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本論文從兩個方面研究了1996年美國福利制度改革對單身母親的影響。首先,本文研究了在SSI和AFDC/TANF兩個政府福利計劃之間是否存在替代效應。其次,本文研究了福利制度改革是否令到更多的單身母親變得邊緣化(沒有參與工作亦沒有領取政府福利),以及研究她們的長期生活情況。利用美國三個具代表性的調查數據庫, difference-in-difference分析以及logistic回歸分析方法,本文有以下四點結論:(一)SSI和AFDC計劃之間並不存在替代效應;(二)對AFDC/TANF計劃實行五年的領取期限令到部分單身母親變得邊緣化;(三)在年福利改革之後,被邊緣化的單身母親在食物消費上並沒有發生太大的變化;(四)被邊緣化的單身母親傾向將她們多餘的時間分配在個人娛樂方面而不是在家務和照顧小孩上面。雖然年的福利改革成功地減少了領取/計劃的人數,但政策制定者仍需注意改革令到更多的單身母親變得邊緣化,同時應制定相關政策來幫助她們。 ; This paper studies the effect of the 1996 welfare reform on single mothers, focusing on two important aspects. First, it examines the existence of programme substitution between SSI and former AFDC/TANF recipients after the reform. Second, it examines the prevalence of single mothers who were disconnected from government assistance and the job market since the reform and evaluates their long-term well-being. Using three major nationally representative surveys, difference-in-difference analysis, and logistic regression models, I arrive at four main findings. First, I find no evidence of a programme substitution effect between AFDC/TANF and SSI. Second, the five-year time limit policy is suggested as being responsible for part of the increase in the disconnected rate among single mothers. Third, disconnected single mothers did not face a food insecurity problem after welfare reform. Fourth, disconnected single mothers allocate much more time to personal entertainment than to productive activities such as housework and child care. While the 1996 welfare reform has succeeded in reducing AFDC/TANF caseloads, policy makers should pay attention to its effects on the disconnectedness of single mothers and help such women leave their disconnected status. ; Detailed summary in vernacular field only. ; Hoi, Kam Un. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 59-62). ; Abstracts also in Chinese. ; Abstract --- p.ii ; 摘要 --- p.iii ; Acknowledgements --- p.iv ; Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 ; Chapter 2 --- The AFDC Programme and the 1996 Welfare ...

Ho Wing-Kee. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 60-66). ; Abstracts in English and Chinese. ; Abstract --- p.i ; Acknowledgement --- p.iii ; Table of Content --- p.v ; List of Table --- p.vi ; List of Appendices --- p.vii ; Chapter Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 ; Chapter Chapter 2. --- Literature Review --- p.5 ; Chapter Chapter 3. --- Theoretical Framework --- p.8 ; Chapter 3.1 --- Regime 1 ( Social Planner Model) --- p.10 ; Chapter 3.2 --- Regime 2 ( Provision of Indivisible Public Capital by the Government Model ) --- p.14 ; Chapter 3.3 --- Regime 3 ( Provision of Indivisible Public Capital by the Public Monopoly Model) --- p.19 ; Chapter Chapter 4. --- Quantitative Comparison --- p.27 ; Chapter 4.1 --- Calibration --- p.27 ; Chapter 4.2 --- Numerical Results --- p.29 ; Chapter Chapter 5. --- Conclusion --- p.31 ; Appendices --- p.42 ; References --- p.60

黎玲寶. ; "2005年2月". ; 論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2005. ; 參考文獻(leaves 136-140). ; "2005 nian 2 yue". ; Abstracts in Chinese and English. ; Li Lingbao. ; Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2005. ; Can kao wen xian (leaves 136-140). ; 圖片及相片 --- p.iii ; 表格及圖表 --- p.iv ; 致謝 --- p.v ; 摘要(中文) --- p.vi ; 摘要(英文) --- p.vii ; Chapter 第一章 --- 導論 --- p.1-22 ; 研究背景 --- p.1 ; 硏究主題 --- p.2 ; 硏究目的 --- p.6 ; 相關文獻 --- p.6 ; 硏究方法 --- p.16 ; 硏究中遇到的困難 --- p.21 ; 硏究意義 --- p.22 ; Chapter 第二章 --- 基層家庭互助會 --- p.23-42 ; 荃灣合一社會服務中心 --- p.24 ; 基層會的管理架構和會員情況 --- p.27 ; 會員服務 --- p.30 ; 權益工作 --- p.34 ; 總結 --- p.41 ; Chapter 第三章 --- 綜援家庭之生計及經濟難題 --- p.43-70 ; 因綜援金產生之問題 --- p.47 ; 生活開支(一):食物開支 --- p.51 ; 生活開支(二):子女教育及醫藥開支 --- p.57 ; 生活開支(三):住屋租金 --- p.62 ; 失去經濟收入的主導權 --- p.63 ; 總結 --- p.68 ; Chapter 第四章 --- 綜援家庭所面對之壓力及社交關係 --- p.71-97 ; (一)傳媒報 導 --- p.71 ; (二)與社工相處的壓 力 --- p.74 ; (三)來自義工朋友的壓 力 --- p.78 ; (四)社會人士歧視的壓 力 --- p.80 ; 受訪家庭所面對的歧視情況 --- p.83 ; 社交關係 --- p.91 ; 總結 --- p.97 ; Chapter 第五章 --- 家庭及價値觀 --- p.98-118 ; 父母寄望子女成材 --- p.100 ; 家庭的維繫 --- p.103 ; 抗拒領取綜援 --- p.106 ; 有經濟價値才是「正確」 --- p.107 ; 樂觀積極,以「平常心」面對困難 --- p.111 ; 相信命運? --- p.114 ; 總結 --- p.117 ; Chapter 第六章 --- 總結 --- p.119-126 ; 受訪家庭之需要 --- p.120 ; 貧窮問題 --- p.122 ; 貧窮文化之體現? --- p.123 ; 結語 --- p.124 ; 附錄一深入硏究的家庭之基本資料 --- p.127-129 ; 附錄二基層會通訊內容:香港貧窮線硏究的專題介紹 --- p.130 ; 附錄三基層會通訊內容:提供最新的綜援金額資料 --- p.131 ; 附錄四綜援金額計算表 --- p.132-135 ; 參考書目 --- p.136-140

Ho Wai-yee. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 52-53). ; Abstracts in English and Chinese. ; Abstract (English) --- p.i ; Abstract (Chinese) --- p.ii ; Acknowledgement --- p.iii ; Table of contents --- p.iv ; Chapter Chapter1 ; Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1 ; Chapter 1.2 --- Literature Review --- p.4 ; Chapter 1.3 --- Organization of the thesis --- p.8 ; Chapter Chapter2 ; Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.9 ; Chapter 2.2 --- The Model --- p.9 ; Chapter 2.3 --- Effects of government expenditure --- p.11 ; Chapter 2.4 --- Summary ; Chapter Chapter3 ; Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.16 ; Chapter 3.2 --- The Model --- p.16 ; Chapter 3.3 --- The capital mobile case --- p.21 ; Chapter 3.4 --- Summary --- p.25 ; Chapter Chapter4 ; Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.27 ; Chapter 4.2 --- The Model --- p.27 ; Chapter 4.3 --- Dynamics --- p.33 ; Chapter 4.4 --- Current Account Balance --- p.35 ; Chapter 4.5 --- Comparative Statics --- p.36 ; Chapter 4.6 --- Welfare --- p.38 ; Chapter 4.7 --- Summary --- p.41 ; Chapter Chapter5 ; Conclusion --- p.43 ; Appendix --- p.46 ; Reference --- p.52

Lau, Ying Chui Janice. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 219-235). ; Abstracts in English and Chinese; includes Chinese characters. ; Abstract ; Acknowledgement ; Chapter 1 ; Introduction --- p.1 ; Background --- p.4 ; Defining Female New Immigrants --- p.7 ; Literature Review --- p.10 ; Methodology --- p.22 ; List of Informants --- p.25 ; Thesis Structure --- p.27 ; Chapter 2 ; History of Female Mainland Migrants in Hong Kong --- p.30 ; Invisible Female Migrants --- p.31 ; Immigration Policy as Identity Marker --- p.35 ; Gender Implications in the Immigration Policy --- p.37 ; Shifts in Social Policy and Social Capital --- p.41 ; Hong Kong Identity: a Gender Perspective --- p.45 ; "Class, Popular Culture and Identity Politics" --- p.50 ; Conclusion --- p.53 ; Chapter 3 ; Hongkongness in the Classroom --- p.56 ; Learning Hong Kong English --- p.60 ; Learning "accentless´ح Cantonese --- p.70 ; Learning Proper Behavior --- p.78 ; Learning the Hong Kong Spirit --- p.87 ; Conclusion --- p.94 ; Chapter 4 ; Reconstructing Womanhood --- p.96 ; Dressing up in Hongkong-Style --- p.100 ; Reconstructing a Hongkong-Style Beautiful Face --- p.104 ; Learning to be a Wife of Hong Kong Man --- p.109 ; Learning to be a Hong Kong Mother --- p.116 ; Marital Relationship and Adaptation --- p.119 ; Conclusion --- p.137 ; Chapter 5 ; Empowerment and Disempowerment --- p.140 ; Empowerment --- p.141 ; Structural Resources --- p.143 ; Gain and Loss of Capital --- p.147 ; Defining Capital: Social Workers and Class Teachers --- p.152 ; Redefining Capital: Mainland Women Migrants´ة Agency --- p.157 ; Evaluation of Achievement --- p.163 ; Breaking Down of Cultural Boundaries --- p.163 ; Discarding Stereotypes --- p.166 ; Constructing New Relations --- p.169 ; Disempowerment --- p.175 ; Conclusion --- p.186 ; Chapter 6 ; Conclusion --- p.189 ; A Uniquely Hong Kong Process --- p.189 ; Keeping an Imagined Boundary --- p.195 ; Imitating Hongkong-Style Womanhood --- p.199 ...

第三次民主化浪潮及其所代表的世界性民主化转型使得许多人相信民主不仅具有其本身的价值,而且有助于提高大众的福利水平。不少学者曾研究过民主制度与社会福利产出之间的关系。然而,在解释两者关系时并未得到一致性的结论。在很多情况下,民主制国家在改善人类发展指标和提高福利水平方面并没得到社会所期待的结果,而且经常被非民主制国家所超越。政治制度如何影响社会福利表现?民主化和社会福利发展之间是否存在取舍矛盾?如果这种取舍矛盾存在,如何将民主化的社会代价减到最小? ; 本研究试图加深我们对政治制度性质与社会福利产出水平之间关系的理解。为此,本文以维度路径分析政治制度的不同维度如何影响政府采取不同类型的政策选择。本文的核心问题是:民主制的哪些方面有利于/不利于哪种公共政策的实现?民主的不同维度能够促进/抑制哪些政策?竞争性选举和公众参与形成本研究的两个自变量维度。本研究应变量的两个维度是两种政府回应性:政府对公民基本需求(basic needs)的回应,即代表了社会福利表现的改进,以及政府对公民要求(wants and demands)的回应,即代表了满足群体所呼吁的而非客观上对其有利的政策福利。两者在概念上有所不同。本文首先在理论上分析自变量和应变量不同维度之间的关系,继而引用实证科学的定量和定性基本方法来检验所建立的理论关系。 ; 本研究证明,并非所有的导致回应要求(wants)的民主属性也有助于使政府回应基本需求(basic needs)。公众要求和公众客观需求作为公共政策所回应的目标具有不同的特征。从委托-代理理论框架来看,回应公众基本需求的政策需要政府采取不同于在回应主观要求时所采取的措施。由于这些不同点,在两个民主维度(政治竞争和公众参与)当中,只有后者对基本需求有积极影响,而前者往往会阻碍以回应基本需求为目的的政策。在政治竞争压力之下,追求选票最大化的政治家更倾向于采取回应社会现有要求的短期措施,且往往以忽视客观需求为代价。因此,为了避免民主化的高成本,需要促进民主的参与维度,且同时要缓解其竞争维度的激烈性。 ; The shift towards democracy globally under the "third wave" of democratization has stirred the conviction that democracy is not only a good thing in itself but also a promoter of general welfare. A considerable amount of research has been conducted to explore the effects of democracy on social outcomes. However, unequivocal conclusions regarding democracy's impact on health, education, life expectancy and other aspects of human well-being have not been achieved. Many democracies do not perform as good as they are expected to and are often outperformed by non-democratic regimes. Questions appear: How does political regime affect social performance? Is there a trade-off between democratization, on the one hand, and social development, on the other? If there is, how should democratization be carried out so as not to inhibit human well-being? ; This dissertation attempts to enhance our understanding of the impact of political regime on social outcomes by applying a dimensional approach. Instead of asking whether democracy is good or bad, it asks: which dimensions of political regime are good for which kinds of outcomes? What kinds of policies are promoted and what ...