Suchergebnisse

This dissertation aims to explore the simultaneous determination of public expenditures on health and old-age pensions regarding 31 high-income OECD countries during the period 1990-2011. To take into account that each country and year can´t be treated as homogenous, the thesis uses a panel data model with country and year fixed effects. Regarding pensions and health individual determination, it was verified through an OLS regression with Dummy Variables, that GDP is the most important determinant of health expenditures and that it also has a strong impact on old-age pensions expenditures. Given that old-age pensions expenditures have a statistically significant impact on health expenditures and vice versa, a 2SLS model was used in order to estimate this simultaneous determination. Per capita pensions expenditures have a positive and robust impact on health expenditure per capita mainly because pensions expenditures will redistribute income for those that have a larger propensity to spend on health. Additionally the expectations of the future pensions payments serve as an incentive to invest in living longer. (Yonghong An 2015) The impact on pensions expenditures of expenditures on health was not so clear. The impact is positive and significant, but the instruments for health used in the pensions 2SLS equation, though relevant, seem not to be strong enough to totally validate this causality relation. If true, this relation would indicate that when the Government invests in health, invests in a higher life expectancy which means that also it will have to pay for pensions during a longer period. ; Esta dissertação tem como objetivo explorar a determinação simultânea dos gastos públicos com pensões de velhice e saúde em 31 países da OCDE durante o período 1990 - 2011. Como os países e períodos de tempo não podem ser tratados de forma homogénea, um modelo de dados de painel com efeitos fixos por país e ano é utilizado. No que se refere à determinação individual dos gastos, verificou-se através de regressões OLS com Dummy Variables que o é a variável com maior impacto na despesa em saúde e que também tem um forte impacto nas despesas com pensões. Dado que as despesas com pensões de velhice tiveram um impacto nas despesas de saúde e vice-versa, um modelo 2SLS foi utilizado. A despesa com as pensões tem um impacto positivo e robusto nas despesas em saúde, devido ao facto das despesas com pensões redistribuírem o rendimento por aqueles que têm maior propensão para gastar em saúde. (Yonghong An 2015). Por outro lado as expectativas dos pagamentos futuros das pensões servem como um incentivo para se investir em viver mais tempo. O impacto nas despesas com pensões das despesas em saúde não é tão claro. Apesar do impacto ser significativo, os instrumentos utilizados para a saúde na equação de 2SLS das pensões, apesar de relevantes, não parecem ser suficientemente fortes para validar totalmente esta relação. Se verdadeira ela indicará que quando o Governo investe em saúde, investe na esperança de vida o que implicará pagamentos de pensões durante períodos mais longos.

AbstractIn this paper, I develop an overlapping generations endogenous growth model in which both public education and health are sources of growth by affecting the accumulation rate of the human capital stock and the savings rate over life expectancy. I first find that dynamic complementarities of public expenditures lead to minimum threshold levels of public education and health expenditures that ensure sustainable growth. I then show how governments can use the allocation of public expenditures as an alternative policy instrument to maximize growth without increasing the tax rate or the retirement age, as usually happens in aging economies.

Health is considered as both a source of human welfare and a detriment to overall economic growth. The relationship between public health expenditure and economic growth is an important subject of analysis that has been in debate for years. The major concern is whether income of a nation plays a significant role in the changes happening in government health spending. In order to answer this particular question, the present study investigates the relationships between public health expenditure and income in selected 23 Indian states based on the availability of data. Variables used for the study were per capita public health expenditure, per capita state gross domestic product, per capita state's own revenue and infant mortality rate for a period of 30 years from 1990 to 2020. For the purpose of analysis, the states were divided into economically less developed and economically developed based on the revenue earned by the selected Indian states. The analysis begins with summary statistics and pair-wise correlation followed by ordinary least squares regression. The findings of the study suggest that there was a significant positive impact of per capita gross state domestic product, fiscal capacity on per capita public health expenditure, and a negative impact of infant mortality rate on per capita public health expenditure in all the 23 Indian states. And the impact of per capita state gross domestic product on per capita public health expenditure is higher in richer Indian states than poorer Indian states.

Following decentralization in Indonesia there is evidence of a mismatch between spending responsibilities at the local level and local government's ability to effectively manage resources. This research investigates the relationship between institutional arrangements for public expenditure management (PEM) and inequalities in health outcomes in selected districts of Bengkulu Province, Indonesia. The primary aims of this study are to identify factors contributing to health outcome attainment differences and efficiency determinants. The role of the central government and the own-source capacity of district-level governments in financing health resources are also explained. This research differs from previous works by focusing on the inefficiency of the district-level health sector that is associated with weak PEM systems in order to explain the significant disparity in health outcome attainment within a country, using the new institutional economics (NIE) perspective as a guideline. Mixed methods procedures were adopted: quantitative and qualitative data were collected concurrently. The quantitative study utilized secondary data from data sets of government institutions. A correlational analysis, using the software package SPSS, was applied to assess the relationship between public health expenditure and other determinants with health outcomes at the provincial level. The qualitative study used primary data from in-depth face-to-face interviews with 20 key actors involved in the budget process for the health sector in four district governments of Bengkulu Province. Qualitative data were analysed using the QSR NVivo software program. This study reveals that changes in public health expenditure as a percentage of GRDP and real public health expenditure per capita and other determinants can be important factors behind observed declines in infant and child mortality and increases in life expectancy in Bengkulu Province. Other determinants of health outcomes comprise real GRDP per capita, the percentage of population participation in managed care, the percentage of delivering mothers assisted by health personnel, the ratio of midwives per 100,000 population, and the female literacy rate. The role of central government in financing health resources in the districts studied is also very prominent. These districts rely heavily on the central government and have limited financial capacity. Consequently, district governments have difficulty in performing their functions in the health sector properly because of frequently insufficient and reduced public health spending that originates from the central budget. This study also finds that the inability of institutional arrangements to adopt PEM principles has undermined the efficiency of government intervention in the health sector at district level. Weak institutional arrangements in PEM have had harmful effects on the size, allocation and use of public health expenditure, which contributes to inequalities in health outcome attainment in Bengkulu Province. Such weaknesses include the absence of constructive political engagement, lack of policy clarity, consistency and affordability, the presence of poor predictability, lack of transparency, the presence of poor comprehensiveness and integration and a lack of accountability. District governments also face severe inefficiencies in PEM that are created by delays in the budget approval processes. The introduction of market-based practices in PEM of the district governments studied has been unable to prevent potential opportunistic political behaviour. This has led to failure in reducing or eliminating the costs of negotiating and enforcing political agreements in allocating public resources by policy makers, since the budget can be viewed as a contract. These findings reinforce the criticism that the applicability of the PEM technique is country-specific. Proper institutional arrangements that address an Indonesia-specific context are required for the success of PEM. Using the NIE perspective, the findings support the view that hierarchies as an alternative mode of governance are more appropriate than markets, which cannot reduce transaction costs. Results-oriented cultures of the PEM approach cause difficulty in implementing this approach due to serious measurement problems in the health service.

An important component of human capital formation is
improvements in the health status of the population.1 Improvements in
the health status of a nation can lead to longer life expectancy, shift
the labour supply curve outward, increase labour productivity, and
increase the productivity of investment in other forms of human capital,
particularly education. Since health and the capacity to improve health
are related to socio-economic conditions, it is important to analyse the
impact of changes in these variables on the provision of health
services. Due to the presence of externalities, market failures, and
inability of a significant proportion of the population to pay,
government intervention is required in the health sector. In this study,
we shall analyse the changes in the provision of public health resources
in Pakistan, in response to the changes in socio-economic factors. Most
empirical studies in this area have been cross-country studies. Fulop
and Reinke (1983) emphasise that socio-economic factors affect the
health status directly and indirectly. The indirect effect is through
the changes in health resources in response to the changes in
socio-economic factors. Kleiman's (1986) cross-country analysis shows
that per capita national income, the ratio of government consumption
expenditure to private consumption expenditure, and the measure of
income inequality are important determinants of public expenditure on
health. The study also shows that public and private expenditure on
health are good if not a perfect substitute for each other.

• Experiencing a rapid economic growth, Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS nations) are now confronting a growing aging population and an increasing prevalence of noncommunicable diseases. • The health care spending share of the economy in the BRICS nations is growing and constitutes an important part of governmental efforts to address population health and health care systems. • Even with the growth in health expenditures, there remains a significant challenge in balancing the need for promoting public health, controlling noncommunicable diseases, and improving population health in these emerging economies. • BRICS nations have a great potential for embracing a public health agenda aimed at promoting physical activity and healthy lifestyles as part of the BRICS public health policies in order to improve population health and reduce the burden of noncommunicable diseases.

The analysis of the concept of human capital shows that this form of capital includes a set of different components that are used in economic activities and generates different kind of benefits. Health is one of the main components of human capital. Hence, considering its importance authors of this article tried to investigate the impact of public health expenditure on the health component of human capital. Ordinary least square, fixed and random effects panel data models for 28 European Union countries were used to reach this purpose. The main variables used in this study is life expectancy at birth (related to the health component of human capital) and general government health expenditure. It is known that there are other factors affecting health and human capital in general. Hence variables such as GDP grow, GINI coefficient, education level, alcohol consumption, old age dependency and urbanization rate were added in the models as explanatory variables. The results of the performed study show that public health expenditure has a positive and significant impact on the improvements of life expectancy. Selected fixed-effects panel data models also show significant and positive effects of the GDP growth, old age dependency while a negative effect is identified by alcohol consumption. The existing close relationship between health and education also is confirmed by this study. Results suggest that higher education level is positively and significantly related to life expectancy while a lower education has a negative impact on life expectancy.

The analysis of the concept of human capital shows that this form of capital includes a set of different components that are used in economic activities and generates different kind of benefits. Health is one of the main components of human capital. Hence, considering its importance authorsof this article tried to investigate the impact of public health expenditure on the health component ofhuman capital. Ordinary least square, fixed and random effects panel data models for 28 European Union countries were used to reach this purpose. The main variables used in this study is life expectancy at birth (related to the health component of human capital) and general government health expenditure.It is known thatthere are otherfactors affecting health and human capital in general. Hencevariablessuchas GDP grow, GINI coefficient, education level, alcohol consumption, old age dependency and urbanization rate wereadded in the models as explanatory variables. The results of the performed study show that public health expenditure has a positive and significant impact on the improvements of life expectancy. Selected fixed-effects panel data models also show significant and positive effects of the GDP growth, old age dependency while a negative effectis identified by alcohol consumption. The existing close relationship between health and education also is confirmed by this study. Results suggestthat higher education level is positively and significantly related to life expectancy while a lower education has a negative impact on life expectancy.

The analysis of the concept of human capital shows that this form of capital includes a set of different components that are used in economic activities and generates different kind of benefits. Health is one of the main components of human capital. Hence, considering its importance authorsof this article tried to investigate the impact of public health expenditure on the health component ofhuman capital. Ordinary least square, fixed and random effects panel data models for 28 European Union countries were used to reach this purpose. The main variables used in this study is life expectancy at birth (related to the health component of human capital) and general government health expenditure.It is known thatthere are otherfactors affecting health and human capital in general. Hencevariablessuchas GDP grow, GINI coefficient, education level, alcohol consumption, old age dependency and urbanization rate wereadded in the models as explanatory variables. The results of the performed study show that public health expenditure has a positive and significant impact on the improvements of life expectancy. Selected fixed-effects panel data models also show significant and positive effects of the GDP growth, old age dependency while a negative effectis identified by alcohol consumption. The existing close relationship between health and education also is confirmed by this study. Results suggestthat higher education level is positively and significantly related to life expectancy while a lower education has a negative impact on life expectancy.

The analysis of the concept of human capital shows that this form of capital includes a set of different components that are used in economic activities and generates different kind of benefits. Health is one of the main components of human capital. Hence, considering its importance authorsof this article tried to investigate the impact of public health expenditure on the health component ofhuman capital. Ordinary least square, fixed and random effects panel data models for 28 European Union countries were used to reach this purpose. The main variables used in this study is life expectancy at birth (related to the health component of human capital) and general government health expenditure.It is known thatthere are otherfactors affecting health and human capital in general. Hencevariablessuchas GDP grow, GINI coefficient, education level, alcohol consumption, old age dependency and urbanization rate wereadded in the models as explanatory variables. The results of the performed study show that public health expenditure has a positive and significant impact on the improvements of life expectancy. Selected fixed-effects panel data models also show significant and positive effects of the GDP growth, old age dependency while a negative effectis identified by alcohol consumption. The existing close relationship between health and education also is confirmed by this study. Results suggestthat higher education level is positively and significantly related to life expectancy while a lower education has a negative impact on life expectancy.