Suchergebnisse

نظرا للأهمية التي تحتلها الإدارة داخل أجهزة الدولة، اعتبرها البعض "دولة داخل دولة"، في حين ذهب باحثون آخرون إلى أن الإدارة هي "مجموعة من المؤسسات الإدارية الموضوعة رهن تصرف الحكومة والمنفصلة عنها مع التراشح بينهما، تساهم في الوظيفة التشريعية والحكومية، تمارس نشاطا فعالا لا موجها لتحقيق التنمية والإصلاح والتحديث والفعاليات المختلفة ضمن سياق سياسي معين. بتأملنا في هذا التعريف يمكن القول أن الإدارة، هي دلك الجهاز أو الهيكل، حيث تم تنفيذ القرارات الصادرة عن الحكومة علما أنه منفصلا عنها، كما يستشف من نفس التعريف أن الإدارة تساهم في الوظيفة التشريعية والتنفيذية، هادفة لتحقيق التنمية والإصــلاح ويــرى عبد الله شنفار أن الإدارة تكليف ومسؤولية تدبير أهداف معينة خدمة للصالح العام ; Given the importance that the administration occupies within the state apparatus, some considered it a "state within a state", while other researchers argued that the administration is "a group of administrative institutions placed at the disposal of the government and separated from it, with the interplay between them, that contribute to the legislative and governmental function, and exercise an effective activity." It is not directed towards achieving development, reform, modernization and various activities within a specific political context. Reflecting on this definition, we can say that the administration is the body or structure, where the decisions issued by the government have been implemented, knowing that it is separate from it. It is also evident from the same definition that the administration contributes to the legislative and executive function, aiming to achieve development and reform. Abdullah Shanfar believes that the administration Assignment and responsibility for managing specific objectives in the public interest. ; Given the importance that the administration occupies within the state apparatus, some considered it a "state within a state", while other researchers argued that the administration is "a group of administrative institutions placed at the disposal of the government and separated from it, with the interplay ...

Executive council Thirty-Fourth Ordinary Session 07 - 08 February 2019 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

EMHJ is the official health journal published by the Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office of the World Health Organization. It is a forum for the presentation and promotion of new policies and initiatives in health services; and for the exchange of ideas concepts epidemiological data research findings and other information with special reference to the Eastern Mediterranean Region. It addresses all members of the health profession medical and other health educational institutes interested NGOs WHO Collaborating Centres and individuals within and outside the Region ; EST une revue de santé officielle publiée par le Bureau régional de l'Organisation mondiale de la Santé pour la Méditerranée orientale. Elle offre une tribune pour la présentation et la promotion de nouvelles politiques et initiatives dans le domaine de la santé publique et des services de santé ainsi qu'à l'échange d'idées de concepts de données épidémiologiques de résultats de recherches et d'autres informations se rapportant plus particulièrement à la Région de la Méditerranée orientale. Elle s'adresse à tous les professionnels de la santé aux membres des instituts médicaux et autres instituts de formation médico-sanitaire aux ONG Centres collaborateurs de l'OMS et personnes concernés au sein et hors de la Région ; هى المجلة الرسمية التى تصدرعن المكتب الاقليمى لشرق المتوسط بمنظمة الصحة العالمية. وهى منبر لتقديم السياسات و المبادرات الجديدة فى الخدمات الصحية والترويج لها، و لتبادل الاراء و المفاهيم و المعطيات الوبائية و نتائج الابحاث و غير ذلك من معلومات، و خاصة ما يتعلق منها باقليم شرق المتوسط. وهى موجهة الى كل اعضاء المهن الصحية، و الكليات الطبية و سائر المعاهد التعليمية، و كذا المنظمات غير الحكومية المعنية، و المراكز المتعاونة مع منظمة الصحة العالمية و الافراد المهتمين بالصحة فى الاقليم و خارجه ; 525 ; 591

Hikama (Governance) is a peer reviewed academic journal published by the Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies and Doha Institute for Graduate Studies (p-ISSN: 2708-5805), (e-ISSN: 2708-5813). Hikama seeks to broaden the understanding of the fields of public policy and public administration in the Arab World and reinvigorate the political and social elements of public policy. It is a space for academic thought and discussion on what Arab governments - with their values, institutions, and public bodies - are doing, and should aspire to do in order to nurture politically modern and socially just Arab societies. -- AHMED MOHSEN Doctoral candidate, Faculty of Political Science and International Relations, Sabahattin Zaim University, Turkey. Email: abdelrahman.ahmed@std.izu.edu.tr ; تحاول هذه الدراللسة الإجابة عن اللسؤال التالي: لماذا اختلفت الستجابة الأجهزة البيروقراطية والتنفيذية عند تصميم اللسياسات الصحية وتنفيذها تجاه أزمة جائحة فيرولس كورونا المستجد (كوفيد19) في دول تبدو متشابهة، كونها تملك ميراثا من المركزية والأنظمة الرئالسية، كما همي الحال في مصر وتركيا؟ وتنطلق فرضية الدراسة الرئيسة من أن الأزمة في بدايتها أعطت ملساحة أكبل للوزراء التنفيذيين والتكنوقراط والأجهزة البيروقراطية المتخصطة فمي اللسيالسات الطحية والوبائية للمساهمة بشكل أكبر فمي 'لاكلملم اللسياسات الطحية لمواجهة هذا الوباء، لكن الستمرار هذه الملساحة والستكمال تلك الأدوار ارتبط بعد ذلك بمدم توافر "القدرة السياساتية" التي تتيح لهؤلاء المسؤولين ذلك. تظهر الدراسة من خلال دراسة الحالة التركية والمصرية بصورة مقارنة، أنه كلما كانت الدولة أكثل مركزية، وكانت للأزمة التمي تواجهها طبيعة خاطة وغير مسبوقة، ولديها فمي الوقت نفسه قدرات سياساتية أعلل فمي تصميم السياسات، فإن هذا يساهم فمي تعزيز دور الخبراء والبيروقراطيين في تطميم اللسيالسات عل حلساب اللسيالسيين. ; This paper seeks to answer the following question: Why have the bureaucracies and executive arms of two highly centralized presidential regimes – Egypt and Turkey – produced such different responses to the Coronavirus crisis? Its basic hypothesis is that while the crisis did initially provide scope for ministers, technocrats and bureaucrats specialized in public health to play a greater part in making health policy, their ability to maintain this newfound influence depended on their "policy capability". Through a comparison of the two case studies, this article shows that the more centralized a state is, the more unprecedented the crisis is and the more policy capability it has, the greater the role bureaucrats play at the expense of politicians.

يقوم نشاط الإدارة على أسلوبين مهمين، أحدهما انفرادي يتمثل في القرارات الإدارية، والآخر اتفاقي يتمثل في العقود الإدارية، وتتميز العقود الإدارية عن العقود التي يبرمها الأفراد في ما بينهم بأن الغاية من إبرامها تنظيم المرافق العامة وتسييرها وتحقيق النفع العام، وهذا يستتبع بالنتيجة امتداد آثار هذه العقود إلى غير أطرافها، سواءٌ أمِنَ المنتفعين بخدمات المرافق العامة كانوا أم غيرهم، ومن ثَمَّ تمتعهم ببعض الامتيازات والحقوق، وتحمّلهم بعض الأعباء والالتزامات. وأيًا كان السند القانوني الذي قدّمه الفقه الإداري لتبرير امتداد آثار العقد الإداري إلى الغير، سواء أنظرية الاشتراط لمصلحة الغير كان أم نظرية الطبيعة الذاتية للعقود الإدارية أم غيرها، فإن المتفق عليه أن الأعباء والالتزامات التي يتحمّلها الغير من العقود الإدارية ما هي إلا نتيجة طبيعية للامتيازات التي يتمتع بها المتعاقد مع الإدارة، التي مُنحت له لتمكينه من تنفيذ التزاماته على أكمل وجه، وبالآتي تحقيق المصلحة العامة. وقد تقرر تقسيم هذا البحث إلى ثلاثة مباحث رئيسة تناولنا في أولها الأساس القانوني لامتداد العقد الإداري إلى الغير، وتطرّقنا في ثانيها إلى الحقوق التي يستمدها الغير من العقد الإداري، أمّا ثالثها فكان عن الالتزامات التي يفرضها العقد الإداري تجاه الغي.، وفي خاتمة هذا البحث توصل الباحثون إلى عدة نتائج، من أهمها: عدم تطرق القوانين والتشريعات المنظمة لموضوع العقود الإدارية إلى إيراد نصوص تعالج بصورة واضحة وشاملة مسألة نسبية أثر العقد، ومدى سريانها على العقد الإداري، ومن أهم توصيات هذا البحث توسيع اختصاص القضاء الإداري في الأردن ليشمل النظر في جميع المنازعات الناشئة عن العقود الإدارية، وليس فقط البت في القرارات الإدارية القابلة للانفصال عن هذه العقود. ; The administration's activity is based on two important manners، one of which is the unilateral administrative decisions and the other is an agreement represent of administrative contracts. The administrative contracts are concluded by the individuals among themselves ; that the purpose of these agreements is to regulate the public utilities and to achieve public benefit which resulting extension of the effects of these contracts to third parties whether they are beneficiaries of the services of public utilities or others. Subsequently، they enjoy some privileges and rights as well as bearing some of the burdens and obligations. Whatever the legal basis provided by administrative jurisprudence to justify the extension of the effects of the administrative contract to third parties - whether the theory of the requirement for the benefit of third parties، or the theory of the self-nature of the administrative contracts، or else - it is agreed that the burdens and obligations borne by third parties due to the administrative contracts، which is only a natural outcome of the privileges enjoyed by the contractor with the administration، that granted to him to enable him to carry out his obligations to the fullest and thus، to achieve the public interest. This paper is divided into three main topics the first section dealt with the legal basis of extension of the effect of the administrative contract to third parties، the second section addressed the third parties` rights derived from the administrative contract، and the third section handled the obligations imposed by the administrative contract of third parties. In conclusion، the researchers reached to several findings، the most important of which is that the laws and regulations governing the subject of administrative contracts do not address with the inclusion of articles that clearly and comprehensively solve a matter of the relative effect of the contract and the extent of its validity on the administrative contract. In addition to the necessary recommendations، expand the jurisdiction of the administrative judiciary in Jordan to include consideration of all disputes arising out of administrative contracts، and not only to decide on the administrative decisions that are separate-able from these contracts.

تتولّى الإدارةُ العامَّةُ إدارةَ شؤونِ الدولةِ وتسييرَ أُمورِها بما لها مِنْ سُلُطاتٍ وامتيازاتٍ منحها إيّاها المُشرِّعُ تحقيقًا للمصلحةِ العامَّةِ، وإنَّ أخطرَ هذهِ الامتيازاتُ هو حقّها في إصدارِ قراراتٍ مُلزِمةٍ بإرادتها المنفردة ومن ثم يجد الأفراد أنفسهم في مواجهةِ قرارٍ مُلزَمين بتنفيذهِ من دون أنْ يكون لهم الحقَّ في رفضهِ أو إبداء رأيهم فيه، وينبغي ظهور هذه الإرادة الباطنة بمظهرٍ خارجيٍّ حتى يعلم بها الأفراد المعنيون بتنفيذها وهو ما يُطلَق الظهور عليه"شكل القرار الإداري" لذا يُعَدُّ ضمانةً للأفرادِ لأنَّه يُحيطهُم عِلمًا بما تُقرِّره الإدارة تجاههم. ويُعَدُّ عيبَ الشكلِ في القرارِ الإداريِّ من أسبابِ الطعنِ فيه بالإلغاءِ؛ لأنَّه ينصَبُّ على رُكنٍ أساسيٍّ من أركانِ القرارِ الإداريِّ لا يستقيم من دونه، فالإدارةُ مُلزَمةٌ بأنْ تُفرِغَ إرادتَها بالشكل الذي يُحدِّده القانون وللقضاء الإداري سلطةَ إلغاءِ القرارِ المعيبِ بعيبِ الشكلِ. وتَبرزُ أهمّية ركن الشكل في خصوصيَّته؛ لأنَّه يُنظِّمُ ويضبطُ عملَ الإدارةِ في صورةٍ محدَّدةٍ دقيقةٍ وقانونيَّةٍ ممَّا يَستتبِعهُ ضمانُ مشروعيَّةِ القرارِ الذي تُصدِره الإدارة، فالتزام الإدارة به يُؤدِّي إلى تحقيق المصلحة العامَّة؛ لأنَّه يُظهِر إرادة الإدارة في صور ومظاهر خارجيةٍ معلومةٍ للأفرادِ بِغيةَ الالتزامَ بها وتنفيذها. ; The Public Administration Assumes The Management of The Affairs of The State And The Conduct of Its Affairs With The Powers And Privileges Granted To It By The Legislator In order To Achieve The Public Interest، And The Most Dangerous of These Privileges Is Its Right To Issue Decisions That Are Binding on Their Individual Will، And Therefore Individuals Find Themselves With A Refusal To Confront Them Without Facing Their opinion on It، And Since This Inner Will of The Administration Should Appear In An External Appearance Until The Individuals Concerned With Its Implementation Know About It And This Appearance Is What Is Called The "Administrative Decision Form" So It Is Considered A Guarantee For Individuals Because Debriefed Note Determined By The Administration Towards Them. The Importance of The Corner of The Form Emerges In Its Privacy Because It ...

Iraq's overall security situation has notably improved after the defeat of ISIS, but significant challenges lie ahead. Iraq has witnessed major political and security transitions in 2017 when Prime Minister Al-Abadi announced in December the victory over ISIS after a war that lasted three years. The defeat of ISIS in Iraq left the government with the daunting tasks of rebuilding the country's infrastructure, reconstruction of liberated areas, establishing security and stability,and providing services for the return of the displaced persons. On May 12, 2018 Iraq voted in parliamentary elections that delivered a win for a political bloc led by Moqtada al-Sadr, while PM Al-Abadi's bloc, once seen as front runner, came in third. The ballots have been recounted after allegations of fraud and completed on August 8th without major change. On September 15th, Iraq's parliament elected lawmaker Mohammed al-Halbousi as speaker, marking a major step towards establishing a new government. On October 2nd, Iraq's parliament elected as president Barham Salih,who immediately named Adel Abdul Mahdi Prime Minister-designate, ending months of deadlock afterthe national election in May.

The Lebanon Economic Monitor provides an update on key economic developments and policies over the past six months. It also presents findings from recent World Bank work on Lebanon. It places them in a longer-term and global context, and assesses the implications of these developments and other changes in policy on the outlook for Lebanon. Its coverage ranges from the macro-economy to financial markets to indicators of human welfare and development. It is intended for a wide audience, including policy makers, business leaders, financial market participants, and the community of analysts and professionals engaged in Lebanon.

على عكس العديد من البلدان الأسيوية , نجحت سنغافورة في الحد من ظاهرة الفساد التي كانت منتشرة في البلاد , وذلك تجلى في حسن أدائها في العديد من المؤشرات القياسية كمؤتمر الشفافية , بيئة الأعمال , التنمية البشرية وتقرير التنافسية الدولي , إذ يمكن أن ينسب هذا النجاح إلى الإرادة السياسية لحكومة حزب العمل الشعبي, وهو ما انعكس في إنشاء مكتب التحقيقات في ممارسات الفساد , الذي يعتبر هيئة مستقلة عن الشرطة, يقوم بالتحقيق في وقائع الفساد في القطاعين العام والخاص , ويرأس هذا المكتب مدير يتبع رئيس الوزراء مباشرة, وكذا سن قانون عائدات الجريمة سنة 1960 , وفرض هذا القانون دون تحييز وتمييز , دون أي تدخل من الحكومة , فنجاح هذه التجربة ساهم في تطوير هذا البلد خلال أكثر من 53 عاما في ظل حكومة لي كوان يو, الذي كان رئيسا للوزراء آنذاك. ; Unlike many Asian countries, Singapore has succeeded in reducing the phenomenon of corruption that was prevalent in the country, and this was reflected in the good performance in many of the standard indicators such as the Conference of transparency, the business environment, human development and international competitiveness report, since the suces may be attributed the political Will of the Government of People's action Party, and is reflected in the establishment of the FBCP in corrupt practices, which is independent of the police body, is investigating the facts of corruption in the public and private sectors, and this office is headed by director follows the prime minister directly, and as well as POCA age in 1960, and the imposition of this law without discrimination, without any interference from the government. the success of this experiment contributed to the development of this country in more than 53 years Under the government of Lee Kuan Yew, who was prime minister at the time The existence of effective political will.

هدفت الدراسة إلى تعرف كيفية تعامل الفقه الإداري الأردني مع المنازعات الناشئة عن العقود الإدارية، وكيف تم إسناد التخصص بهذه المنازعات إلى القاضي المدني وهذا من شأنه أن يؤدي إلى المساس بخصوصية القانون الإداري وبالتالي القضاء الإداري، لا سيما أن الأردن قد أقرت قانون القضاء الإداري رقم 27 لسنة 2014، حيث كان على المشرع الأردني إناطة أية منازعة تنشأ عن العقود الإدارية بهذا القانون دون القضاء المدني وذلك حفاظا على حسن سير المرافق العامة وانتظامها. كما ناقشت هذه الدراسة، بالمقارنة مع الوضع في مصر، أهمية القضاء الإداري بنظر منازعات العقود الإدارية كونه قضاءً متخصصا ويمتلك الخبرة مما من شأنه إنهاء المنازعة بالسرعة المطلوبة ودون تأخير وبعيدا عن الإجراءات المتبعة في القضاء المدني كون إسناد منازعات العقود الإدارية للقضاء المدني يتعارض مع روح النظام القضائي الإداري. ; This study aims to highlight how Jordanian administrative Jurisprudence dealt with disputes of the administrative contract, as well as, how was the attribution of specialization such disputes to the civil judge. This would lead to prejudice the privacy of administrative law. Jordan has enacted the Administrative Justice Law No. 27 of 2014. The Jordanian legislator needs to entrust any dispute arising from administrative contracts to the Administrative Justice law of 2014 in order to preserves the proper functioning of public facilities and its regularity without the intervention of civil courts. This study discusses the importance of the Administrative judiciary's consideration disputes of administrative contracts, in comparison with the situation in Egypt and Iraq. That Administrative judiciary is a judiciary is a specialist and has experience that could end the dispute as quickly as required and without delay and away from the procedures followed in the civil courts. The fact is that the attribution of disputes administrative contracts to civil judge conflicts with the essence of the judicial system administrative. Key words: administrative contracts, the sanctions administrative contracts, administrative judiciary, judicial control over the work of the Department, Jordan, Egypt.

In Madīḥ al-karāhiya (The Praise of Hatred, 2006), Syrian novelist Khālid Khalīfa devotes his art to the literary representation of martyrdom. In this novel, the relationship between body, violence and identity is explored in order to represent and challenge any form of repression—be it political or religious—that ravaged Syria during the 1980s. The novel's female protagonist is a teenager from a Muslim family of Aleppo. Upset by the changes that are happening to her body—she is becoming a woman—her wish to escape sexual desire and to conceal the signs of her femininity brings her closer to a group of Muslim extremists who practice armed struggle. By focusing on this female character, Khālid Khalīfa questions the role of violence and religion in the process of the individual's subjectivation. The adolescent female body becomes the symbol of the individual's rejection of norms, a nonconformism that cannot be accepted by society. For the protagonist, martyrdom is the means to define her individual identity and to appropriate her body by imposing it on the public space and on her community. ; 1 ; open ; Non definito ; Dans Madīḥ al-karāhiya (L'éloge de la haine), roman publié en 2006, l'écrivain syrien Ḫālid Ḫalīfa se consacre à la représentation littéraire du martyre. Dans cette œuvre, la relation entre corps, violence et identité devient un moyen pour représenter et contester toute forme de pouvoir répressif – politique et religieux – ayant ravagé la Syrie pendant les années 1980. La protagoniste est une adolescente – issue d'une famille musulmane d'Alep – bouleversée par les changements de son corps. Sa volonté d'échapper à ses désirs sexuels et à la manifestation de plus en plus visible de sa féminité entraîne son rapprochement d'un groupe d'extrémistes musulmans qui pratiquent la lutte armée. En portant son attention sur l'individu féminin, Ḫālid Ḫalīfa s'interroge sur le rôle de la violence liée à la religion dans les processus de subjectivation des individus. Le corps féminin adolescent devient le symbole de ...

تهدف الدراسة إلى التعرُّف على درجة الالتزام بممارسة الشفافية الإدارية في الأقسام الأكاديمية النسائية في كلية إدارة الأعمال بجامعة الملك سعود، وذلك من خلال التعرف على درجة الالتزام بممارسة الشفافية الإدارية الداخلية والخارجية فيها، والتعرف على أهم متطلبات الالتزام بممارستها، وأهم المعوقات التي تواجه الالتزام بممارسة الشفافية الإدارية فيها. وأظهرت نتائج الدراسة؛ أن درجة الالتزام بممارسة الشفافية الإدارية الداخلية وكذلك الخارجية جاءت" متوسطة "وفقا لآراء مفردات عينة الدراسة. كما أوضحت نتائج الدراسة أن أهم متطلبات الالتزام بممارسة الشفافية الإدارية تتمثل في: الالتزام بأخلاقيات الوظيفة العامة، واحترام حقوق العاملين وخصوصياتهم. وأن أهم معوقات الالتزام بممارسة الشفافية الإدارية تتمثل في " قلة وعي العاملين بما يجب أن يحصلوا عليه من حقوق مقابل ما يكلفون به من أعمال، وتعدد الجهات الرقابية وتداخل مهامها، والمركزية الشديدة لعمليات صناعة واتخاذ قرارات الكلية. ; The study aims to identify the degree of commitment to the practice of administrative transparency at women academic departments, Faculty of Business Administration, King Saud University, by identifying the degree of commitment to exercising internal and external administrative transparency, to identify the most important requirements of commitment to its practice, and to identify the most important obstacles hindering the commitment of practicing administrative transparency. The results of the study showed that the degree of commitment to the practice of internal and external administrative transparency was "moderate" according to the views of the sample of the study. The results of the study showed that the most important requirements to adhere to the practice of administrative transparency are commitment to the ethics of the public service, and respect for the rights and privacy of workers. And that the most important impediments to the commitment to exercise administrative transparency is the "lack of awareness of the workers of the rights they should get in exchange for the tasks assigned to them, and the multiplicity of regulatory bodies and overlapping tasks, and the centralization of the intensive processes of the business, and decision-making at the college level.

The geo-economy presents Lebanon with challenges associated with being a nexus for regional fault lines and risks from its dependence on capital inflows. Despite markedly improved security conditions since the start of 2015, anxiety over regional turmoil and potential spillover effectspersist. All the while, Lebanon continues to be, by far, the largest host of Syrian refugees (in proportion to the population). In addition, the economy's dependence on its diaspora to finance internal and external imbalances exposes Lebanon to economic and political conditions beyond its influence. Despite these challenges and risks, the political process remains impaired with the vacant presidency completing its second year with uncertain prospects of a near-term resolution. On the other hand, a short-term solution has been found to the garbage crisis that has left piles of trash uncollected on the streets across the country since summer 2015. The Lebanon Economic Monitor provides an update on key economic developments and policies over the past six months. It also presents findings from recent World Bank work on Lebanon. It places them in a longer-term and global context, and assesses the implications of these developments and other changes in policy on the outlook for Lebanon. Its coverage ranges from the macro-economy to financial markets to indicators of human welfare and development.

The Nancy N. Boothe papers, 1980-2009 [bulk 1990-1997], are composed of articles, notes, reports and a wide variety of feminist publications. Much of the material documents the U.N. Fourth World Conference on Women, which Ms. Boothe attended as Executive Director of Atlanta's Feminist Women's Health Center. Artifacts, artwork and textiles relate to the conference and to other women's and health issues. ; Born in Battles Wharf, Alabama (1948), Nancy N. Boothe graduated from the University of South Alabama as a registered nurse (1971). She received a B.S. in nursing from the Medical College of Georgia (1976), and a master's degree in Counseling from Troy State University [Florida Region] (1981). Boothe served in the U.S. Nurse Corps in the U.S. and Korea (1970-1984), and worked as clinical director and consultant at a number of health facilities in Louisiana and Florida. She became Executive Director of the Atlanta Feminist Women's Health Center in 1994. In 1995, she attended the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing, China, where she taught the workshop, ""GYN Self-Help."" Boothe has served on the boards of All Women's Health Services in Portland and Eugene, Oregon; the Sexual Assault Center, Atlanta, Georgia; and the Jeanette Rankin Foundation, Athens, Georgia. She is also a member of the Feminist Majority Foundation's ""Women's Commission for Congressional Oversight"" and A.P.D. Citizen Review Panel.; Founded in California in 1971 by Carol Downer (1933-) and Lorraine Rothman (1932-2007), the Feminist Women's Health Center was established to empower women through self-knowledge, education and self-help groups. The Atlanta Feminist Women's Health Center was established in 1977. Its mission is to ""provide accessible, comprehensive gynecological healthcare to all who need it without judgment. As innovative healthcare leaders, [they] work collaboratively within [their] community and nationally to promote reproductive health, rights and justice. [They] advocate for wellness, uncensored health information and fair public policies by educating the larger community and empowering [their] clients to make their own decisions.""; The United Nations convened the Fourth World Conference on Women, September 4-15, 1995, in Beijing, China, with a Platform for Action that aimed at achieving greater equality and opportunity for women. Three previous World Conferences were held in Mexico City (International Women's Year, 1975), Copenhagen (1980) and Nairobi (1985). 189 governments and more than 5,000 representatives from 2,100 non-governmental organizations participated in the Beijing Conference. The principal themes were the advancement and empowerment of women in relation to women's human rights, women and poverty, women and decision-making, the girl-child, violence against women and other areas of concern. The resulting documents of the Conference are The Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action. The U.N. Fourth World Conference on Women manifested a global women's movement for change and has been called ""the Woodstock of the women's movement.""; The World Conference on Women was also accompanied by an informal meeting (August 30-September 8) of non-governmental organizations (NGOs). This NGO Forum on Women, Beijing '95, brought together thousands of women from around the world to exchange information and ideas, celebrate women's achievements and contributions and draw attention and develop solutions to discrimination facing women world-wide.

The Lebanon Economic Monitor provides an update on key economic developments and policies over the past six months. It also presents findings from recent World Bank work on Lebanon. It places them in a longer-term and global context, and assesses the implications of these developments and other changes in policy on the outlook for Lebanon. Lebanon continues to be impacted by the domestic political stalemate and regional turmoil, particularly along its border with Syria. Economic activity picked up in the second half of 2014. Stronger economic performance and lower oil prices pushed real GDP growth to an estimated 2.0 percent in 2014, compared to 0.9 percent in 2013. One-off cosmetic and unsustainable measures rather than policy actions helped improve the fiscal balance in 2014. We estimate the overall fiscal deficit to have declined by 2.3 percentage points. Declining imports lead an improvement in the current account balance. In 2014, a fall in merchandize imports induced a 4.4 pp reduction in the current account deficit to a still-elevated 22.2 percent of GDP. This trend is projected to continue in 2015 helped by falling oil prices and a depreciating euro, Headline inflation plummeted from 2.7 percent in 2013 to 1.9 percent in 2014 and is expected to remain tempered over the medium term. Lebanon s economy continues to be exposed to external shocks. The border with Syria is increasingly menacing as coordinated attacks by ISIS and Al Nusra are being launched more frequently from their bases in Syria. Inefficiencies in power generation impose sizable macroeconomic costs on Lebanon. The Lebanese electricity sector has been underperforming for decades with considerable socio-economic costs. The macroeconomic impact has been massive.