Suchergebnisse

Several subjects of public health policies are analyzed from different points of view, bearing in mind the line of coherence of their universal, global and integral character. Themes such as "Health for All", understood as a universal policy at the close of this century, are included. Around it other recent approaches are considered which are also related between them: the subject of health promotion in its broad vision from the guidelines of the Ottawa (Canada) letter, and the public health policies in a version inscribed within the most recent strategies in the health field. Health is understood from a perspective of social product related to the living conditions of peoples, to their possibilities of having access to welfare, and to their free determination and autonomy in their decisions. In this sense, several methodologies about policy formulation are approached, emphasizing the political referent of collective order and the participation of the different actors as crucial aspects for effective decision making. ; Se analizan temas de las políticas públicas en salud desde varios ángulos, manteniendo el hilo de coherencia en el carácter global, integral y universal de las mismas. Incluye temas como el de la "salud para todos", entendida como una política universal en el siglo que culmina; alrededor de la misma se toman en consideración otros enfoques más actuales también relacionados entre sí: el tema de la promoción de la salud en su visión amplia a partir de los lineamientos de la Carta de Otawa (Canadá) y las políticas públicas en salud, en una versión propia de las estrategias más recientes en el campo de la salud. Se entiende esta última desde una perspectiva de producto social relacionada con las condiciones de vida de las gentes, sus potencialidades para acceder al bienestar y su libre determinación y autonomía en las decisiones. En tal sentido se abordan varias metodologías acerca de la formulación de políticas, en las cuales destaca el referente político de orden colectivo y la participación de los diferentes actores como los aspectos cruciales para una efectiva toma de decisiones.

After surveying the facts and distilling the voluminous literature on the transition to market economies, the author arrives at several conclusions: with hindsight, the old debate - Big Bang versus gradualism - was really a problem of feasibility, although many of the arguments in favor of the Big Bang have now been proven right. Once more, inflation has been found to be incompatible with growth and the importance of a good microeconomic structure - especially an effective banking system - has been confirmed. The decline of the state in transition economies is both spectacular and puzzling - combining features that are both desirable and dangerous. Among useful lessons learned: 1) It has paid to start early and move fast. The Big Bang is highly desirable but impractical, and gradualism is unavoidable but ought to be compressed as much as possible. The countries that bit the bullet early and hard have done better over the past decade. 2) Stabilize first; growth next. Macroeconomic stabilization is a prerequisite for growth. The budget deficit need not be eliminated, but the link between deficits and money growth must be severed. 3) Structural reform is important, and microeconomic policies, often overlooked, should be started as soon as possible. This means establishing property rights, hardening budget constraints, building a healthy banking system, and ensuring true domestic competition. 4) The choice of an exchange rate regime, another early controversy, is apparently less important than adherence to a strict monetary policy. The floaters have tightly managed their exchange rates, while the fixers have repeatedly devalued and have often ended up floating. Some form of monetary targeting is needed, but it matters little which target is chosen so long as it is adhered to. 5) Creating irreversibilities early on allows governments to change without seriously affecting the transition. The less stable the economy, the more politics matters. A shaky economic basis is fertile ground for policy reversals that set the clock back several years (Bulgaria, Romania, Russia).