now they analyse relationship between interventions to reduce these problem and developmental course. These directions are concerned with emotional component in the early developmental adaptation and in the later issue. One of the problem is so to know how preterm infants are able to cope with the stressing conditions of life. This perspective is placed within a developmental framework

This dissertation looks at the historical development of George Kantona's psychological surveys at the Survey Research Center at the University of Michigan. The main legacy of this work has been the widespread adoption of confidence indicators. They are used each month by more than fifty countries and widely implemented by business managers and forecasters. How do we explain the widespread usage of these indicators despite a prevalent consensus in macroeconomics and microeconomics that does not consider them as important tools? In order to answer this question, we study several controversies that occurred around Michigan surveys between 1944 and 1960. It is shown that this era is characterized by many interdisciplinary exchanges guided by the practical needs of decision-makers in governments and private companies. I show that if economists know little about these debates, it is because they were maintained in disciplinary fields on the periphery of economics. These fields are centered on practical problems that theoretical economists progressively abandoned. This thesis offers a new way of understanding the history of recent macroeconomics and behavioral economics by proposing an analysis of the links between economic theory and its application in practice. For instance, the history of post-war intellectual dynamics cannot be reduced to theoretical innovations or to a new relationship between theory and empiricism. Indeed, these dynamics rely also on the transformation of the boundaries between the science and its art; between the economy on the one hand and marketing and forecasting on the other. ; Cette thèse étudie la trajectoire historique des enquêtes psychologiques produites au Survey Research Center de l'Université du Michigan à l'initiative de George Katona. Aujourd'hui, on ne retient de ces enquêtes que les indicateurs de confiance produits chaque mois par plus de cinquante pays pour analyser la conjoncture. Pourquoi continue-t-on à produire et à utiliser ces enquêtes et ces indicateurs alors qu'un ...

This dissertation looks at the historical development of George Kantona's psychological surveys at the Survey Research Center at the University of Michigan. The main legacy of this work has been the widespread adoption of confidence indicators. They are used each month by more than fifty countries and widely implemented by business managers and forecasters. How do we explain the widespread usage of these indicators despite a prevalent consensus in macroeconomics and microeconomics that does not consider them as important tools? In order to answer this question, we study several controversies that occurred around Michigan surveys between 1944 and 1960. It is shown that this era is characterized by many interdisciplinary exchanges guided by the practical needs of decision-makers in governments and private companies. I show that if economists know little about these debates, it is because they were maintained in disciplinary fields on the periphery of economics. These fields are centered on practical problems that theoretical economists progressively abandoned. This thesis offers a new way of understanding the history of recent macroeconomics and behavioral economics by proposing an analysis of the links between economic theory and its application in practice. For instance, the history of post-war intellectual dynamics cannot be reduced to theoretical innovations or to a new relationship between theory and empiricism. Indeed, these dynamics rely also on the transformation of the boundaries between the science and its art; between the economy on the one hand and marketing and forecasting on the other. ; Cette thèse étudie la trajectoire historique des enquêtes psychologiques produites au Survey Research Center de l'Université du Michigan à l'initiative de George Katona. Aujourd'hui, on ne retient de ces enquêtes que les indicateurs de confiance produits chaque mois par plus de cinquante pays pour analyser la conjoncture. Pourquoi continue-t-on à produire et à utiliser ces enquêtes et ces indicateurs alors qu'un consensus s'est produit en macroéconomie et en microéconomie autour d'un ensemble de modèles qui n'en font pas l'usage ? Pour répondre à cette question, on étudie plusieurs controverses qui se sont produites autour des enquêtes du Michigan entre 1944 et 1960. On montre que l'époque est caractérisée de décisions au sein des gouvernements et du monde des affaires. La thèse montre que si ces débats sont peu connus des économistes aujourd'hui, c'est parce qu'ils se sont poursuivis dans des champs disciplinaires périphériques à l'économie. Ces disciplines sont concernées par des problèmes pratiques dont les économistes théoriciens se sont progressivement détournés. En proposant une analyse des liens entre la théorie économique et sa mise en pratique, cette thèse offre une nouvelle manière d'appréhender l'histoire de la macroéconomie récente et de l'économie comportementale. L'histoire des dynamiques intellectuelles d'après-guerre ne se résume ni à des innovations théoriques, ni à un nouveau rapport entre la théorie et l'empirie. En effet, ces dynamiques reposent aussi sur la redéfinition des frontières entre la science et son art ; entre d'un côté l'économie et de l'autre le marketing et la conjoncture.

International audience ; Background-The psychotherapeutic treatment of war-related psychological injuries is questioned because of its theoretical level of complexity as well as its non-consensual or controversial guidelines. The care provided by civilian and military networks is diverse, heterogeneous and given more and more media coverage. How can the military patients' and of their relatives' pressing demands for the many techniques deemed advisable in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder be addressed?Material and methods-We present three individual psychotherapeutic approaches most frequently proposed in the field of psychotraumatology: cognitive and behavioural therapies, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, and psychodynamic psychoanalytic orientation. We propose an analysis of the French and American recommendations before confronting the guidelines to the reality of clinical practice.Discussion-Each of the varied psychotherapies yields theoretical and technical arguments. Nevertheless, it seems impossible to discriminate between them in terms of efficiency in the current state of scientific research. The experienced clinicians must be cautious when they deal with the recommendations based on comparisons, in areas where the patients' singularity and the transference relationship are difficult to model.Conclusion-To propose a project of custom-made care to suffering fighters entails to focus on a rigorous clinical analysis. The coordination and continuity of medical and psychological support are essential. Beyond dogmatism, we shall select the following motto: 'the right psychotherapy, for the right patient at the right time'. ; Le traitement psychothérapique des blessés psychiques de guerre suscite un questionnement tant par son niveau de complexité théorique que du fait de son caractère non consensuel voire polémique. L'offre de soins des réseaux civils et militaires est diversifiée, et de plus en plus médiatisée. Comment répondre aux demandes pressantes des patients militaires et de ...

International audience ; Background-The psychotherapeutic treatment of war-related psychological injuries is questioned because of its theoretical level of complexity as well as its non-consensual or controversial guidelines. The care provided by civilian and military networks is diverse, heterogeneous and given more and more media coverage. How can the military patients' and of their relatives' pressing demands for the many techniques deemed advisable in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder be addressed?Material and methods-We present three individual psychotherapeutic approaches most frequently proposed in the field of psychotraumatology: cognitive and behavioural therapies, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, and psychodynamic psychoanalytic orientation. We propose an analysis of the French and American recommendations before confronting the guidelines to the reality of clinical practice.Discussion-Each of the varied psychotherapies yields theoretical and technical arguments. Nevertheless, it seems impossible to discriminate between them in terms of efficiency in the current state of scientific research. The experienced clinicians must be cautious when they deal with the recommendations based on comparisons, in areas where the patients' singularity and the transference relationship are difficult to model.Conclusion-To propose a project of custom-made care to suffering fighters entails to focus on a rigorous clinical analysis. The coordination and continuity of medical and psychological support are essential. Beyond dogmatism, we shall select the following motto: 'the right psychotherapy, for the right patient at the right time'. ; Le traitement psychothérapique des blessés psychiques de guerre suscite un questionnement tant par son niveau de complexité théorique que du fait de son caractère non consensuel voire polémique. L'offre de soins des réseaux civils et militaires est diversifiée, et de plus en plus médiatisée. Comment répondre aux demandes pressantes des patients militaires et de ...

Des études sont menées depuis plus d'une décennie en Finlande sur le rôle bénéfique joué par la forêt pour la santé et le bien-être humains et ces bienfaits sont de plus en plus reconnus au sein de la société finlandaise. Des recherches ont été menées à l'échelle nationale sur les liens qui peuvent exister entre l'utilisation de la nature et l'accès à celle-ci d'une part, et la santé d'autre part, à l'aide de différentes méthodologies comme les enquêtes de population, les expériences de terrain et en combinant les données générées par des systèmes d'information géographique (SIG) décrivant la disponibilité des espaces naturels avec des données sur l'usage fait de ces zones et l'état de santé des gens. Cet article propose un récapitulatif des résultats des recherches pluridisciplinaires menées en Finlande. Parmi les domaines les plus étudiés figurent les effets reconstituants de ces espaces naturels évalués par différentes mesures psychologiques. Ces études montrent que les forêts et les autres espaces naturels sont importants pour réduire le stress et aident à récupérer après le travail. De plus, des expériences de terrain ont confirmé que la promenade en forêt a des effets bénéfiques, à la fois psychologiques et physiologiques, sur la santé humaine. Ces effets peuvent s'expliquer par la dissipation du stress psychologique, aidée par une moindre pollution atmosphérique et une plus faible exposition au bruit lors de ces sorties. De plus, des études portant sur les effets à long terme d'une exposition à la nature indiquent que l'activité physique joue un rôle de médiation vis-à-vis des bénéfices perçus en matière de santé, surtout chez les habitants des zones suburbaines. Des travaux récents ont porté sur les débats concernant la science et les politiques nationales et comment mettre en œuvre ces connaissances tirées de la recherche dans différents secteurs, notamment la santé publique, l'aménagement du territoire et la gestion des forêts. Ce travail a abouti à une proposition pour la création d'un programme national dénommé La nature pour la santé et le bien-être en Finlande comportant un plan d'actions et un programme de recherche pluridisciplinaire. Ainsi, les connaissances acquises par la recherche sont à l'origine d'une série d'expériences pratiques et de projets pilotes qui sont brièvement évoqués dans cet article. ; The role of forests in enhancing human health and well-being has been studied in Finland for more than a decade, and these benefits are increasingly recognized by the Finnish society. The national research has stu-died the associations of use and availability of nature with health using different research methods such as population surveys, on-site field experiments, and combining GIS-based data describing the provision of nature areas with use of the areas and health status of people. This article sums up research results from multidisciplinary research work in Finland. One of the main study areas has been restorative effects of nature areas using various psychological measures. These studies demonstrate that forests and other nature areas are important in reducing stress and add recovery from work. Moreover, field experiments have confirmed that visiting forests have beneficial psychological and physiological effects on human health. These effects can be explained by psychological stress relief with contribution from reduced air pollution and noise exposure during the visits. In addition, studies looking at long-term effects of nature exposure suggest that physical activity has a mediating role in perceived health benefits, particularly among suburban residents. Recent efforts include national policy-science discussions on how the research knowledge can be implemented within various sectors such as public health and land-use planning and forest management. This work has resulted a sug-gestion for a national program called Nature for Health and Well-Being in Finland consisting of an action plan and a multidisciplinary research program. More comprehensive research knowledge has contributed to and triggered series of practical experiments and pilots that are briefly discussed in the article.

Localisation : Centre de documentation P. Bartoli (S WPL 2011-21), UMR LAMETA, Montpellier ; A limited but growing literature contends that licensing can operate by committing to a virtuous act in a preceding choice, which reduces negative self-attributions associated with donating less or behaving less virtuously in the succeeding decision. Psychological research and behavioral economics strongly suggest that pre-existing intrinsic motivations of individuals play a major role in determining their subsequent choices when faced with a voluntary or mandatory virtuous 'act'. In this paper, we report the results of a pilot experimental study examining licensing effect in the environmental realm, using a 2 (mandatory or voluntary nature of the virtuous act) X 2 (intrinsically or non-intrinsically motivated individuals) between subjects design. We found that intrinsically motivated and non-intrinsically motivated subjects reacted adversely to the two policy scenarios. The licensing effect occurs when combining intrinsically (resp., non-intrinsically) motivated individuals and mandatory (resp. voluntary) conditions.

Localisation : Centre de documentation P. Bartoli (S WPL 2011-21), UMR LAMETA, Montpellier ; A limited but growing literature contends that licensing can operate by committing to a virtuous act in a preceding choice, which reduces negative self-attributions associated with donating less or behaving less virtuously in the succeeding decision. Psychological research and behavioral economics strongly suggest that pre-existing intrinsic motivations of individuals play a major role in determining their subsequent choices when faced with a voluntary or mandatory virtuous 'act'. In this paper, we report the results of a pilot experimental study examining licensing effect in the environmental realm, using a 2 (mandatory or voluntary nature of the virtuous act) X 2 (intrinsically or non-intrinsically motivated individuals) between subjects design. We found that intrinsically motivated and non-intrinsically motivated subjects reacted adversely to the two policy scenarios. The licensing effect occurs when combining intrinsically (resp., non-intrinsically) motivated individuals and mandatory (resp. voluntary) conditions.

Localisation : Centre de documentation P. Bartoli (S WPL 2011-21), UMR LAMETA, Montpellier ; A limited but growing literature contends that licensing can operate by committing to a virtuous act in a preceding choice, which reduces negative self-attributions associated with donating less or behaving less virtuously in the succeeding decision. Psychological research and behavioral economics strongly suggest that pre-existing intrinsic motivations of individuals play a major role in determining their subsequent choices when faced with a voluntary or mandatory virtuous 'act'. In this paper, we report the results of a pilot experimental study examining licensing effect in the environmental realm, using a 2 (mandatory or voluntary nature of the virtuous act) X 2 (intrinsically or non-intrinsically motivated individuals) between subjects design. We found that intrinsically motivated and non-intrinsically motivated subjects reacted adversely to the two policy scenarios. The licensing effect occurs when combining intrinsically (resp., non-intrinsically) motivated individuals and mandatory (resp. voluntary) conditions.

This thesis is an understanding of the recurring transgression of testing the framework of "good governance" imposed by the World Bank, opposite the finding of bad results Beninese public enterprises (former Dahomey). So it tries to answer a question: why are the mechanisms established, procedures and rules constantly violated in the public sector? Answering this question captures the causes of the remoteness of used performance businesses, in this context, from the perspective of socio-economic efficiency, user-customers satisfaction and good use of resources. This research is based on the idea that management practices must be part of the socio-cultural context and mobilizes the notion of clan as providing the basis for the formation of the suppliers and employees psychological contract of public companies in public procurement on the one hand, and employment relationships on the other. This promotes the context of transgressions of "good governance". There has been talk of exploring, SBEE and CNCB, if the clan logic based or not psychological contracts, prone transgressions, what separates these companies from performance.From Interviews conducted with stakeholders in public procurement (suppliers, internal organs award to the company) and employment relations (personal, leaders), operation of the documents collected within companies and narration of observed facts, it appears that the public company is represented as a clan. Also coexist political, ethnic and family clans as the "adoptive paternalism" whose action logics include transgressions involving the misuse of public resources and the dissatisfaction of the users-customers. However, the clan is not exclusive. The perception of public enterprises by the various stakeholders as well as the good faith of people, eager to bring their expertise to get out of unemployment, determine the psychological contracts. It happens, in general, that the psychological contract is subject to rupture, which is the source of great disappointment. This may not be ...

This research work deals with the intervention in prevention of occupational psychological health problems. It highlights the difficulties between knowing and doing: the biggest difficulties occur after diagnosis, when work situations and the organisation have to be substantially and permanently transformed. To reach this goal, a great deal of theoretical work has been carried out in order to identify in literature and analyse significant models of intervention for their coordination between a sound theoretical framework around the dynamics of occupational health (knowing) and a methodological framework of intervention (doing). We propose thus, through a literature review, three dimensions able to theorize the transition from knowledge to action, a transition which is understood as a social process as such and not as a methodological consequence. Those 3 dimensions, namely the object of the intervention, the level of involvement and the cognitive prevention process implemented with the actors, are at the heart of our work. Thanks to this theoretical and epistemological work, the designed methodological framework aims at developing scientifically this process, seeking its comprehensibility and the beginning of a work of predictability, and enabling reproducibility by other actors in the future. To that end, we present 3 studies, each firmly rooted in practice, within occupational health departments, and thus in the field. They study the effects of different linkages between the object of intervention, the level of involvement and the cognitive prevention process. The whole process fits into fundamental applied research and results in the proposal and the testing of a new model of prevention, which enables to go beyond the limits observed in literature. This new approach is characterised by this specific coordination and also by an innovative methodology that puts the intervention within a process of organisational innovation. Based on the implementation of a proximal zone of development, it allows the actors to ...

This research work deals with the intervention in prevention of occupational psychological health problems. It highlights the difficulties between knowing and doing: the biggest difficulties occur after diagnosis, when work situations and the organisation have to be substantially and permanently transformed. To reach this goal, a great deal of theoretical work has been carried out in order to identify in literature and analyse significant models of intervention for their coordination between a sound theoretical framework around the dynamics of occupational health (knowing) and a methodological framework of intervention (doing). We propose thus, through a literature review, three dimensions able to theorize the transition from knowledge to action, a transition which is understood as a social process as such and not as a methodological consequence. Those 3 dimensions, namely the object of the intervention, the level of involvement and the cognitive prevention process implemented with the actors, are at the heart of our work. Thanks to this theoretical and epistemological work, the designed methodological framework aims at developing scientifically this process, seeking its comprehensibility and the beginning of a work of predictability, and enabling reproducibility by other actors in the future. To that end, we present 3 studies, each firmly rooted in practice, within occupational health departments, and thus in the field. They study the effects of different linkages between the object of intervention, the level of involvement and the cognitive prevention process. The whole process fits into fundamental applied research and results in the proposal and the testing of a new model of prevention, which enables to go beyond the limits observed in literature. This new approach is characterised by this specific coordination and also by an innovative methodology that puts the intervention within a process of organisational innovation. Based on the implementation of a proximal zone of development, it allows the actors to ...