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Under Nero Roman society faced the First Imperial Crisis: the consequence of an unprecedented power and welfare, which was mainly due to the lack of clear political and cultural guidelines after Augustus' death. Instead of convenientia, or πρέπον, intellectuals privileged novitas and exhibitionism, thereby creating the poetics of the awesome. The more the imperial power went assuming absolutistic and despotic connotations, the less the intellectual's social role and contribution seemed to be worthy of consideration. Therefore, intellectuals suggested a new concept of the man of letters. They focused on the psychological aspects of the human behavior, as in Seneca's case. The possible alternative, consciously adopted by Lucan in Pharsalia, was to commit oneself to a macabre and slander gender of poetry: the expression of a common condition of mind weakness. In this regard, Lucan's stylistic solutions are worth of consideration: via his modus scribendi ardens and concitatus, Lucan expressed his tragic view of reality and diverted from the Roman literary tradition, which lent little space to irrationality. Under Nero there was a revival of philosophical interests, but the traditional philosophies looked not to be any more believable. The persistence of crisis led intellectuals first to passively accept the status quo, then to proudly estrange from the public scenes. With reference to this, Persius' hexameters in Satirae are highly emblematic. ; Sob Nero, a sociedade romana enfrentou sua Primeira Crise Imperial, consequência de um nível de poder e assistencialismo sem precedentes que se deveu sobretudo à falta de diretrizes políticas e culturais bem definidas após a morte de Augusto. Em vez de convenientia ou πρέπον, os intelectuais da época privilegiaram a novitas e o exibicionismo, criando assim a poética do impressionante. Quanto mais o poder imperial foi assumindo conotações absolutistas e despóticas, menos o papel e a contribuição social do intelectual pareceram dignos de consideração. Consequentemente, os intelectuais sugeriram um novo conceito de homem de letras, concentrando-se nos aspectos psicológicos do comportamento humano, como é o caso de Sêneca. A alternativa possível, conscientemente adotada por Lucano na Farsália, foi empenhar-se num gênero de poesia macabro e difamatório: a expressão de uma condição comum de fraqueza mental. Nesse sentido, as soluções estilísticas de Lucano são dignas de consideração: por meio de seu modus scribendi ardens e concitatus, Lucano expressou sua visão trágica da realidade e se desviou da tradição literária romana, que concedia pouco espaço para a irracionalidade. Sob Nero, houve uma renovação do interesse filosófico, mas já não parecia possível acreditar nas filosofias tradicionais. A persistência da crise levou os intelectuais de início a aceitar passivamente o status quo, mas depois passaram a se afastar dignamente da cena pública. Os hexâmetros de Pérsio nas Sátiras são emblemáticos a esse respeito.

It is proposed in this work a methodological premise and a reflection on the problems of effectiveness of the sentence, both the application and the utility and its implementation in prison. Based on the assumption that the penalty should be applied in certain first practice, only dialogue between different sciences criminals (criminal law, criminology, criminal politics) can groped to find a type of sanction that while respecting the constitutional principles, meets the needs of effectiveness and usefulness of sanctions reaction, that the criminal policy in particular puts on the table the issue. The penalty and its implementation must be in touch (and specialize), with the personality of delinquent who lives in a reality evolution continues.The study of delinquent may allow individualization of the exact penalty, adapting to his actual personality and social danger.This is close topical in the current criminal, where dangerous generalizations should be avoided and tolerances facade, since the consummation of certain types criminal is often an expression of certain socio-cultural and geographical segments: this place is essential to analyse and understand how, the criminal sanction, and should be able to converse with his basic values. This is to not ignore the citizen and needs of social defense, so that the policy is not to consider criminal, his dignity and psychological aspects of intellectual, to achieve his real resocialization end rehabilitation. ; In questo lavoro si propone una premessa metodologica e una riflessione sui problemi legati alla effettiva efficacia della pena,sia sotto l'aspetto applicativo che della sua esecuzione e utilità nel carcere. Partendo dal presupposto che la pena deve essere innanzitutto certa ed applicata concretamente,solo il dialogo fra le diverse scienze criminali (diritto penale, criminologia, politica criminale) può tentare di individuare un tipo di sanzione che, nel rispetto dei principi costituzionali, soddisfi le esigenze di effettività e utilità della reazione sanzionatoria, che la politica criminale in particolare pone sul tavolo della questione.La pena e la sua esecuzione, devono quindi essere in contatto (e specializzarsi), con la personalità del delinquente, che vive una realtà in evoluzione continua. Solo lo studio del delinquente può consentire la esatta individualizzazione della pena, adeguandola alla sua effettiva personalità e pericolosità sociale. Questo è di stretta attualità nell'attuale panorama criminale, dove vanno evitate pericolose generalizzazioni e tolleranze di facciata, dato che la consumazione di alcune tipologie delittuose è spesso espressione di determinate fasce socioculturali e geografiche: ciò posto è fondamentale analizzare e capire in che modo la sanzione criminale debba e possa dialogare con i suoi valori di fondo. Ciò al fine di non disinteressarsi del cittadino e delle esigenze di difesa sociale, di modo che la politica criminale non si distacchi dall'uomo, dalla sua dignità e dagli aspetti psico-intellettivi, ai fini di una sua reale risocializzazione e recupero.

This essay discusses the communication of cultural heritage in the digital environment adopting a broad perspective and highlighting the need to understand the deep meaning of the shift from the traditional to the digital environment. Adapting to the digital environment requires more than selecting a format, a procedure or a piece of software: it is a complex process that involves many different elements and changes our cognitive structures. Therefore, this essay explores the psychological, ethical, political and social dimension of communication before focusing on the technical aspects, on the basis of a fundamental assumption: communication of cultural heritage in the digital environment fails if it avoids asking philosophical questions. We need to deal with standards, formats and technologies, but first of all we need models and theories – rather, a multidimensional vision – if we want to succeed in communicating the cultural heritage.

This work analyses the relation between social inequality and health by focusing on the social processes and individual mechanisms that construct it within the area of action of the economic sphere, the cultural sphere and the social and territorial sphere. Within this framework, the body is conceived as a link between the physical, biological and material dimensions and the social, relational and emotional dimensions. At the same time, the proposal is to go beyond the well-known relationship between economic resources/social position and levels of health/life expectation, concentrating on the specific social and psychological dynamics generated by the availability of socio-economic capital. The over-simplified perspective of the social gradient of health is overtaken by an analysis of the relational dimension of the individual and his/her reference groups, and finally by appraising both the individual and collective aspects that can be traced to the social and political context and to the different welfare systems.

The Centre for Handicapped Students was created ten years ago at University "L'Orientale" in Naples according to a previous national law, which obliges universities to offer to students a such service. During the years this Centre has started many projects to help these students, who are not so many, considering that all students of our university reach some 12.000 ones. I have to stress that many of these projects intended to look for money from the national government, regional and local institutions, considering that the Centre, like in most universities, is getting a very small amount of money due to general economical situation of the Country. There is also another aspect besides money shortage, which is a chronicle situation for universities, not only in Italy, the law concerning the creation of this new service in the universities was not considering the fact that small universities with a target on humanities (i.e. without medical or psychological faculties) did not have the personnel to help handicapped people and for this kind of service, even at the front desk, it is necessary to employ trained and specialised personnel. So the continue rush for looking money necessary to go on offering this service, which is a duty imposed to the university by law, but from the other side not sponsored at all adequately. I am going to illustrate a few of these projects, which gave to our students a better university service and a better social university life.

The paper will propose some reflections on the representations of the post-Katrina in When the Levees Broke: A Requiem in Four Acts, a documentary directed by Spike Lee in 2006, and the TV series Treme, written and produced by David Simon and Eric Overmyer (2010-2013); both texts were aired by HBO. The peculiar aspects of the complex and layered trauma experienced by those affected by Katrina emerge in the specificities of the narrativization of the relationship between trauma, the city, and the residents and of the spatialization of trauma that the two texts elaborate. As a collective traumatic experience, Katrina brought together not only psychological and cultural aspects of trauma, but also political, urban, and environmental ones. Both When the Levees Broke and Treme acted not only as mediators of the event and its meanings, but also as political actors in the rebuilding processes. The two texts pointed out how it's possible to read in the landscape and texture of the urban space and intimate places causes and effects of Katrina trauma and from there beginning a journey of healing and shared memories. ; Il contributo intende proporre alcune riflessioni sulla rappresentazione degli effetti dell'uragano Katrina sulla città di New Orleans e sui suoi abitanti nel documentario When the Levees Broke: A Requiem in Four Acts diretto da Spike Lee e trasmesso da HBO (2006) e nella serie Treme creata da David Simon con Eric Overmyer e trasmessa dalla medesima emittente (2010-2013). In particolare ci si soffermerà sulle rappresentazioni del rapporto tra evento traumatico-città-abitanti e sulle modalità di spazializzazione del trauma e formalizzazione dello spazio urbano e dei luoghi. In essi infatti emerge tutta la specificità dell'evento Katrina e della complessa stratificazione del trauma che implica. Un trauma collettivo che tiene insieme dimensioni culturali ma anche pienamente psicologiche individuali, che è insieme trauma politico, ambientale e urbano. Entrambi i testi si collocano come attori dei processi, anche politici, di significazione e risignificazione dell'evento traumatico, rappresentando il passaggio dal trauma al patrimonio traumatico e instaurando un legame con la città che va oltre gli aspetti scenografici agendo attivamente sui processi di ricostruzione. I testi evidenziano come sia nel tessuto cittadino di New Orleans, nella trama urbana e nella specificità della sua storia, che si possono leggere effetti e cause insieme del trauma e contemporaneamente da li ripartire per una rielaborazione e costruzione di nuove memorie condivise.

The recent earthquakes that have affected many small towns in the central and southern Apennines have brought the theme of how to "rebuild" damaged settlements back to the attention of technicians, politicians and, more generally, of the populations concerned.The experiences of reconstruction-post-earthquake Italy in the last fifty years have had very different outcomes among them, not all in a positive way. The choices to be made in these circumstances have objective difficulties, for which it is necessary to establish operative strategies able to go beyond the technical aspects, to provide answers also to instances of an immaterial, psychological, and economic type, etc.The present essay, in retracing and analyzing the story of the town of Aquilonia – which, following the earthquake of the Vulture, in 1930, was rebuilt ex-Novo in another site – addresses the question of the relationship that over time has been established between the new nucleus and the "abandoned town", from the point of view of the populations involved. Terremoto e abbandono: il caso di AquiloniaI recenti terremoti che hanno colpito molti piccoli centri dell'Appennino centrale e meridionale hanno riportato all'attenzione dei tecnici, dei politici e delle popolazioni interessate il tema della 'ricostruzione' degli insediamenti danneggiati.Gli interventi ricostruttivi compiuti in Italia negli ultimi cinquant'anni a seguito di terremoti hanno avuto esiti molto diversi, non tutti valutabili in modo positivo. Le scelte da compiere in queste circostanze presentano difficoltà oggettive per le quali è necessario stabilire strategie operative in grado di andare oltre gli aspetti tecnici, per fornire risposte anche a problematiche di tipo immateriale, psicologico ed economico che le distruzioni conseguenti a forti sismi producono.Il presente saggio, nel ripercorrere e analizzare la storia della città di Aquilonia- che dopo il terremoto del Vulture del luglio del 1930 è stata ricostruita ex-novo in un altro sito - affronta la questione del rapporto che ...

This essay discusses the communication of cultural heritage in the digital environment adopting a broad perspective and highlighting the need to understand the deep meaning of the shift from the traditional to the digital environment. Adapting to the digital environment requires more than selecting a format, a procedure or a piece of software: it is a complex process that involves many different elements and changes our cognitive structures. Therefore, this essay explores the psychological, ethical, political and social dimension of communication before focusing on the technical aspects, on the basis of a fundamental assumption: communication of cultural heritage in the digital environment fails if it avoids asking philosophical questions. We need to deal with standards, formats and technologies, but first of all we need models and theories – rather, a multidimensional vision – if we want to succeed in communicating the cultural heritage. ; Il saggio indaga il tema della comunicazione del patrimonio culturale in ambiente digitale secondo una prospettiva di ampio respiro, evidenziando la necessità di comprendere il significato profondo dello spostamento dall'ambiente tradizionale a quello digitale. Infatti, l'adattamento al digitale non consiste soltanto nella scelta di un formato, di una procedura o di un software: è un processo complesso che coinvolge molti elementi e che muta perfino le nostre strutture cognitive. Per questo motivo, il saggio propone una lettura della dimensione psicologica, etica, politica e sociale – prima ancora che tecnica o di dominio – del tema della comunicazione, sulla base di un assunto fondamentale: la comunicazione del patrimonio culturale in ambiente digitale fallisce il suo obiettivo se evita di porsi domande di natura latamente filosofica. È necessario confrontarsi con standard, formati e tecnologie, ma prima di tutto c'è bisogno di modelli e di teorie – meglio ancora, di una visione multidimensionale – per affrontare con successo la comunicazione del patrimonio culturale.

The paper presents the results of qualitative field research about the phenomenon of NEETs - Not (engaged) in Education, Employment or Training - investigated with the constructivist Grounded Theory methodology. The research, which involved 82 young people aged between 18 and 24 years, began in November 2015 and ended with the analysis of data collected in December 2018. In line with the methodological indications of the constructivist Grounded Theory (GT) (Charmaz, 2000, 2006, 2014), field research was immediately accompanied by open coding, using all that was useful for saturation of the categories.The constant critical reflection, conducted throughout the process of my research, has led to detect and define 3 core categories that are fundamental to the definition of a substantive theory. The permanent orientation emerges as a social need because it promotes and increases the psychological well-being of NEETs. The comparison between the "initial" questions of research and the 3 core categories, conceptually valid, allowed me to start the process of focusing and analyzing the possible correlations. Correlations capable of supporting a scientifically strong definition, for the proposal of a substantive theory, emerging from the three initial questions of the research.1. How do you "selfassess" NEETs with respect to the world of work? Psychological area: to understand the characteristics of the NEET individual. How to contribute to its identity awareness about operating (occupying and acting) a role. To train him/her to reflect on his/her own interests, in accordance with his/her own authentic purposeful Self (Di Fabio, 2014). The question aims to understand how:a) to increase the capacity to make choices (Self confidence in decision making);b) to make them feel/perceive that they are ready (Self efficacy and Self capability);c) to raise the skills to manage problems (Self-empowerment and problem solving).2. How do NEETs live their "condition"? Psychosociological area: to investigate the context and environment of NEETs' life. The answers to this question must allow them to understand what they are, first and foremost:a) the causes to which they attribute their current NEET situation (external/internal);b) the roads they would like to take to move towards work (Self orientation);c) their thoughts and attitudes towards current social policies (active/passive).3. How do you represent the labour market? Sociopsychological area: relationship aspect; ability to stay in relationships. In the answers you want to understand:a) what they thought when they were at school in the world of work (imagination about their own future);b) how their thoughts on the world of work are today compared to those years (alignment to their own reality).c) what knowledge, what information they possess of the working possibilities of their territory (awareness of employment opportunities). Keywords: NEETs, Self-empowerment, purposeful Self, Self orientation, resiliency, decision making. Abstract in italiano Il documento presenta i risultati della ricerca sul campo qualitativa sul fenomeno dei NEET - Non (impegnati) nell'istruzione, nell'occupazione o nella formazione - indagati con la metodologia costruttivista della Grounded Theory. La ricerca, che ha coinvolto 82 giovani di età compresa tra 18 e 24 anni, è iniziata a novembre 2015 e si è conclusa con l'analisi dei dati raccolti a dicembre 2018. In linea con le indicazioni metodologiche della Grounded Theory (Charmaz, 2000, 2006, 2014), la ricerca sul campo è stata immediatamente accompagnata da una codifica aperta, utilizzando tutto ciò che è stato utile per la saturazione delle categorie.La costante riflessione critica, condotta durante tutto il processo della mia ricerca, ha portato a rilevare e definire 3 categorie fondamentali che sono fondamentali per la definizione di una teoria sostanziale. L'orientamento permanente emerge come un'esigenza sociale perché promuove e aumenta il benessere psicologico dei NEET. Il confronto tra le domande "iniziali" della ricerca e le 3 categorie fondamentali, concettualmente valide, mi ha permesso di iniziare il processo di focalizzazione e analisi delle possibili correlazioni. Correlazioni in grado di supportare una definizione scientificamente forte, per la proposta di una teoria sostanziale, che emerge dalle tre domande iniziali della ricerca.1. In che modo NEET "selfassess" rispetto al mondo del lavoro? Area psicologica: comprendere le caratteristiche dell'individuo NEET. Come contribuire alla consapevolezza dell'identità sull'operare (occupare e recitare) un ruolo. Formarlo per riflettere sui propri interessi, in accordo con il proprio Sé autentico e propositivo (Di Fabio, 2014). La domanda mira a capire come:a) aumentare la capacità di fare delle scelte (fiducia in se stessi nel processo decisionale);b) farli sentire / percepire di essere pronti (autoefficacia e capacità di auto);c) aumentare le competenze per gestire i problemi (auto-responsabilizzazione e risoluzione dei problemi).2. In che modo i NEET vivono la loro "condizione"? Area psicosociologica: indagare il contesto e l'ambiente della vita dei NEET. Le risposte a questa domanda devono consentire loro di capire cosa sono, innanzitutto:a) le cause alle quali attribuiscono la loro attuale situazione NEET (esterna / interna);b) le strade che vorrebbero percorrere per spostarsi verso il lavoro (orientamento personale);c) i loro pensieri e atteggiamenti nei confronti delle attuali politiche sociali (attivo / passivo).3. Come rappresenti il mercato del lavoro? Area socio-psicologica: aspetto relazionale; capacità di rimanere in relazione. Nelle risposte che vuoi capire:a) cosa hanno pensato quando erano a scuola nel mondo del lavoro (immaginazione per il proprio futuro);b) come sono oggi i loro pensieri sul mondo del lavoro rispetto a quegli anni (allineamento alla propria realtà).c) quali conoscenze, quali informazioni possiedono delle possibilità di lavoro del loro territorio (consapevolezza delle opportunità di lavoro). Parole chiave:NEETs, orientamento, resilienza, Self efficacy, decision making, Self empowerment, Self orientation. ; The paper presents the results of qualitative field research about the phenomenon of NEETs - Not (engaged) in Education, Employment or Training - investigated with the constructivist Grounded Theory methodology. The research, which involved 82 young people aged between 18 and 24 years, began in November 2015 and ended with the analysis of data collected in December 2018. In line with the methodological indications of the constructivist Grounded Theory (GT) (Charmaz, 2000, 2006, 2014), field research was immediately accompanied by open coding, using all that was useful for saturation of the categories.The constant critical reflection, conducted throughout the process of my research, has led to detect and define 3 core categories that are fundamental to the definition of a substantive theory. The permanent orientation emerges as a social need because it promotes and increases the psychological well-being of NEETs. The comparison between the "initial" questions of research and the 3 core categories, conceptually valid, allowed me to start the process of focusing and analyzing the possible correlations. Correlations capable of supporting a scientifically strong definition, for the proposal of a substantive theory, emerging from the three initial questions of the research.1. How do you "selfassess" NEETs with respect to the world of work? Psychological area: to understand the characteristics of the NEET individual. How to contribute to its identity awareness about operating (occupying and acting) a role. To train him/her to reflect on his/her own interests, in accordance with his/her own authentic purposeful Self (Di Fabio, 2014). The question aims to understand how:a) to increase the capacity to make choices (Self confidence in decision making);b) to make them feel/perceive that they are ready (Self efficacy and Self capability);c) to raise the skills to manage problems (Self-empowerment and problem solving).2. How do NEETs live their "condition"? Psychosociological area: to investigate the context and environment of NEETs' life. The answers to this question must allow them to understand what they are, first and foremost:a) the causes to which they attribute their current NEET situation (external/internal);b) the roads they would like to take to move towards work (Self orientation);c) their thoughts and attitudes towards current social policies (active/passive).3. How do you represent the labour market? Sociopsychological area: relationship aspect; ability to stay in relationships. In the answers you want to understand:a) what they thought when they were at school in the world of work (imagination about their own future);b) how their thoughts on the world of work are today compared to those years (alignment to their own reality).c) what knowledge, what information they possess of the working possibilities of their territory (awareness of employment opportunities). Keywords: NEETs, Self-empowerment, purposeful Self, Self orientation, resiliency, decision making.

Sin dalla sua "scoperta", che potremmo definire recente, l'autismo è stato investigato in differenti aree. Buona parte della ricerca si è concentrata sui segni e sintomi che ne permettono la diagnosi. Gli apporti del mondo scientifico alla lettura dell'autismo sono stati differenti, ad oggi vi sono diverse piste genetiche, neuroscientifiche e psicologiche che, alla luce della complessità, tendono a dare una descrizione dell'autismo o di alcuni suoi aspetti. Ad oggi non vi è una teoria omnicomprensiva di lettura dell'autismo, tuttavia si sta provando ad andare in questa direzione ed il NMIH di Insel ne è un esempio. Sebbene la ricerca abbia prodotto molto nei settori citati, ci confrontiamo con molti meno dati quando indaghiamo l'età adulta. Vi sono due aspetti particolarmente interessanti dell'autismo in età adulta, il primo riguarda la diagnosi in quanto sono tanti i soggetti, soprattutto donne ad alto funzionamento o asperger, che arrivano ad avere una diagnosi nella giovinezza o età adulta. Un altro aspetto interessante, invece, riguarda le aree dell'istruzione, dell'impiego lavorativo, dell'indipendenza ed autonomia nei soggetti adulti autistici. Pertanto, sebbene la gravità dei sintomi dell'autismo e le difficoltà comportamentali tendano a diminuire in media nel tempo, l'età adulta rimane appannaggio del singolo soggetto e della famiglia, senza la presenza di supporti adeguati. Infatti, in termini di prospettive educative e occupazionali post-scolastiche, gli individui con autismo tendono a cavarsela ancora meno bene degli individui con altri disturbi, come disabilità intellettiva, difficoltà specifiche di apprendimento, disturbi della parola e del linguaggio. Inoltre, conseguenza del poco investimento della comunità all'interno di questo ambito, vi sono delle preoccupazioni sullo screening accurato e sulla diagnosi degli adulti. La mancanza di strumenti diagnostici specificamente convalidati per l'uso con gli adulti rimane una seria sfida metodologica sia per i ricercatori che per gli specialisti. Lo scopo della nostra scoping review, è evidenziare quanto emerge in termini di outcomes nella popolazione di autistici adulti, e quanti di questi studi coinvolgono la popolazione femminile. I nostri risultati hanno rivelato quanto aspetti legati alla famiglia, all'ambiente ed alle politiche sociali, influiscano sugli outcomes di benessere dei soggetti autistici adulti. Parole chiave: Età adulta, Autismo, Donne autistiche. ; Since its relatively recent "discovery", autism has been investigated in a number of different scientific areas focusing mainly on the signs and symptoms that allow its diagnosis. To date, a comprehensive theory of autism is still lacking, despite the fact that there are several genetic, neuroscientific and psychological approaches that, in light of the complexity, attempt to provide a description of some of its key features.Although the large amount of research produced in recent years has indeed led to significant insight, data concerning autism in adulthood is scarce. There are two interesting aspects to consider when looking at autism in adulthood. The first concerns the timing of the diagnosis. In fact, there are many individuals, especially women within the high functioning spectrum or Asperger's, who are diagnosed only in mid/late adulthood. The second, concerns the impact on a number of areas such as education, employment, independence and autonomy in autistic adults. Critically, although the severity of autistic symptoms and behavioural difficulties tend to decrease over time, the individual and the family, are often left without adequate supports. Indeed, when looking at post-school educational and occupational perspectives, individuals with autism tend to have worse outcomes than individuals with other disorders, such as intellectual disabilities, specific learning difficulties, speech and language disorders. As a consequence of the lack of investment in this area, there are concerns about accurate screening and diagnosis of adults with autism. The lack of diagnostic tools specifically validated for adults remains a serious methodological challenge for both researchers and clinicians. The aim of the present scoping review is to highlight what emerges in terms of outcomes in the adult autistic population, and how many studies consider the female population. Our results revealed how aspects related to the family, the environment and social policies affect the well-being outcomes of adult autistic individuals. Keywords: Adulthood, Autism; Female autism.

This text was developed with the intention of guaranteeing a comprehensive framework for the interventions that make up this volume. Its aim is to foster a critical orientation on the conditions, policies and institutions involved in the management of cultural heritage for religious communities, specifically in regard to the closure and dismissal of convents and houses of common spiritual life. This contribution considers the phenomenon of closures according to a holistic approach, presen- ting its different aspects and points of view: from that of the external intellectual observer to that in the internal religious community member. The cultural heritage's fate is described as a part of a wider complex phenomenon that involves religious communities, and the civil one, with repercussions on the patrimonial, ecclesial, juridical, and even psychological level of its members. To consider all these arguments, the essay presents a tripartite development. Its first part illustrates the specific characteristics of the cultural heritage of religious communities, taking into particular consideration the interdependence between communities and goods, the relationship between movable and immovable properties, the relationship between tradition and conservation, in the evolution of the ecclesial and canonical concept of cultural heritage. The second paragraph offers a series of statistical data on the presence of consecrated men and women and their homes in Italy, Europe and the rest of the world, with variation rates referring to the last 30 years, assuming as a source the Annuarium Statisticum Ecclesiae. Despite the absence of census data regarding new communities of consecrated life, some considerations are also offered with respect to their presence. In the third part, the institutional subjects who accompany the communities of consecrated life in the paths of disposal and alienation of goods are presented, also underlining their absences, values and meanings that could guide programs and projects of reuse and valorization. ; Questo testo nasce con l'intento di garantire un quadro di unione agli interventi specialistici che compongono il volume, e favorire i presupposti per un orientamento critico sulle condizioni, sulle politiche e sulle istituzioni che intervengono nella gestione dei beni culturali delle comunità di vita consacrata, specialmente in occasione delle chiusure e delle dismissioni di conventi e case di vita comune. Questo contributo considera il fenomeno delle chiusure secondo un approccio olistico, presentandone i diversi aspetti e punti di vista: da quello esterno degli osservatori intellettuali, a quello interno delle stesse comunità religiose. Il destino dei beni culturali è descritto come parte di un fenomeno complesso che coinvolge le comunità religiose e la comunità civile, con riverberi sul piano patrimoniale, ecclesiale, giuridico e anche psicologico. Per misurarsi con l'ampiezza di queste argomentazioni, il testo presenta uno sviluppo tripartito. Nella prima parte si illustrano le specificità proprie dei beni culturali delle comunità di vita consacrata, tenendo in particolare considerazione l'interdipendenza tra comunità e beni, il rapporto tra beni mobili e immobili e la relazione tra tradizione e conservazione, nell'evolversi della concezione ecclesiale e canonica dello stesso concetto di beni culturali. La seconda parte offre un quadro di statistiche circa la presenza dei religiosi, delle religiose e delle loro case in Italia, in Europa e nel Mondo, con indici di variazione riferiti agli ultimi 30 anni, a partire dai dati dell'Annuarium Statisticum Ecclesiae. Pur nell'assenza di rilievi censori, sono offerte anche alcune considerazioni circa gli insediamenti delle nuove comunità di vita consacrata. Nella terza parte si presentano i soggetti istituzionali che accompagnano le comunità di vita consacrata nei percorsi di dismissione e alienazione dei beni, sottolineandone anche le assenze, i valori e i significati che potrebbero orientare programmi e progetti.

Il testo è incentrato su una riflessione intorno agli approcci filosofici che hanno maggiormente influenzato la prospettiva educativa e pedagogica di Paulo Freire e con i cui rappresentanti egli ha intrattenuto un intenso dialogo teorico. È stato notato come la sua lettura delle filosofie europee e nordamericane del Novecento sia stata sempre mediata da un riadattamento alle esperienze e alle problematiche dell'America Latina. Freire s'ispira alla fenomenologia e all'esistenzialismo, traendo da tali filosofie molti elementi che concorrono a configurare la sua teoria della conoscenza e la sua visione del rapporto uomomondo. La sua non è, tuttavia, una lettura pedissequa o dogmatica, ma declinata verso gli 240 obbiettivi del suo approccio pedagogico, che è orientato a sviluppare una compiutezza umana là dove essa sia limitata da situazioni di oppressione e di immersione in contesti inumani. Freire è un pensatore cristiano, nel senso che la spiritualità religiosa ne accompagna il percorso sin dagli esordi, ma anche del cristianesimo coglie soprattutto il messaggio liberatore e rivoluzionario, dialogando in modo intenso con i teologi della liberazione; egli raccoglie, altresì, dal personalismo cristiano, il tema dell'unicità della persona e dell'emergere della sua peculiarità all'interno di un movimento di emancipazione comune. L'autore brasiliano, sin dalla sua opera maggiore, La pedagogia degli oppressi, coglie del marxismo lo schema generale di interpretazione della società, della distribuzione del potere in essa e della divisione in classi. Anche in questo caso, Freire predilige l'afflato utopistico piuttosto che l'indagine strutturale di questa forma di pensiero e anche la sua "adesione" al marxismo è mediata in termini geografici, nel senso che contiene lo sforzo di adattare una visione del mondo nata in Occidente a un contesto ambientale differente, quale quello sudamericano e anche storici, nel senso che si avvale del contributo ispiratore di autori novecenteschi che hanno reinterpretato il marxismo alla luce di nuove esigenze storiche. Tra di essi si dedica particolare attenzione a Gramsci, che influenza la visione freireiana del rapporto tra intellettualità e movimenti sociali e politici. Il profilo marxista dell'opera di Freire appare, tra tutti, quello che ha ispirato maggiormente gli studiosi che ne hanno colto l'eredità, particolarmente gli autori della critical pedagogy negli Stati Uniti. Freire, inoltre, intrattiene un dialogo teorico con la cultura pedagogica americana, attraverso una sua interpretazione del pragmatismo/attivismo di Dewey. L'importanza attuale di un'indagine sulla dimensione più filosofica del pensiero freireiano potrebbe risiedere non tanto e non solo nella riflessione sui contenuti degli approcci a cui egli ha fatto riferimento, ma nella riflessione sulla capacità di raccogliere il messaggio più autenticamente educativo, che in Freire coincide con liberatorio e trasformatore, di ciascuno di essi. Tale messaggio va colto in vista di una nuova stagione storica, nella quale l'oppressione sociale, politica, psicologica si presenta in forme e sfaccettature molto differenti da quelle dell'epoca di Freire e la lotta educativa ad essa, che ha occupato l'impegno esistenziale di questo autore, deve dotarsi di strumenti di lettura e d'intervento inediti. ; The chapter is about Paulo Freire's major influences in terms of proponents he is more likely linked with on a theoretical basis, showing which perspectives played a significant role in the shaping of his educational and pedagogical view. His interpretation of European and North American philosophies of the nineteenth century melts with the experiences and issues of South American history. Freire is remarkably inspired by phenomenology and existentialism, so he draws from these perspectives many aspects that shape his own knowledge theory and his view upon the man-world connection. His view, however, is neither passive nor dogmatic, but pursues the achievement of his pedagogical goals, which tend to human completeness in circumstances of oppression and inhumanity. Paulo Freire is a Christian thinker, in so far as his religious spirituality accompanies him since the beginning, but he draws as well from Christianity first and foremost the liberating and revolutionary message, intensively dialoguing with Liberation theologists; furthermore he gathers from Christian personalism the subject of the individual's uniqueness and the surfacing of their particularity amongst a community emancipating movement. The Brazilian author, since his major text, entitled to The Pedagogy of the Oppressed, draws from Marxism the general interpretation scheme of society, of its internal power arrangement and class division. Here, also, Freire shows how he favours the utopic afflatus to the structural inquiry of this philosophy and his Marxist adhesion, is filtered both through a contextual readjustment and through the inspiring contributions of some Marxists of the nineteenth century like Antonio Gramsci, who greatly influenced Freire's view of the link between intellectuals and social and political movements. The Marxist profile of Freire's oeuvre appears to be, among other aspects, the most inspiring one for his followers, in particular for the critical pedagogy thinkers in the United States. Furthermore, Freire maintains, through his interpretation of Dewey's pragmatism/activism, a deep theoretical dialogue with North American pedagogical culture. The current interest in the philosophical dimension of Freire's thought might lay not as much in the consideration of the contents, as rather in the author's ability to pick up the most authentic pedagogical message of each single approach. This teaching has to be seized in sight of an historical season, in which social, political and psychological oppression displays itself in many forms that are different from the past, and the educational fighting against these must be provided with innovative interpretation and intervention tools.

Study and critical interpretation of the Ugo Foscolo's Epistolary Ugo Foscolo (1778-1827), one of the most interesting authors of Italian literature between the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, lived during a period that was rich in historical events and political upheavals which had inescapable consequences on the ethical and civil role of the artist and simultaneous new fervour in the literary circles with an unprecedented opening towards genres and styles that were capable of attracting and conquering a larger audience than before. But Foscolo also has a strong reference to the classical culture and preceding poetic tradition which examines traverses and modernizes with excellent results. All this reverberates in his Epistolario which deservedly holds our attention for its abundance of finds, meaning in the contents and beautiful aesthetics. Despite being a work that has always been used by "Foscolists" for biographies and documentaries, the Epistolario, has not been examined through a theoretical-critical lens, apart from the beautiful treatise by Paola Ambrosino, which is a unicum in the vast Foscolian library and dates back to the [already] distant past of the Eighties of the previous century. Hence this work titled Studio e interpretazione critica dell' Epistolario di Ugo Foscolo [Study and critical interpretation of the Ugo Foscolo's Epistolary] was started with the intention of highlighting the characteristics of the writings of the genre, the richness of its relations with the work, the variations evidenced in the time frame of its extension (1794-1827) and above all the high literariness which makes it an essential work in the varied Foscolian corpus. Before entering the heart of the research, we have carried out a survey on the results of the most recent epistolography; considered the characteristics of the editorial work that is provided to us for our work and also referred to the sequence of the reconstruction of the Epistolario and the laborious work of the first editors. This corresponds to the chapters from 1.1 to 1.4 of the First Part in the index. Thus, we have organized our work in two phases: In the first part, we organized a classification of the letters (Chap 1.5) and then proceeded with their analysis by class. In particular, we have identified six groups or classes of letters based on the classification criteria of addressee and primary topic (corresponding to the headings of the chapters of the Second Part in the Index): Letters to family (Chapter 2.1), Love letters (Chapter 2.2), Letters to friends (Chapter 2.3), Political and military themed letters (Chapter 2.4), Literary letters (Chapter 2.5), Philosophical letters (Chapter 2.6). In this phase, our task was a thematic, and partly stylistic, study done "horizontally" to underline the ideas, the different aspects of the personality, the psychological-affective tone of the writer in different situations, trying to gather the sentiments, the relationships with the different correspondents and much more as a living experience translated as writings and style of the manner of the recorded communications in the letter. In the second phase of our work, we looked at the Epistolario from a diachronic perspective with regards to a historicist profile, proceeding with a "vertical" rereading of the Foscolian correspondence in continuous and flexible relation with a different society; the arrival of other literary, cultural and political experiences; the intrigue of the dramatic sequence of human events that the author went through. Most importantly, in this phase of the study, as illustrated in the Third Part of the thesis, and with the help of the preceding analysis, we have been able to highlight the intersections and the tangent points of the Epistolario with the elaborate works of Foscolo during his lifetime. It has nonetheless overturned or at least attempted to overturn the usual role of vassalage for which the epistolary and private writings was usually required, from support and illumination to works that were meant to be published. In this case, the letter has remained the principal and undisputed protagonist of the study, threating its relationships with other texts by the author as operations to reveal and evaluate the intrinsic significance. For this we have also give ample space for long, at times extensive, citations of the Foscolian letters, convinced that the richness, the aesthetic value of the epistolary prose of the writer would "directly" document as best and concrete evidence what we proceeded to affirm. The study undertaken, as we have illustrated in the Conclusion of the thesis, has permitted us many historical-critical and interpretative observations, enriched the biographical profile of author with certain interesting notations, explored the physiognomy of the relationships with many of his different correspondents and above all has confirmed the beginning of our belief that Foscolo consciously used the letter as an art form. The Io epistolary of the author tells us of the trajectory of a life which , though short, was tormented and unsettled, dominated by passions and spent to write almost until the last day. He employs a new and unusual art with mastery, that of expressing himself , moving from one subject to the next, guided by a succession of thoughts, an impulse of the heart, the change of emotions, the small interferences while writing. This loses its way, which recalls the Sternian digression of the Sentimental Journey, makes the epistolary passages unexpected and unpredictable but always congruous, perspicuous to structure the text, and re-establish its affective and declaratory character with a powerfulness that conquers the addressee and us readers. The writing is governed by a unique style, where the force of the idea searches for words and this used in its harmonious completeness – words which «say things» never empty never an end to themselves- dominate the world, objects, relationships, situations makes one penetrate the passion, the breath of the soul of the writer. For all this one can discern an essential unitarity; a completeness of meaning and veracity of voice; a historical, literary and aesthetic value; a strong capacity for emotional involvement in the Epistolario which make it a very important catalogue of work in the Foscolian macro text, deserving of further analysis and worthy of a wider circulation amongst the public.