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COVER; quartino; INDICE; Premessa; HANS KELSEN'S GOD AND THE STATE: THE THEORY OF POSITIVE LAW AS METHODOLOGICAL ANARCHISM; "UGUAGLIANZA": QUANTIFICATORE UNIVERSALE?; DWORKIN, COLEMAN E L'IDEA DI "CONVENZIONE"; 'TO RESTORE A COMPLEX UNITY ... RICOEUR WITH AND BEYOND DWORKIN'; LEGAL SHAPES AND EFFECTIVENESS; BIBLIOGRAFIA

Main description: Professor Dr. Dr. h. c. mult. Tilo Schabert beging im November 2007 seinen 65. Geburtstag. Aus diesem Anlass haben ihm renommierte Kollegen aus Europa, Amerika und Asien eine Festschrift zugeeignet. Wie Schabert selbst befassen sie sich mit dem Zusammenhang zwischen dem Persönlichen und dem Politischen, einem Thema, das von den systemtheoretisch orientierten bzw. auf empirische Exaktheit schwörenden Richtungen der Politischen Wissenschaften vernachlässigt wird. Politische und philosophische Theorien treten in einen fruchtbaren Dialog mit der Regierungslehre, wobei insbesondere das Verhältnis von Person und Institution in einem neuen Licht erscheint. Der Band enthält neben theoretischen Reflexionen zum Thema eine Reihe von Einzelstudien. Ihr Gegenstand sind Männer und Frauen der großen Politik, aber auch die Faszination des Politischen, wie sie Dichter und Denker erfahren haben.

Stalking is an extremely complex and widespread phenomenon, which potentially can produce severe psychological, physical and social effects. As a result of legislative labelling and defining attempts, in addition to interventions of psychiatry and scientific context, these behaviors are now known to the general population as well as at the institutional level. The research, which concentrated initially on the analysis of the different ways of running a campaign of persecution as well as on the stalker identity, later shifted its attention to the victim of such conduct. Stalking, infact, defines itself through its effects on the victims and their reactions: because of their distress, anxiety and fear, these behaviors, sometimes only harassing or annoying, become crimes or illicit activities. In a protection and prevention perspective, the study of victimological aspects of persecutory acts is fundamental, in terms of early recognition of risk situations and evaluation of main coping strategies. The authors, through a literature review on the topic, aim to highlight the importance of research in this field, which is still limited, in order to identify appropriate interventions to reduce the negative consequences of the phenomenon and to protect the victims. ; Lo stalking è un fenomeno estremamente complesso e diffuso, potenzialmente in grado di produrre gravi conseguenze psicologiche, fisiche e sociali. In seguito a tentativi di classificazione e di definizione sotto il profilo giuridico, oltre che ad interventi della psichiatria e del mondo scientifico, queste condotte sono oggi note alla popolazione generale così come a livello istituzionale. La ricerca, concentratasi inizialmente sull'analisi delle diverse modalità di esecuzione di una campagna persecutoria oltre che sulla figura dello stalker, ha successivamente spostato la propria attenzione sul soggetto passivo di tali condotte. Lo stalking, infatti, si autodefinisce proprio attraverso gli effetti prodotti sulla vittima e le sue reazioni: sono l'angoscia, il timore e la paura di chi lo subisce che trasformano situazioni talvolta solamente moleste o fastidiose, in veri e propri illeciti o reati. In un'ottica di tutela e di prevenzione, fondamentale risulta lo studio degli aspetti vittimologici degli atti persecutori, in termini di riconoscimento precoce delle situazioni a rischio e di valutazione delle strategie di coping prevalenti. Gli autori, attraverso una rassegna della letteratura sul tema, intendono sottolineare l'importanza della ricerca in questo campo, attualmente ancora limitata, al fine di individuare gli interventi appropriati diretti ad attenuare le conseguenze negative del fenomeno e a tutelare le vittime.

This paper reports the data of an exploratory research conducted with a group of Roman citizens who were asked what they thought about the possibility of assessing the parenting of families considered at risk over the parental expertise. Citizens were interviewed and the interviews were submitted to AET, Emotional Analysis of the Text. Assessing parenting often involves families with internal conflicts. We think the conflict is not only there. Conflicts also cross the theoretical, legal, and political hypotheses, which base the opportunity to intervene within the issues involved in parental evaluation. They are also found in the relationship between families and services. Legal and sociological literature advise the presence of these conflicts and discuss the issues; whereas the psychological and psychiatric one is focused on the application of techniques, whether they are evaluation, psychotherapy, re-education. This perspective does not consider the conflicting complexity which founds the parental evaluation, but it is focused only on the family. We were interested in analysing, in this context, what is the citizens' perception of the evaluation of parenting, who are their potential customers and users; in particular, if and how these conflictual dynamics are perceived by them. After the analysis of the interview, the data outline three cultures. One proposes the traditional Italian family, the feminised family and designated to the care of members in difficulty within the home wall; family today in a strong crisis within processes of change. Another proposes the centrality of the court and the legal culture, founded on evaluations and resolving actions that often can result in child custody actions. These two cultures contrast: when the traditional family is missing, the court appears. There is no counseling which concerns the changes of the family. Psychological and neuropsychiatric counseling agencies do not appear in the data, except for social services, in any case subordinated to the court. A third culture proposes an "ideal" adult, who with balance and reflection skills, has to face a fearful context, but it is an isolated individual, without a relational context of reference. This culture seems to opposite the dissolution of relational contexts – state, organizations, family – to the idealized individual, self-determined and alone. The development of psychological function in the assessment of parenting concerns two aspects: the importance of studying the complexity of the social mandate and the intervention with the conflicting relationships of the family and of all the other actors involved.

The book is offered as a reflection on psychological practice which, with a light touch of self-irony and a easy, flowing language, addresses various significant nodal aspects of the profession. The different chapters, approached in an autobiographical, diarial and critical key, focus analysis of various significant aspects of both the analytic practice and the training of the analyst. Considerable space is devoted, on the one hand to the narration and commentary of the dreams of the author and of his patients, and on the other to the role of politics in the training of those who, like the writer, began working as psychologists in the seventies. Thus the book is aimed both at professionals and students of psychology, and at a broader public which may be curious about who exactly is the person "on the other side of the couch".

Under Nero Roman society faced the First Imperial Crisis: the consequence of an unprecedented power and welfare, which was mainly due to the lack of clear political and cultural guidelines after Augustus' death. Instead of convenientia, or πρέπον, intellectuals privileged novitas and exhibitionism, thereby creating the poetics of the awesome. The more the imperial power went assuming absolutistic and despotic connotations, the less the intellectual's social role and contribution seemed to be worthy of consideration. Therefore, intellectuals suggested a new concept of the man of letters. They focused on the psychological aspects of the human behavior, as in Seneca's case. The possible alternative, consciously adopted by Lucan in Pharsalia, was to commit oneself to a macabre and slander gender of poetry: the expression of a common condition of mind weakness. In this regard, Lucan's stylistic solutions are worth of consideration: via his modus scribendi ardens and concitatus, Lucan expressed his tragic view of reality and diverted from the Roman literary tradition, which lent little space to irrationality. Under Nero there was a revival of philosophical interests, but the traditional philosophies looked not to be any more believable. The persistence of crisis led intellectuals first to passively accept the status quo, then to proudly estrange from the public scenes. With reference to this, Persius' hexameters in Satirae are highly emblematic. ; Sob Nero, a sociedade romana enfrentou sua Primeira Crise Imperial, consequência de um nível de poder e assistencialismo sem precedentes que se deveu sobretudo à falta de diretrizes políticas e culturais bem definidas após a morte de Augusto. Em vez de convenientia ou πρέπον, os intelectuais da época privilegiaram a novitas e o exibicionismo, criando assim a poética do impressionante. Quanto mais o poder imperial foi assumindo conotações absolutistas e despóticas, menos o papel e a contribuição social do intelectual pareceram dignos de consideração. Consequentemente, os intelectuais sugeriram um novo conceito de homem de letras, concentrando-se nos aspectos psicológicos do comportamento humano, como é o caso de Sêneca. A alternativa possível, conscientemente adotada por Lucano na Farsália, foi empenhar-se num gênero de poesia macabro e difamatório: a expressão de uma condição comum de fraqueza mental. Nesse sentido, as soluções estilísticas de Lucano são dignas de consideração: por meio de seu modus scribendi ardens e concitatus, Lucano expressou sua visão trágica da realidade e se desviou da tradição literária romana, que concedia pouco espaço para a irracionalidade. Sob Nero, houve uma renovação do interesse filosófico, mas já não parecia possível acreditar nas filosofias tradicionais. A persistência da crise levou os intelectuais de início a aceitar passivamente o status quo, mas depois passaram a se afastar dignamente da cena pública. Os hexâmetros de Pérsio nas Sátiras são emblemáticos a esse respeito.

It is proposed in this work a methodological premise and a reflection on the problems of effectiveness of the sentence, both the application and the utility and its implementation in prison. Based on the assumption that the penalty should be applied in certain first practice, only dialogue between different sciences criminals (criminal law, criminology, criminal politics) can groped to find a type of sanction that while respecting the constitutional principles, meets the needs of effectiveness and usefulness of sanctions reaction, that the criminal policy in particular puts on the table the issue. The penalty and its implementation must be in touch (and specialize), with the personality of delinquent who lives in a reality evolution continues.The study of delinquent may allow individualization of the exact penalty, adapting to his actual personality and social danger.This is close topical in the current criminal, where dangerous generalizations should be avoided and tolerances facade, since the consummation of certain types criminal is often an expression of certain socio-cultural and geographical segments: this place is essential to analyse and understand how, the criminal sanction, and should be able to converse with his basic values. This is to not ignore the citizen and needs of social defense, so that the policy is not to consider criminal, his dignity and psychological aspects of intellectual, to achieve his real resocialization end rehabilitation. ; In questo lavoro si propone una premessa metodologica e una riflessione sui problemi legati alla effettiva efficacia della pena,sia sotto l'aspetto applicativo che della sua esecuzione e utilità nel carcere. Partendo dal presupposto che la pena deve essere innanzitutto certa ed applicata concretamente,solo il dialogo fra le diverse scienze criminali (diritto penale, criminologia, politica criminale) può tentare di individuare un tipo di sanzione che, nel rispetto dei principi costituzionali, soddisfi le esigenze di effettività e utilità della reazione sanzionatoria, che la politica criminale in particolare pone sul tavolo della questione.La pena e la sua esecuzione, devono quindi essere in contatto (e specializzarsi), con la personalità del delinquente, che vive una realtà in evoluzione continua. Solo lo studio del delinquente può consentire la esatta individualizzazione della pena, adeguandola alla sua effettiva personalità e pericolosità sociale. Questo è di stretta attualità nell'attuale panorama criminale, dove vanno evitate pericolose generalizzazioni e tolleranze di facciata, dato che la consumazione di alcune tipologie delittuose è spesso espressione di determinate fasce socioculturali e geografiche: ciò posto è fondamentale analizzare e capire in che modo la sanzione criminale debba e possa dialogare con i suoi valori di fondo. Ciò al fine di non disinteressarsi del cittadino e delle esigenze di difesa sociale, di modo che la politica criminale non si distacchi dall'uomo, dalla sua dignità e dagli aspetti psico-intellettivi, ai fini di una sua reale risocializzazione e recupero.

This essay discusses the communication of cultural heritage in the digital environment adopting a broad perspective and highlighting the need to understand the deep meaning of the shift from the traditional to the digital environment. Adapting to the digital environment requires more than selecting a format, a procedure or a piece of software: it is a complex process that involves many different elements and changes our cognitive structures. Therefore, this essay explores the psychological, ethical, political and social dimension of communication before focusing on the technical aspects, on the basis of a fundamental assumption: communication of cultural heritage in the digital environment fails if it avoids asking philosophical questions. We need to deal with standards, formats and technologies, but first of all we need models and theories – rather, a multidimensional vision – if we want to succeed in communicating the cultural heritage.

This work analyses the relation between social inequality and health by focusing on the social processes and individual mechanisms that construct it within the area of action of the economic sphere, the cultural sphere and the social and territorial sphere. Within this framework, the body is conceived as a link between the physical, biological and material dimensions and the social, relational and emotional dimensions. At the same time, the proposal is to go beyond the well-known relationship between economic resources/social position and levels of health/life expectation, concentrating on the specific social and psychological dynamics generated by the availability of socio-economic capital. The over-simplified perspective of the social gradient of health is overtaken by an analysis of the relational dimension of the individual and his/her reference groups, and finally by appraising both the individual and collective aspects that can be traced to the social and political context and to the different welfare systems.

The Centre for Handicapped Students was created ten years ago at University "L'Orientale" in Naples according to a previous national law, which obliges universities to offer to students a such service. During the years this Centre has started many projects to help these students, who are not so many, considering that all students of our university reach some 12.000 ones. I have to stress that many of these projects intended to look for money from the national government, regional and local institutions, considering that the Centre, like in most universities, is getting a very small amount of money due to general economical situation of the Country. There is also another aspect besides money shortage, which is a chronicle situation for universities, not only in Italy, the law concerning the creation of this new service in the universities was not considering the fact that small universities with a target on humanities (i.e. without medical or psychological faculties) did not have the personnel to help handicapped people and for this kind of service, even at the front desk, it is necessary to employ trained and specialised personnel. So the continue rush for looking money necessary to go on offering this service, which is a duty imposed to the university by law, but from the other side not sponsored at all adequately. I am going to illustrate a few of these projects, which gave to our students a better university service and a better social university life.

The paper will propose some reflections on the representations of the post-Katrina in When the Levees Broke: A Requiem in Four Acts, a documentary directed by Spike Lee in 2006, and the TV series Treme, written and produced by David Simon and Eric Overmyer (2010-2013); both texts were aired by HBO. The peculiar aspects of the complex and layered trauma experienced by those affected by Katrina emerge in the specificities of the narrativization of the relationship between trauma, the city, and the residents and of the spatialization of trauma that the two texts elaborate. As a collective traumatic experience, Katrina brought together not only psychological and cultural aspects of trauma, but also political, urban, and environmental ones. Both When the Levees Broke and Treme acted not only as mediators of the event and its meanings, but also as political actors in the rebuilding processes. The two texts pointed out how it's possible to read in the landscape and texture of the urban space and intimate places causes and effects of Katrina trauma and from there beginning a journey of healing and shared memories. ; Il contributo intende proporre alcune riflessioni sulla rappresentazione degli effetti dell'uragano Katrina sulla città di New Orleans e sui suoi abitanti nel documentario When the Levees Broke: A Requiem in Four Acts diretto da Spike Lee e trasmesso da HBO (2006) e nella serie Treme creata da David Simon con Eric Overmyer e trasmessa dalla medesima emittente (2010-2013). In particolare ci si soffermerà sulle rappresentazioni del rapporto tra evento traumatico-città-abitanti e sulle modalità di spazializzazione del trauma e formalizzazione dello spazio urbano e dei luoghi. In essi infatti emerge tutta la specificità dell'evento Katrina e della complessa stratificazione del trauma che implica. Un trauma collettivo che tiene insieme dimensioni culturali ma anche pienamente psicologiche individuali, che è insieme trauma politico, ambientale e urbano. Entrambi i testi si collocano come attori dei processi, anche politici, di significazione e risignificazione dell'evento traumatico, rappresentando il passaggio dal trauma al patrimonio traumatico e instaurando un legame con la città che va oltre gli aspetti scenografici agendo attivamente sui processi di ricostruzione. I testi evidenziano come sia nel tessuto cittadino di New Orleans, nella trama urbana e nella specificità della sua storia, che si possono leggere effetti e cause insieme del trauma e contemporaneamente da li ripartire per una rielaborazione e costruzione di nuove memorie condivise.

The recent earthquakes that have affected many small towns in the central and southern Apennines have brought the theme of how to "rebuild" damaged settlements back to the attention of technicians, politicians and, more generally, of the populations concerned.The experiences of reconstruction-post-earthquake Italy in the last fifty years have had very different outcomes among them, not all in a positive way. The choices to be made in these circumstances have objective difficulties, for which it is necessary to establish operative strategies able to go beyond the technical aspects, to provide answers also to instances of an immaterial, psychological, and economic type, etc.The present essay, in retracing and analyzing the story of the town of Aquilonia – which, following the earthquake of the Vulture, in 1930, was rebuilt ex-Novo in another site – addresses the question of the relationship that over time has been established between the new nucleus and the "abandoned town", from the point of view of the populations involved. Terremoto e abbandono: il caso di AquiloniaI recenti terremoti che hanno colpito molti piccoli centri dell'Appennino centrale e meridionale hanno riportato all'attenzione dei tecnici, dei politici e delle popolazioni interessate il tema della 'ricostruzione' degli insediamenti danneggiati.Gli interventi ricostruttivi compiuti in Italia negli ultimi cinquant'anni a seguito di terremoti hanno avuto esiti molto diversi, non tutti valutabili in modo positivo. Le scelte da compiere in queste circostanze presentano difficoltà oggettive per le quali è necessario stabilire strategie operative in grado di andare oltre gli aspetti tecnici, per fornire risposte anche a problematiche di tipo immateriale, psicologico ed economico che le distruzioni conseguenti a forti sismi producono.Il presente saggio, nel ripercorrere e analizzare la storia della città di Aquilonia- che dopo il terremoto del Vulture del luglio del 1930 è stata ricostruita ex-novo in un altro sito - affronta la questione del rapporto che ...

This essay discusses the communication of cultural heritage in the digital environment adopting a broad perspective and highlighting the need to understand the deep meaning of the shift from the traditional to the digital environment. Adapting to the digital environment requires more than selecting a format, a procedure or a piece of software: it is a complex process that involves many different elements and changes our cognitive structures. Therefore, this essay explores the psychological, ethical, political and social dimension of communication before focusing on the technical aspects, on the basis of a fundamental assumption: communication of cultural heritage in the digital environment fails if it avoids asking philosophical questions. We need to deal with standards, formats and technologies, but first of all we need models and theories – rather, a multidimensional vision – if we want to succeed in communicating the cultural heritage. ; Il saggio indaga il tema della comunicazione del patrimonio culturale in ambiente digitale secondo una prospettiva di ampio respiro, evidenziando la necessità di comprendere il significato profondo dello spostamento dall'ambiente tradizionale a quello digitale. Infatti, l'adattamento al digitale non consiste soltanto nella scelta di un formato, di una procedura o di un software: è un processo complesso che coinvolge molti elementi e che muta perfino le nostre strutture cognitive. Per questo motivo, il saggio propone una lettura della dimensione psicologica, etica, politica e sociale – prima ancora che tecnica o di dominio – del tema della comunicazione, sulla base di un assunto fondamentale: la comunicazione del patrimonio culturale in ambiente digitale fallisce il suo obiettivo se evita di porsi domande di natura latamente filosofica. È necessario confrontarsi con standard, formati e tecnologie, ma prima di tutto c'è bisogno di modelli e di teorie – meglio ancora, di una visione multidimensionale – per affrontare con successo la comunicazione del patrimonio culturale.

The paper presents the results of qualitative field research about the phenomenon of NEETs - Not (engaged) in Education, Employment or Training - investigated with the constructivist Grounded Theory methodology. The research, which involved 82 young people aged between 18 and 24 years, began in November 2015 and ended with the analysis of data collected in December 2018. In line with the methodological indications of the constructivist Grounded Theory (GT) (Charmaz, 2000, 2006, 2014), field research was immediately accompanied by open coding, using all that was useful for saturation of the categories.The constant critical reflection, conducted throughout the process of my research, has led to detect and define 3 core categories that are fundamental to the definition of a substantive theory. The permanent orientation emerges as a social need because it promotes and increases the psychological well-being of NEETs. The comparison between the "initial" questions of research and the 3 core categories, conceptually valid, allowed me to start the process of focusing and analyzing the possible correlations. Correlations capable of supporting a scientifically strong definition, for the proposal of a substantive theory, emerging from the three initial questions of the research.1. How do you "selfassess" NEETs with respect to the world of work? Psychological area: to understand the characteristics of the NEET individual. How to contribute to its identity awareness about operating (occupying and acting) a role. To train him/her to reflect on his/her own interests, in accordance with his/her own authentic purposeful Self (Di Fabio, 2014). The question aims to understand how:a) to increase the capacity to make choices (Self confidence in decision making);b) to make them feel/perceive that they are ready (Self efficacy and Self capability);c) to raise the skills to manage problems (Self-empowerment and problem solving).2. How do NEETs live their "condition"? Psychosociological area: to investigate the context and environment of NEETs' life. The answers to this question must allow them to understand what they are, first and foremost:a) the causes to which they attribute their current NEET situation (external/internal);b) the roads they would like to take to move towards work (Self orientation);c) their thoughts and attitudes towards current social policies (active/passive).3. How do you represent the labour market? Sociopsychological area: relationship aspect; ability to stay in relationships. In the answers you want to understand:a) what they thought when they were at school in the world of work (imagination about their own future);b) how their thoughts on the world of work are today compared to those years (alignment to their own reality).c) what knowledge, what information they possess of the working possibilities of their territory (awareness of employment opportunities). Keywords: NEETs, Self-empowerment, purposeful Self, Self orientation, resiliency, decision making. Abstract in italiano Il documento presenta i risultati della ricerca sul campo qualitativa sul fenomeno dei NEET - Non (impegnati) nell'istruzione, nell'occupazione o nella formazione - indagati con la metodologia costruttivista della Grounded Theory. La ricerca, che ha coinvolto 82 giovani di età compresa tra 18 e 24 anni, è iniziata a novembre 2015 e si è conclusa con l'analisi dei dati raccolti a dicembre 2018. In linea con le indicazioni metodologiche della Grounded Theory (Charmaz, 2000, 2006, 2014), la ricerca sul campo è stata immediatamente accompagnata da una codifica aperta, utilizzando tutto ciò che è stato utile per la saturazione delle categorie.La costante riflessione critica, condotta durante tutto il processo della mia ricerca, ha portato a rilevare e definire 3 categorie fondamentali che sono fondamentali per la definizione di una teoria sostanziale. L'orientamento permanente emerge come un'esigenza sociale perché promuove e aumenta il benessere psicologico dei NEET. Il confronto tra le domande "iniziali" della ricerca e le 3 categorie fondamentali, concettualmente valide, mi ha permesso di iniziare il processo di focalizzazione e analisi delle possibili correlazioni. Correlazioni in grado di supportare una definizione scientificamente forte, per la proposta di una teoria sostanziale, che emerge dalle tre domande iniziali della ricerca.1. In che modo NEET "selfassess" rispetto al mondo del lavoro? Area psicologica: comprendere le caratteristiche dell'individuo NEET. Come contribuire alla consapevolezza dell'identità sull'operare (occupare e recitare) un ruolo. Formarlo per riflettere sui propri interessi, in accordo con il proprio Sé autentico e propositivo (Di Fabio, 2014). La domanda mira a capire come:a) aumentare la capacità di fare delle scelte (fiducia in se stessi nel processo decisionale);b) farli sentire / percepire di essere pronti (autoefficacia e capacità di auto);c) aumentare le competenze per gestire i problemi (auto-responsabilizzazione e risoluzione dei problemi).2. In che modo i NEET vivono la loro "condizione"? Area psicosociologica: indagare il contesto e l'ambiente della vita dei NEET. Le risposte a questa domanda devono consentire loro di capire cosa sono, innanzitutto:a) le cause alle quali attribuiscono la loro attuale situazione NEET (esterna / interna);b) le strade che vorrebbero percorrere per spostarsi verso il lavoro (orientamento personale);c) i loro pensieri e atteggiamenti nei confronti delle attuali politiche sociali (attivo / passivo).3. Come rappresenti il mercato del lavoro? Area socio-psicologica: aspetto relazionale; capacità di rimanere in relazione. Nelle risposte che vuoi capire:a) cosa hanno pensato quando erano a scuola nel mondo del lavoro (immaginazione per il proprio futuro);b) come sono oggi i loro pensieri sul mondo del lavoro rispetto a quegli anni (allineamento alla propria realtà).c) quali conoscenze, quali informazioni possiedono delle possibilità di lavoro del loro territorio (consapevolezza delle opportunità di lavoro). Parole chiave:NEETs, orientamento, resilienza, Self efficacy, decision making, Self empowerment, Self orientation. ; The paper presents the results of qualitative field research about the phenomenon of NEETs - Not (engaged) in Education, Employment or Training - investigated with the constructivist Grounded Theory methodology. The research, which involved 82 young people aged between 18 and 24 years, began in November 2015 and ended with the analysis of data collected in December 2018. In line with the methodological indications of the constructivist Grounded Theory (GT) (Charmaz, 2000, 2006, 2014), field research was immediately accompanied by open coding, using all that was useful for saturation of the categories.The constant critical reflection, conducted throughout the process of my research, has led to detect and define 3 core categories that are fundamental to the definition of a substantive theory. The permanent orientation emerges as a social need because it promotes and increases the psychological well-being of NEETs. The comparison between the "initial" questions of research and the 3 core categories, conceptually valid, allowed me to start the process of focusing and analyzing the possible correlations. Correlations capable of supporting a scientifically strong definition, for the proposal of a substantive theory, emerging from the three initial questions of the research.1. How do you "selfassess" NEETs with respect to the world of work? Psychological area: to understand the characteristics of the NEET individual. How to contribute to its identity awareness about operating (occupying and acting) a role. To train him/her to reflect on his/her own interests, in accordance with his/her own authentic purposeful Self (Di Fabio, 2014). The question aims to understand how:a) to increase the capacity to make choices (Self confidence in decision making);b) to make them feel/perceive that they are ready (Self efficacy and Self capability);c) to raise the skills to manage problems (Self-empowerment and problem solving).2. How do NEETs live their "condition"? Psychosociological area: to investigate the context and environment of NEETs' life. The answers to this question must allow them to understand what they are, first and foremost:a) the causes to which they attribute their current NEET situation (external/internal);b) the roads they would like to take to move towards work (Self orientation);c) their thoughts and attitudes towards current social policies (active/passive).3. How do you represent the labour market? Sociopsychological area: relationship aspect; ability to stay in relationships. In the answers you want to understand:a) what they thought when they were at school in the world of work (imagination about their own future);b) how their thoughts on the world of work are today compared to those years (alignment to their own reality).c) what knowledge, what information they possess of the working possibilities of their territory (awareness of employment opportunities). Keywords: NEETs, Self-empowerment, purposeful Self, Self orientation, resiliency, decision making.

Sin dalla sua "scoperta", che potremmo definire recente, l'autismo è stato investigato in differenti aree. Buona parte della ricerca si è concentrata sui segni e sintomi che ne permettono la diagnosi. Gli apporti del mondo scientifico alla lettura dell'autismo sono stati differenti, ad oggi vi sono diverse piste genetiche, neuroscientifiche e psicologiche che, alla luce della complessità, tendono a dare una descrizione dell'autismo o di alcuni suoi aspetti. Ad oggi non vi è una teoria omnicomprensiva di lettura dell'autismo, tuttavia si sta provando ad andare in questa direzione ed il NMIH di Insel ne è un esempio. Sebbene la ricerca abbia prodotto molto nei settori citati, ci confrontiamo con molti meno dati quando indaghiamo l'età adulta. Vi sono due aspetti particolarmente interessanti dell'autismo in età adulta, il primo riguarda la diagnosi in quanto sono tanti i soggetti, soprattutto donne ad alto funzionamento o asperger, che arrivano ad avere una diagnosi nella giovinezza o età adulta. Un altro aspetto interessante, invece, riguarda le aree dell'istruzione, dell'impiego lavorativo, dell'indipendenza ed autonomia nei soggetti adulti autistici. Pertanto, sebbene la gravità dei sintomi dell'autismo e le difficoltà comportamentali tendano a diminuire in media nel tempo, l'età adulta rimane appannaggio del singolo soggetto e della famiglia, senza la presenza di supporti adeguati. Infatti, in termini di prospettive educative e occupazionali post-scolastiche, gli individui con autismo tendono a cavarsela ancora meno bene degli individui con altri disturbi, come disabilità intellettiva, difficoltà specifiche di apprendimento, disturbi della parola e del linguaggio. Inoltre, conseguenza del poco investimento della comunità all'interno di questo ambito, vi sono delle preoccupazioni sullo screening accurato e sulla diagnosi degli adulti. La mancanza di strumenti diagnostici specificamente convalidati per l'uso con gli adulti rimane una seria sfida metodologica sia per i ricercatori che per gli specialisti. Lo scopo della nostra scoping review, è evidenziare quanto emerge in termini di outcomes nella popolazione di autistici adulti, e quanti di questi studi coinvolgono la popolazione femminile. I nostri risultati hanno rivelato quanto aspetti legati alla famiglia, all'ambiente ed alle politiche sociali, influiscano sugli outcomes di benessere dei soggetti autistici adulti. Parole chiave: Età adulta, Autismo, Donne autistiche. ; Since its relatively recent "discovery", autism has been investigated in a number of different scientific areas focusing mainly on the signs and symptoms that allow its diagnosis. To date, a comprehensive theory of autism is still lacking, despite the fact that there are several genetic, neuroscientific and psychological approaches that, in light of the complexity, attempt to provide a description of some of its key features.Although the large amount of research produced in recent years has indeed led to significant insight, data concerning autism in adulthood is scarce. There are two interesting aspects to consider when looking at autism in adulthood. The first concerns the timing of the diagnosis. In fact, there are many individuals, especially women within the high functioning spectrum or Asperger's, who are diagnosed only in mid/late adulthood. The second, concerns the impact on a number of areas such as education, employment, independence and autonomy in autistic adults. Critically, although the severity of autistic symptoms and behavioural difficulties tend to decrease over time, the individual and the family, are often left without adequate supports. Indeed, when looking at post-school educational and occupational perspectives, individuals with autism tend to have worse outcomes than individuals with other disorders, such as intellectual disabilities, specific learning difficulties, speech and language disorders. As a consequence of the lack of investment in this area, there are concerns about accurate screening and diagnosis of adults with autism. The lack of diagnostic tools specifically validated for adults remains a serious methodological challenge for both researchers and clinicians. The aim of the present scoping review is to highlight what emerges in terms of outcomes in the adult autistic population, and how many studies consider the female population. Our results revealed how aspects related to the family, the environment and social policies affect the well-being outcomes of adult autistic individuals. Keywords: Adulthood, Autism; Female autism.