Suchergebnisse

The article examines the state policy in the field of health care in the leading European countries: Sweden, Germany and France. The purpose
of this article is to analyze and systematize the basic organizational and legal foundations of state health policy in the EU and to develop recommendations for improving and reforming the Ukrainian health care system. The research was carried out in terms of the principles of historicism,
objectivity, versatility, complementarity and validity, which created a reliable methodological basis for a comprehensive analysis of the subject. The
work used comparative law, formal law, system-structural, classification method, modelling method, specific statistics, historical law and other
methods of scientific analysis in accordance with the subject of research.
The paper argues that public health policy is unique in each country, and its formation has been influenced by the historical past, political regime, national mentality and other factors. The article emphasizes the need to create a special code of laws in this area in Ukraine during the reform
of the health care system, which will contribute to the quality of legal regulation of relations between patients, health care facilities, insurance companies and the state. The authors believe that one of the further directions of reforming the health care system of Ukraine should first of all be the
introduction of compulsory state health insurance. It is substantiated that insurance should be carried out on a tripartite basis: deductions from the
income of entrepreneurs, deductions from the state budget and insurance premiums. The need to strengthen measures aimed at preventing the
occurrence of the disease has been proved.

The article deals with the definition of the concept of public policy and its delineation with state policy in the context of the criteria of their classifications; an understanding of the essence of public policy in the sense of a single concept of public space is given; Basic characteristics of public policy are provided. The process of formation and formation of public policy in Ukraine is considered. The scientific understanding of the main features of the state, within which public policy unfolds, is carried out. The directions of further researches in the sense of mechanisms of development and realization of public policy are offered. ; У статті розглянуто питання визначення поняття публічної політики та її розмежування з державною політикою в контексті критеріїв їх класифікацій; подано розуміння сутності публічної політики в сенсі єдиного концепту публічного простору; надано базові характеристики публічної політики. Аналізується процес становлення та формування публічної політики в Україні. Здійснено наукове осмислення основних ознак держави, в межах якої реалізується публічна політика. Запропоновано напрями подальших досліджень у сенсі механізмів вироблення та реалізації публічної політики.

The article deals with the definition of the concept of public policy and its delineation with state policy in the context of the criteria of their classifications; an understanding of the essence of public policy in the sense of a single concept of public space is given; Basic characteristics of public policy are provided. The process of formation and formation of public policy in Ukraine is considered. The scientific understanding of the main features of the state, within which public policy unfolds, is carried out. The directions of further researches in the sense of mechanisms of development and realization of public policy are offered. ; У статті розглянуто питання визначення поняття публічної політики та її розмежування з державною політикою в контексті критеріїв їх класифікацій; подано розуміння сутності публічної політики в сенсі єдиного концепту публічного простору; надано базові характеристики публічної політики. Аналізується процес становлення та формування публічної політики в Україні. Здійснено наукове осмислення основних ознак держави, в межах якої реалізується публічна політика. Запропоновано напрями подальших досліджень у сенсі механізмів вироблення та реалізації публічної політики.

Problem setting. Public policy is a complex phenomenon, because a number of actors are involved in its formation and implementation. The basis of this mechanism of publicity is the development of joint decisions by all participants in the public sphere and the search for compromises. In our opinion, such a mechanism is the basis of publicity of the policy itself as a phenomenon, because it provides openness, transparency of coordination of interests of different actors and the implementation of compromise solutions. At the same time, the theoretical foundations of public policy require constant analysis of new approaches to the principles of public policy by foreign and domestic scholars, study of features and components of this concept, their relationship and combination, highlighting the importance and role of theoretical justification of public policy in general. These questions are not so simple, because they require the study and analysis of a number of scientific papers. Recent research and publications analysis. Among the authors who have made the greatest achievements in the study of public policy are J.Anderson, P. Knopfel, H. Arendt, E. Arato, R. Dahl, H. Colebetch, J. Dewey, P. Durand, J. Keane, J. March, P. Mueller, L. Paul, K. Patton, J. Richardson, D. Savitsky, G. Simon, J. Habermas and others. Among Ukrainian scientists – S.Teleshun, O. Demyanchuk, I.Reyterovych, A. Kolodiy, V. Tertychka and others. Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. Currently, there are several hundred definitions of "public policy" in the scientific literature, but due to differences in approaches to the essence and components of key actors, they are very different from each other, which complicates their use for specific political systems, such as public policy analysis. Of Ukraine. In our opinion, this needs to be considered and analyzed in detail because of its weight and importance, as Ukraine is still in the process of building its own public policy on democratic principles and needs to be completely separated from the communist legacy of the Soviet Union. The aim of the article is to analyze the main approaches to the theoretical foundations of public policy by foreign and domestic scholars, study the features and components of this concept, their relationship and combination, highlighting the importance and role of theoretical justification of public policy in general. Paper main body. The scientific novelty lies in the substantiation of the importance for public policy of the presence of clearly defined goals of public policy, its continuity, the role of the processes of interaction of its actors. The interaction of public policy actors is not a simple coordinated clockwork, but rather a symphony, where each violin plays its part, echoing, competing with others, but - in the end, we hear a continuous melody consisting of the sums of instrumental parts, and identify and trace the role each individual without a score (hint) is almost impossible. After the proclamation of Ukraine's independence and the start of state-building democracy, the study of public policy began in Ukraine. Representatives of the National Academy of Public Administration [3; Art. 5]. emphasize that public policy is a form of political process that is implemented in public space, supported by information and communication resources and represented by a set of transparent vertical and horizontal interactions of its participants. In our opinion, this definition most accurately reflects the essence of public policy, but it may be appropriate to add to the definition a clarification of its direction. Public policy can be defined as a form of political process that is implemented in public space with the support of information and communication resources, is a complex set of transparent vertical and horizontal interactions of its participants, acting within their own statutory powers, and aimed at solving certain socially important problems or achieving the goal in specific historical conditions and economic and political situation by influencing the behavior of actors. At the same time, public policy goals must be clearly defined and have criteria for assessing their achievement in the near and distant future. It should be as transparent as possible, logically intertwined with the system of social life and become part of the overall development plan of the state, characterized by continuity and ability to transform at any stage to make adjustments, increase efficiency and achieve the most socially significant goal. Public policy is a complex and multi-elemental phenomenon, which is openly formed by agreeing and finding compromises by the main actors in the public sphere. Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies: 1.Public policy is a form of political process that is implemented in public space with the support of information and communication resources, is a complex set of transparent vertical and horizontal interactions of its participants, acting within their own statutory powers, and aimed at solving certain socially important problems or achieving the goal in specific historical conditions and economic and political situation by influencing the behavior of actors. Public policy objectives must be clearly defined and have clear criteria for assessing their achievement in the near and distant The implementation of public policy can be directed as a reaction to the requests of citizens or the emergence of a certain social problem, which is primarily public rather than Public policy can also be a response to a public issue that reflects the social situation (as amended) and that has been set out by mediators and then discussed in a democratic way. Or, in response to political inquiries or demands made to public authorities by other actors, officials decide whether or not to take any action to address certain issues, which sets the content and direction of public policy. The components of public policy usually include solutions to public problems, target groups as the basis of public problems, intended intentions, a number of decisions and actions, intervention program, the key role of public figures, formalized acts, more or less coercive nature of decisions and ; Розглянено та проаналізовано підходи до визначення теоретичних засад публічної політики, особливості та складові елементи публічної політики, їх взаємозв'язок, поєднання, значення та роль для публічної політики. Зазначено, що публічна політика є складним та багатоелементним явищем, яке відкрито формується шляхом узгодження та пошуку компромісів основними акторами публічної сфери. Узагальнено, що публічну політику можна визначити як форму політичного процесу, який реалізується в публічному просторі за підтримки інформаційно-комунікаційних ресурсів, є складним комплексом прозорих вертикальних та горизонтальних взаємодій його учасників, які діють у рамках власних законодавчо визначених повноважень, і спрямований на вирішення певних суспільно важливих проблем чи досягнення визначеної мети в конкретно взятих історичних умовах та економіко-політичній ситуації шляхом впливу на поведінку акторів.

Problem setting. The key task of the state is the harmonization of regional, inter-regional and national interests, taking into account the positive world practice. This approach foresees, first of all, the introduction of the principle of subsidiarity, equal rights and responsibility of the center and regions for the socio-economic development of the country. Given the current realities, the need to develop an effective public regional policy by building a transparent system of public administration, creating a viable professional civil service institute, moving away from a centralized model of government in the state, ensuring the capacity of local self-government and building an effective system of territorial organization of government are actualized.Recent research and publications analysis. In scientific works of Ukrainian scientists are investigated methodological, economic, legal bases of the state policy of regional development, the problematic aspects of its formation and realization are analyzed.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problems Despite the interest of scientists in this field, concretization and thorough analysis require the development of effective mechanisms for implementation of state regional development policy, substantiation of directions for optimization of regional policy through the implementation of strategic planning practices, etc.Paper main body. According to the defined normative principles, the implementation of public regional policy is carried out on the basis of a system of interrelated documents, including, in particular, the Sustainable Development Strategy "Ukraine 2020", the State Strategy for Regional Development of Ukraine; Plan of measures for implementation of the State Strategy for Regional Development of Ukraine regional development strategies; action plans for implementing regional development strategies; investment programs (projects) aimed at regional development.Public regional development policy should be based on a clear and well-defined definition of priorities and strategies for regional development; increasing the effectiveness of state support mechanisms; promotion of cross-border and inter-regional links; infrastructure development; training of regional development specialists; stimulating the development of depressed regions through the mechanisms of budgetary, tax, price, monetary, innovation and investment policies; formation of the financial base of regional authorities; introduction of territorial tax capacity coefficients; encouraging savings for shaping the investment potential of the regions.The main directions of state support of socio-economic development of regions are: development and implementation of programs of state support of socio-economic development of individual regions and territories; implementation of sectoral programs, which provide for the allocation of funds for the support of designated territories and social protection of their population; regulation of intergovernmental relations.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. Public regional policy must be, above all, development policy. With this in mind, priority is given to the development of measures and instruments aimed not at directly addressing social problems but at unlocking the economic potential of territories, increasing their productivity, local business profitability and income levels. This will, in turn, create the conditions for an overall increase in social standards, quality of life and improvement of the business environment.Improvement of public policy mechanisms for regional development should be achieved by stimulating and supporting local initiatives to make effective use of the regions' internal potential; formation of competitiveness of regions; optimizing the practice of promoting interregional integration; the use of effective tools to represent the interests of regions (territorial communities) at the national level. ; Розглянуто сутність та принципи регіональної політики як ключової складової політики держави. Проаналізовано особливості реалізації політики регіонального розвитку на сучасному етапі. Акцентовано увагу на важливості стратегічного планування як дієвого інструменту розвитку регіону. Обґрунтовано ключові напрями оптимізації механізмів здійснення публічної політики регіонального розвитку.

Problem setting. The key task of the state is the harmonization of regional, inter-regional and national interests, taking into account the positive world practice. This approach foresees, first of all, the introduction of the principle of subsidiarity, equal rights and responsibility of the center and regions for the socio-economic development of the country. Given the current realities, the need to develop an effective public regional policy by building a transparent system of public administration, creating a viable professional civil service institute, moving away from a centralized model of government in the state, ensuring the capacity of local self-government and building an effective system of territorial organization of government are actualized.Recent research and publications analysis. In scientific works of Ukrainian scientists are investigated methodological, economic, legal bases of the state policy of regional development, the problematic aspects of its formation and realization are analyzed.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problems Despite the interest of scientists in this field, concretization and thorough analysis require the development of effective mechanisms for implementation of state regional development policy, substantiation of directions for optimization of regional policy through the implementation of strategic planning practices, etc.Paper main body. According to the defined normative principles, the implementation of public regional policy is carried out on the basis of a system of interrelated documents, including, in particular, the Sustainable Development Strategy "Ukraine 2020", the State Strategy for Regional Development of Ukraine; Plan of measures for implementation of the State Strategy for Regional Development of Ukraine regional development strategies; action plans for implementing regional development strategies; investment programs (projects) aimed at regional development.Public regional development policy should be based on a clear and well-defined definition of priorities and strategies for regional development; increasing the effectiveness of state support mechanisms; promotion of cross-border and inter-regional links; infrastructure development; training of regional development specialists; stimulating the development of depressed regions through the mechanisms of budgetary, tax, price, monetary, innovation and investment policies; formation of the financial base of regional authorities; introduction of territorial tax capacity coefficients; encouraging savings for shaping the investment potential of the regions.The main directions of state support of socio-economic development of regions are: development and implementation of programs of state support of socio-economic development of individual regions and territories; implementation of sectoral programs, which provide for the allocation of funds for the support of designated territories and social protection of their population; regulation of intergovernmental relations.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. Public regional policy must be, above all, development policy. With this in mind, priority is given to the development of measures and instruments aimed not at directly addressing social problems but at unlocking the economic potential of territories, increasing their productivity, local business profitability and income levels. This will, in turn, create the conditions for an overall increase in social standards, quality of life and improvement of the business environment.Improvement of public policy mechanisms for regional development should be achieved by stimulating and supporting local initiatives to make effective use of the regions' internal potential; formation of competitiveness of regions; optimizing the practice of promoting interregional integration; the use of effective tools to represent the interests of regions (territorial communities) at the national level. ; Розглянуто сутність та принципи регіональної політики як ключової складової політики держави. Проаналізовано особливості реалізації політики регіонального розвитку на сучасному етапі. Акцентовано увагу на важливості стратегічного планування як дієвого інструменту розвитку регіону. Обґрунтовано ключові напрями оптимізації механізмів здійснення публічної політики регіонального розвитку.

The article examines the influence of online practices of interaction between state power and civil society on the process of public policy formation on the example of the transition systems of Lithuania and Ukraine.It is determined that the introduction of online practices in public policy in Lithuania provides for the modernization of the public administration process in accordance with the new conditions of institutional development; contributes to increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of institutions of government and the state; conditions are created for open and transparent public administration, as well as the possibility of sustainable feedback between government and business and citizens.It was found that Ukraine is actively involved in the interactive process, which can be attributed to the positive effects of institutionalization of public policy. The introduction of electronic technologies in the field of public administration and the expansion of information space allows public authorities not only to provide better services, but also to decentralize, while strengthening horizontal links between the bureaucratic system, strengthen feedback between government officials and citizens and have in order to ensure constant adjustment of the activities of the authorities taking into account the wishes and requests of the population.The tendencies of institutionalization of public policy practices in the online space are clarified, the specifics of the virtual activity of actors in the public space and the degree of their influence on politics are revealed. It is proved that new information technologies web 2.0 and web 3.0 changed the practice of social communication in general and public policy in particular, led to the emergence of new interactive institutional forms of cooperation, which expanded the public space and complicated the management system. It is noted that the level of e-government development, which ensures active public participation in public administration, is of great importance in building public policy "from the bottom up". Online tools have given impetus to the inclusion of new mechanisms of networking – for both traditional actors and newcomers, created conditions for the inclusion of more citizens in the political process, provided platforms for communication, led to new innovative institutionalized forms of partnership between civil society and government, filled new ideological content of public policy. ; У статті досліджено вплив оnline практик взаємодії державної влади та громадянського суспільства на процес формування публічної політики на прикладі перехідних систем Литви та України.Визначено, що впровадження у публічну політику оnline-практик у Литві забезпечує модернізацію процесу державного управління відповідно до нових умов інституціонального розвитку; сприяє підвищенню ефективності і дієвості інститутів влади та держави; створюються умови для відкритого і прозорого державного управління, а також створюється можливість стійкого зворотного зв'язку між владою та бізнесом і громадянами.Виявлено, що Україна активно включилася в інтерактивний процес, що можна віднести до позитивних ефектів інституціоналізації публічної політики. Впровадження електронних технологій у сфери публічного управління і розширення інформаційного простору дозволяє державним органам не лише надавати більш якісні послуги, а й провести децентралізацію, одночасно зміцнюючи горизонтальні зв'язки між ланками бюрократичної системи, посилюють зворотний зв'язок між представниками органів влади та громадянами і мають на меті забезпечувати постійне коригування діяльності органів влади з урахуванням побажань і запитів населення.З'ясовано тенденції інституціоналізації практик публічної політики в оnline-просторі, розкрита специфіка віртуальної діяльності акторів у публічному просторі та ступінь їх впливу на політику. Доведено, що нові інформаційні технології web 2.0 і web 3.0 змінили практику соціального спілкування в цілому і публічну політику зокрема, привели до появи нових інтерактивних інституціональних форм співпраці, що розширило публічний простір і ускладнило систему управління. Зазначено, що вагоме значення в побудові публічної політики "знизу-вверх" чинить рівень розвитку електронного врядування, яке забезпечує активну участь громадськості в державному управлінні. Оnline-інструменти дали поштовх включенню нових механізмів мережевої взаємодії – як для традиційних акторів, так і для новопосталих, створили умови включення більшої кількості громадян до політичного процесу, забезпечили майданчики для комунікації, призвели до появи нових інноваційних інституціоналізованих форм партнерства громадянського суспільства й влади, наповнили новим ідейним змістом публічну політику.

The article examines the influence of online practices of interaction between state power and civil society on the process of public policy formation on the example of the transition systems of Lithuania and Ukraine.It is determined that the introduction of online practices in public policy in Lithuania provides for the modernization of the public administration process in accordance with the new conditions of institutional development; contributes to increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of institutions of government and the state; conditions are created for open and transparent public administration, as well as the possibility of sustainable feedback between government and business and citizens.It was found that Ukraine is actively involved in the interactive process, which can be attributed to the positive effects of institutionalization of public policy. The introduction of electronic technologies in the field of public administration and the expansion of information space allows public authorities not only to provide better services, but also to decentralize, while strengthening horizontal links between the bureaucratic system, strengthen feedback between government officials and citizens and have in order to ensure constant adjustment of the activities of the authorities taking into account the wishes and requests of the population.The tendencies of institutionalization of public policy practices in the online space are clarified, the specifics of the virtual activity of actors in the public space and the degree of their influence on politics are revealed. It is proved that new information technologies web 2.0 and web 3.0 changed the practice of social communication in general and public policy in particular, led to the emergence of new interactive institutional forms of cooperation, which expanded the public space and complicated the management system. It is noted that the level of e-government development, which ensures active public participation in public administration, is of great importance in building public policy "from the bottom up". Online tools have given impetus to the inclusion of new mechanisms of networking – for both traditional actors and newcomers, created conditions for the inclusion of more citizens in the political process, provided platforms for communication, led to new innovative institutionalized forms of partnership between civil society and government, filled new ideological content of public policy. ; У статті досліджено вплив оnline практик взаємодії державної влади та громадянського суспільства на процес формування публічної політики на прикладі перехідних систем Литви та України.Визначено, що впровадження у публічну політику оnline-практик у Литві забезпечує модернізацію процесу державного управління відповідно до нових умов інституціонального розвитку; сприяє підвищенню ефективності і дієвості інститутів влади та держави; створюються умови для відкритого і прозорого державного управління, а також створюється можливість стійкого зворотного зв'язку між владою та бізнесом і громадянами.Виявлено, що Україна активно включилася в інтерактивний процес, що можна віднести до позитивних ефектів інституціоналізації публічної політики. Впровадження електронних технологій у сфери публічного управління і розширення інформаційного простору дозволяє державним органам не лише надавати більш якісні послуги, а й провести децентралізацію, одночасно зміцнюючи горизонтальні зв'язки між ланками бюрократичної системи, посилюють зворотний зв'язок між представниками органів влади та громадянами і мають на меті забезпечувати постійне коригування діяльності органів влади з урахуванням побажань і запитів населення.З'ясовано тенденції інституціоналізації практик публічної політики в оnline-просторі, розкрита специфіка віртуальної діяльності акторів у публічному просторі та ступінь їх впливу на політику. Доведено, що нові інформаційні технології web 2.0 і web 3.0 змінили практику соціального спілкування в цілому і публічну політику зокрема, привели до появи нових інтерактивних інституціональних форм співпраці, що розширило публічний простір і ускладнило систему управління. Зазначено, що вагоме значення в побудові публічної політики "знизу-вверх" чинить рівень розвитку електронного врядування, яке забезпечує активну участь громадськості в державному управлінні. Оnline-інструменти дали поштовх включенню нових механізмів мережевої взаємодії – як для традиційних акторів, так і для новопосталих, створили умови включення більшої кількості громадян до політичного процесу, забезпечили майданчики для комунікації, призвели до появи нових інноваційних інституціоналізованих форм партнерства громадянського суспільства й влади, наповнили новим ідейним змістом публічну політику.

Стаття присвячена дослідженню державної політики регулювання ризику в країнах ЄС. В статті виокремлено питання (етапи) регулювання ризиків, здібності ефективного державного управління та бар'єри, які заважають ефективній оцінці ризику при прийнятті рішень. ; The article investigates the state policy of risk management in the EU. The article highlights the issues (stages) risk management capacity of good governance and the barriers to effective risk assessment in decision-making.

Problem setting. The COVID-19 pandemic, global quarantine, quarantine restrictions created the conditions for society to react quickly. Digital technologies are now being used more intensively, and the public administration sector is no exception. At the same time, the country's development requires systematic strategic and tactical decisions that will accelerate the introduction of modern digital technologies in all spheres of Ukrainian society, also forming and implementation of public policy at various levels of government. The analysis of recent researches and publications. Problems of digital society are studied by such Ukrainian scientists as O.Klepanchuk, O.Petryk, S.Lisovsky, S.Romanyuk, L.Rudenko (the emphasis – achieving by Ukraine the goals of sustainable development, where the development of the digital society is considered as one of the tools); issues of implementation of e-government and e-democracy are studied by A.Emelyanova, S.Loboyko, O.Maevska, A.Semenchenko, V.Dreshpak; research on the implementation of public policy in a particular area, including in the field of justice and the provision of administrative services, are among the research interests of Y.Starylov, J.Sobko, I.Markvych and others. Among foreign researchers, these issues are being investigated by C. Emmanuelli, N. Jain, N. Maechler, D.Malfara etc. Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem: the main contradictions, trends, problems and prospects for the provision of digital public services, based on the conditions created by the COVID-19 pandemic, namely – the application of quarantine restrictions; influence of digitalization on the public policy forming in Ukraine. Paper main body. The article analyzes the problems inherent in modern Ukrainian society in connection with the rapid digitalization processes, that have taken place over the past year. The influence of digitalization on the forming and implementation of public policy is considered on the example of the activity of the Ministry of justice of Ukraine. Based on the results of a survey of civil servants and local government officials conducted by the author, the main trends, problems and prospects for providing public services online are identified. 2020 turned out to be the crisis year for all mankind on the one hand, and on the other hand – it encouraged the rapid development of certain industries, including the field of digital transformation. In public administration, this has been embodied in promoting the use of digital services and governance platforms. In the direction of forming and implementation of justice state policy main efforts are aimed at building online interaction between citizens and the state, reducing the number of paper documents, more efficient administration of open state registers, ensuring control at each step of citizens' appeals, reducing corruption risks. minimization of the human factor in the processes of providing administrative services. The author conducted the survey among students of the Lviv Regional Institute for Public Administration of the National Academy for Public Administration under the President of Ukraine on the provision of administrative services online. 66 applicants from eight regions of Ukraine were involved in the survey. The question was asked: what hinders the development of administrative services online? Among the answers, the most common are (in order from most popular to least): low technical literacy of service consumers; technical unpreparedness of networks; unpreparedness of the citizens; unpreparedness of officials; insecurity of the information processed; lack of habit to use online; distrust to the state. Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. Contradictions of the digital society development in Ukraine include: the digital divide (the gap in the level of digital equipment); technological unemployment; digital dependence and digital control; digital opportunities for crime; unlimited digital space and its content; the need for large-scale efforts and resources to address the digital space, and needs will only increase; unavailability of information created by bodies-not information managers; form of obtaining information, information is created or obtained in a form unsuitable for machine processing; method of information processing – non-interoperability of data sets from different managers. Among the factors that will determine digitalization processes on the public policy forming in Ukraine, we consider: increasing the technical literacy of service consumers; improving the technical readiness of networks; work with the population to promote the tools of consumption of administrative services online; training of officials to work in the digital space; taking measures to protect information held by the authorities; forming the habit of using online in the field of forming and implementation the public policy; increasing the level of trust to the state. ; Проаналізовано проблеми, притаманні сучасному суспільству у зв'язку зі стрімкими процесами діджиталізації, що відбулися за останній рік. На прикладі діяльності органів юстиції розглянено впливи діджиталізації на формування і реалізацію публічної політики. Базуючись на результатах анкетування державних службовців та посадових осіб місцевого самоврядування, які були проведені автором, визначено основні тенденції, проблеми і перспективи надання публічних послуг он-лайн. Крізь призму готовності надавати та споживати публічні послуги он-лайн вивчено вплив процесів діджиталізації на формування публічної політики.

Problem setting. The COVID-19 pandemic, global quarantine, quarantine restrictions created the conditions for society to react quickly. Digital technologies are now being used more intensively, and the public administration sector is no exception. At the same time, the country's development requires systematic strategic and tactical decisions that will accelerate the introduction of modern digital technologies in all spheres of Ukrainian society, also forming and implementation of public policy at various levels of government. The analysis of recent researches and publications. Problems of digital society are studied by such Ukrainian scientists as O.Klepanchuk, O.Petryk, S.Lisovsky, S.Romanyuk, L.Rudenko (the emphasis – achieving by Ukraine the goals of sustainable development, where the development of the digital society is considered as one of the tools); issues of implementation of e-government and e-democracy are studied by A.Emelyanova, S.Loboyko, O.Maevska, A.Semenchenko, V.Dreshpak; research on the implementation of public policy in a particular area, including in the field of justice and the provision of administrative services, are among the research interests of Y.Starylov, J.Sobko, I.Markvych and others. Among foreign researchers, these issues are being investigated by C. Emmanuelli, N. Jain, N. Maechler, D.Malfara etc. Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem: the main contradictions, trends, problems and prospects for the provision of digital public services, based on the conditions created by the COVID-19 pandemic, namely – the application of quarantine restrictions; influence of digitalization on the public policy forming in Ukraine. Paper main body. The article analyzes the problems inherent in modern Ukrainian society in connection with the rapid digitalization processes, that have taken place over the past year. The influence of digitalization on the forming and implementation of public policy is considered on the example of the activity of the Ministry of justice of Ukraine. Based on the results of a survey of civil servants and local government officials conducted by the author, the main trends, problems and prospects for providing public services online are identified. 2020 turned out to be the crisis year for all mankind on the one hand, and on the other hand – it encouraged the rapid development of certain industries, including the field of digital transformation. In public administration, this has been embodied in promoting the use of digital services and governance platforms. In the direction of forming and implementation of justice state policy main efforts are aimed at building online interaction between citizens and the state, reducing the number of paper documents, more efficient administration of open state registers, ensuring control at each step of citizens' appeals, reducing corruption risks. minimization of the human factor in the processes of providing administrative services. The author conducted the survey among students of the Lviv Regional Institute for Public Administration of the National Academy for Public Administration under the President of Ukraine on the provision of administrative services online. 66 applicants from eight regions of Ukraine were involved in the survey. The question was asked: what hinders the development of administrative services online? Among the answers, the most common are (in order from most popular to least): low technical literacy of service consumers; technical unpreparedness of networks; unpreparedness of the citizens; unpreparedness of officials; insecurity of the information processed; lack of habit to use online; distrust to the state. Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. Contradictions of the digital society development in Ukraine include: the digital divide (the gap in the level of digital equipment); technological unemployment; digital dependence and digital control; digital opportunities for crime; unlimited digital space and its content; the need for large-scale efforts and resources to address the digital space, and needs will only increase; unavailability of information created by bodies-not information managers; form of obtaining information, information is created or obtained in a form unsuitable for machine processing; method of information processing – non-interoperability of data sets from different managers. Among the factors that will determine digitalization processes on the public policy forming in Ukraine, we consider: increasing the technical literacy of service consumers; improving the technical readiness of networks; work with the population to promote the tools of consumption of administrative services online; training of officials to work in the digital space; taking measures to protect information held by the authorities; forming the habit of using online in the field of forming and implementation the public policy; increasing the level of trust to the state. ; Проаналізовано проблеми, притаманні сучасному суспільству у зв'язку зі стрімкими процесами діджиталізації, що відбулися за останній рік. На прикладі діяльності органів юстиції розглянено впливи діджиталізації на формування і реалізацію публічної політики. Базуючись на результатах анкетування державних службовців та посадових осіб місцевого самоврядування, які були проведені автором, визначено основні тенденції, проблеми і перспективи надання публічних послуг он-лайн. Крізь призму готовності надавати та споживати публічні послуги он-лайн вивчено вплив процесів діджиталізації на формування публічної політики.

The article considers the problems in change of the content and character of public policy because of distribution of modern information technologies. The author includes of some functions of traditional media, and also necessity of formation of qualitatively new forms of socio-political interaction at the basis of horizontal network communications on the list of such problems. According to the author, Public Policy Online became today an objective reality, and thus demands respectful attention of the basic participants of modern political process. Formation of political resonance is an important element of modern Online-publicity and creates essentially new possibilities for the state's policy-making of in modern conditions. ; В статье автором рассматриваются проблемы изменения содержания и характера публичной политики вследствие распространения современных информационных технологий. В число таких проблем автор включает исчерпание ряда функций традиционных медиа, а также необходимость формирования качественно новых форм социально-политического взаимодействия на базе горизонтальных сетевых связей. По мнению автора, публичная политика Online стала сегодня объективной реальностью и требует к себе соответствующего внимания основных участников современного политического процесса. Формирование политических резонансов является важным элементом современной Online-публичности и создает принципиально новые возможности для формирования политики государства в современных условиях.

The article considers the current state of education in Ukraine, outlines trends and prospects for its development in terms of modernization and integration into the European educational space. The legal aspects of the state policy in the field of education are analyzed, taking into account the provisions of the doctrine, updated provisions of the legislation and development strategies. Legislative projections of the implementation of the reform of the education system in Ukraine in the context of trends in updating the legislation in the field of education, in particular the adopted new laws "On Higher Education" and "On Education" are highlighted. At the same time, the authors focus on legislative initiatives to reform higher legal education, analyze the problems that exist in this area, approaches to their solution, in particular in the context of international standards, constitutional guarantees and provisions of national legislation. An analysis of the draft laws "On Legal (Legal) Education and General Access to the Legal Profession" (№ № 7147, 7147-1) and the draft Concept of Legal Education Development, published on the website of the Verkhovna Rada Committee on Education, Science and Innovation. The conclusion is made about. that the quality of higher legal education in Ukraine can be radically changed only through the consistent, purposeful implementation of an innovative model of education, through the practical implementation of standards and reform of legal education in Ukraine. Measures aimed at improving higher legal education are outlined, including: reducing the excessive number of higher education institutions that train lawyers; strengthening the practical training of graduates; paying attention to in-depth study of foreign languages; promoting internships for higher legal education in public authorities, courts, notaries, prosecutors, lawyers and other legal entities; high-quality training of scientific and pedagogical staff, which would cover not only a high level of competence, but also the will to innovate, the use of modern methods of education, multimedia, the desire to improve themselves. ; У статті розглянуто сучасний стан освіти в Україні, окреслено тенденції та перспективи її розвитку в умовах модернізації та інтеграції в європейський освітній простір. Проаналізовано правові аспекти державної політики у сфері освіти з урахуванням положень доктрини, оновлених положень законодавства та стратегій розвитку. Висвітлено законодавчі проєкції реалізації реформи системи освіти в Україні в контексті тенденцій оновлення законодавства у сфері освіти, зокрема ухвалених нових законів «Про вищу освіту» та «Про освіту». Водночас автори зосереджують увагу на законодавчих ініціативах реформування вищої юридичної освіти, аналізують проблеми в цій сфері, підходи щодо їх вирішення, зокрема в контексті міжнародних стандартів, конституційних гарантій та положень національного законодавства. Проведено аналіз законопроєктів «Про юридичну (правничу) освіту і загальний доступ до правничої професії» (реєстр. № № 7147, 7147-1) та проєкту Концепції розвитку юридичної освіти, оприлюдненого на сайті Комітету Верховної Ради з питань освіти, науки та інновацій. Зроблено висновок про те, що докорінно змінити якість вищої юридичної освіти в Україні можна лише шляхом послідовного, цілеспрямованого впровадження інноваційної моделі освіти, через практичну реалізацію стандартів і реформування юридичної освіти в Україні. Окреслено заходи, спрямовані на поліпшення вищої юридичної освіти, серед яких: зменшення надмірної кількість закладів вищої освіти, що готують правників; посилення практичної підготовки випускників; приділення уваги поглибленому вивченню іноземних мов; сприяння проходженню здобувачами вищої юридичної освіти стажування в органах державної влади, судах, в органах нотаріату, прокуратури, адвокатури й інших юридичних особах; якісна підготовка науково-педагогічних кадрів, що охоплювала б не тільки високий рівень компетентності, а й волю до інноваційної діяльності, використання сучасних методів освіти, мультимедійних засобів, бажання самовдосконалюватися.

The subject of the study is the current model of formation and implementation of public policy in Russia. The purpose of this article is to analyze and develop a detailed description of the main distinguishing features of this model and to identify the factors that caused them. At the same time the author focuses on the political and cultural factor as the fundamental basis of the national model of public policy in any country. Among other components of the national model of public policy the institutional center for the adoption of political decisions, the features of the system of representation of interests, and the technology for making political decisions are singled out. Primary data were obtained as a result of an in-depth expert questionnaire as well as a focus-group interview.The article gives a detailed description of the Russian political culture, especially the perception by citizens of the main institutions of the political system (the state and its key institutions, political parties, socio-political organizations, etc.). At the same time, the author relies both on the results of previous studies in this area and on the latest data from Russian Public Opinion Research Center. The analysis of the peculiarities of citizens' perception of the main political institutions made it possible to draw a conclusion about their direct connection with the specifics of the domestic system of political representation.The main theoretical result of the research is to substantiate the author's approach to public policy research. It is proved that the public policy should be interpreted as the result of interaction of the state, civil society institutions, scientific, expert and business community with the decisive role of the former. No less important research result is the substantiation of the author's understanding of the national model of public policy, its structure and features of manifestation in modern Russia. The practical significance of the results is due to the possibility of their use in the development of concepts, strategies and doctrines of public policy in various fields, as well as policy documents of political parties and other socio-political organizations. ; Предметом исследования выступает сложившаяся в настоящее время в России модель формирования и реализации государственной политики. Целью настоящей статьи является анализ и развернутая характеристика основных отличительных черт указанной модели и выявление факторов, их обусловивших. При этом основное внимание автор уделил политико-культурному фактору, как фундаментальной основе национальной модели государственной политики в любой стране. В числе иных составляющих национальной модели государственной политики выделяют институциональный центр принятия политических решений, особенности системы представительства интересов, и технологии принятия политических решений. Первичные данные получены в результате заочного экспертного анкетирования, а также фокус-группового интервью.В статье дана развернутая характеристика российской политической культуры, в особенности восприятия гражданами основных институтов политической системы (государства и его ключевых институтов, политических партий, общественно-политических организаций и т. д.). При этом автор опирался как на результаты ранее проведенных исследований в указанной области, так и на последние данные Всероссийского центра изучения общественного мнения. Анализ особенностей восприятия гражданами основных политических институтов позволил сделать вывод об их прямой связи со спецификой отечественной системы политического представительства.Основной теоретический результат проведенного исследования заключается в обосновании авторского подхода к исследованию государственной политики. Доказано, что государственную политику следует трактовать как результат взаимодействия государства, институтов гражданского общества, научного, экспертного и делового сообщества при решающей роли первого. Не менее важным исследовательским результатом является обоснование авторского понимания национальной модели государственной политики, ее структуры и особенностей проявления в современной России. Практическая значимость полученных результатов обусловлена возможностью их использования при раз-работке концепций, стратегий и доктрин государственной политики в различных областях, а также программных документов политический партий и иных общественно-политических организаций.

Стаття присвячена актуальним питанням реформування системи охорони здоров'я України у контексті Європейської політики «Здоров'я – 2020». Розглянуто різні наукові погляди щодо визначення сутності та змісту публічної політики стосовно охорони здоров'я. Визначено розуміння важливості розбудови системи охорони громадського здоров'я в Україні як одного з пріоритетів публічної політики. Акцентується увага на необхідності створення відповідних правових умов для впровадження системи охорони громадського здоров'я в Україні як альтернативи існуючої системи збереження, укріплення та відновлення здоров'я населення. ; Problem setting. The aim of the new European Health Policy 2020 strategy is to significantly improve health and improve the well-being of the population, reduce inequalities in health, strengthen public health and ensure the availability of sustainable health systems focused on needs of people. Compliance with these principles in the process of radical transformations in the socio-economic sphere of Ukraine and in the context of reforming the national health care system is a rather complicated task. The complexity of this task is due to the need to clearly define the priorities of public policy and to involve the public authorities of Ukraine in the implementation of the basic functions of the health care administration. The main role in this belongs to the state, which is responsible for the health of its citizens. The state determines the priorities and forms the health care policy of Ukraine and ensures its implementation.Recent research and publications analysis. Studies of issues of various components of public health policy are devoted to the work of M. M. Bilinskaya, Yu.V. V. Voronenko, T. S. Gurzev, D. V. Karamyshev, O. V. Power, Ya.F. Radhka, I. M. Solonenko, V. G. Shevtsova and others. The importance of scientific research on the implementation of public health policy is underlined by O. M. Dzyuba, Yu. V. Zhalinskaya, L. O. Kachala, O. D. Korvetsky, V. V. Korolenko, V. I. Mironyuk, I. F. Radish, N. O. Ringach, O. R. Sitenko, G. O. Slabki, N. D. Solonenko and others. Inherited from the Soviet period, the model of the health care system in Ukraine almost did not take into account the needs of the healthy population, which did not allow to restrain and systematically influence the growth of non-communicable diseases. This is why there is an urgent need to reorganize the healthcare system, which is to seek alternative strategies for a more effective public policy in this area.Identification of previously unsettled parts of the general problem. The analysis of studies has shown that in the presence of an understanding of the importance of developing public health protection as an alternative to the actual functioning of the public health system and its legislative provision, the legal and organizational conditions for the implementation of such an alternative have not yet been established in the state.Paper objective. The purpose of the article is to assess the compliance of the public health policy in Ukraine with the main directions of the new European health policy «Health -2020» and to define in this context an alternative strategy for a more effective public health policy on the basis of the priority of the development of the public health system in Ukraine and its legislative support.Paper main body. Thus, an alternative strategy for more effective health care policy is the development of a public health system in Ukraine in line with the European Capacity Building and Public Health Services Action Plan, as well as the values and principles laid out in the foundations of the European politics «Health 2020». The basic principle of the public health system is its social nature, as well as the fact that it focuses mainly on the health of the population as a whole. The public health system can be seen as a key aspect of a wider interpretation of the health care system in the sense that it not only plays an important role in ensuring the efficiency and effectiveness of the work of the health system itself but also significantly affects the socio-economic development of society and state. In Ukraine, there are certain political and legal foundations for the development of the health care system. At the same time, since the Law of Ukraine «On the system of health care» has not yet been adopted, public authorities and local self-government bodies at the level of each region independently determine the model of the regional health care center and its stages of activity. expanding the implementation of its operational functions of health, which leads to certain errors and significantly complicates the process of extremely necessary transformations.Conclusion from this research and perspectives of future development in current area. Thus, it can be assumed that healthcare reform in Ukraine is carried out taking into account modern strategies of effective state policy in this area and is consistent with the main directions of the new European Health Policy «Health 2020». At the same time, the development of the public health system in Ukraine has not yet become a priority of public health policy. One of the necessary steps towards the development of a national public health system and the creation of favorable conditions for the implementation of the European Action Plan for Capacity Building and Public Health Services in Ukraine approved by the WHO Regional Office for Europe is the adoption of the draft Law of Ukraine «On Public Health System» I. Adoption of this Law will ensure the implementation of public policy in public health at the level of the state, regions and community levels and will promote the adaptation of domestic legislation in this area to the legal system of the European community.