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In contrast to histories of twentieth century public health that focus exclusively on the local, national, or international levels, 'Shifting Boundaries' explores the connections or 'zones of contact' between the three levels. The interpretive essays, written by distinguished historians of public health and medicine, focus on four topics: the oscillation between governmental and non-governmental (public) agencies as sites of responsibility for addressing public health problems; the harmonization of nation states' agendas with those of international agencies; the development by public health experts of knowledge that is both placeless and respectful of place; and the transportability of model solutions across borders. The volume breaks new ground in its treatment of public health as a political endeavor by highlighting strategies to prevent or alleviate disease as a matter not simply of medical techniques, but of political values and commitments. Contributors: Peter Baldwin, Iris Borowy, James A. Gillespie, Graham Mooney, Lion Murard, Dorothy Porter, Sabine Schleiermacher, Susan Gross Solomon, Paul Weindling, and Patrick Zylberman. Susan Gross Solomon is professor of political science at the University of Toronto. Lion Murard and Patrick Zylberman are both senior researchers at CERMES (Centre de Recherche Médecine, Sciences, Santé et Société), CNRS-EHESS-INSERM, Paris

Can there be a democratic public health? fighting AIDS in the industrialized world / Peter Baldwin -- The social contract of health in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries : individuals, corporations, and the state / Dorothy Porter -- American foundations and the internationalizing of public health / Paul Weindling -- Maneuvering for space : international health work of the League of Nations during World War II / Iris Borowy -- Europe, America, and the space of international health / James A. Gillespie -- Designs within disorder : international conferences on rural health care and the art of the local, 1931-39 / Lion Murard -- Contested spaces : models of public health in occupied Germany / Sabine Schleiermacher -- British public health and the problem of local demographic structure / Graham Mooney -- A matter of "reach" : fact-finding in public health in the wake of World War I / Susan Gross Solomon -- A transatlantic dispute : the etiology of malaria and the redesign of the Mediterranean landscape / Patrick Zylberman

Cold War Era (1946–1991) was marked by the presence of two distinctively different economic systems, namely the free-market (The Western ones) and central-planned (The Eastern ones) economies. The main goal of this study refers to the exploration of development pathways of Public and Private Health Expenditure in all of the countries of the European WHO Region. Based on the availability of fully comparable data from the National Health Accounts system, we adopted the 1995–2014 time horizon. All countries were divided into two groups: those defined in 1989 as free market economies and those defined as centrally-planned economies. We observed six major health expenditures: Total Health Expenditure (% of GDP), Total Health Expenditure (PPP unit), General government expenditure on health (PPP), Private expenditure on health (PPP), Social security funds (PPP) and Out-of-pocket expenditure (PPP). All of the numerical values used refer exclusively to per capita health spending. In a time-window from the middle of the 1990s towards recent years, total health expenditure was rising fast in both groups of countries. Expenditure on health % of GDP in both group of countries increased over time with the increase in the Free-market economies seen to be more rapid. The steeper level of total expenditure on health for the Free-market as of 1989 market economies, is due mainly to a steep increase in both the government and private expenditure on health relative to spending by centrally-planned economies as of the same date, with the out-of-pocket expenditure and the social security funds in the same market economies category following the same steepness. Variety of governments were leading Eastern European countries into their transitional health care reforms. We may confirm clear presence of obvious divergent upward trends in total governmental and private health expenditures between these two groups of countries over the past two decades. The degree of challenge to the fiscal sustainability of these health systems will have to be judged for each single nation, in line with its own local circumstances and perspectives. ; peer-reviewed

Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Abbreviations -- Abbreviations of country names used in some figures and tables -- Foreword by the Regional Director -- Overview -- Health situation in the European Region -- Capturing the Health 2020 core values -- Defining the vision for harmonized and interoperable information systems for health for Europe -- The unfinished agenda beyond 2020 - what do we need to do next? -- Health situation in the European Region -- Introduction -- Target 1. Reduce premature mortality in Europe by 2020 -- Target 2. Increase life expectancy in Europe -- Target 3. Reduce inequalities in health in Europe (social determinants target) -- Target 4. Enhance the well-being of the European population -- Target 5. Ensure universal coverage and the "right to health" -- Target 6. Set national goals and targets related to health -- Capturing the Health 2020 core values -- Introduction -- Measuring and reporting on well-being -- Measuring and reporting on community resilience -- Measuring and reporting on community empowerment -- Measuring and reporting implementation of the life-course approach -- Measuring and reporting implementation of the whole-of-society approach -- Conclusion -- Defining the vision for harmonized and interoperable information systems for health for Europe -- Introduction -- Developing information systems for health -- Enhancing research systems for health -- Knowledge translation and evidence-informed policy-making -- Harmonization and interoperability -- Conclusion -- The unfinished agenda beyond 2020 - what do we need to do next? -- References -- ANNEXES -- Annex 1: Health 2020 monitoring framework -- Annex 2: Technical notes -- References for the Annexes.

Heike Karge, Friederike Kind-Kovacs, and Sara Bernasconi, eds., From the Midwife's Bag to the Patient's File: Public Health in Eastern Europe, Budapest: Central European University Press, 2017, vii–xix, 349 pp., $70.00/€62.00 (hardback), ISBN: 978-963-386-208-7.Constantin Barbulescu, Physicians, Peasants, and Modern Medicine: Imagining Rurality in Romania, 1860–1910, translated by Angela Jianu, Budapest: Central European University Press, 2018, xi–xii, 292 pp., $60.00/€50.00 (hardback), ISBN: 978-963-386-267-4.

Chronic conditions and diseases are the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in Europe, accounting for 86% of total premature deaths, and the burden is likely to grow. The epidemiologic and economic analysis in this book suggests that policy-makers should make chronic disease a priority and focuses on the strategies and interventions to use: prevention and early detection; new provider qualifications and settings; disease management programes; and integrated care models, though evidence on their effectiveness and cost-effectiveness is still limited. Institutional and organizational challen

International audience ; This article will demonstrate that governments determine health policy objectives in different ways. This is in terms not only of their nature and impact but also in terms of the respective responsibilities of different stakeholders, making decisions relative to the funding and implementation of strategic choices in health policy. Two major questions constitute the basis of this work: Who defines health strategies and what is the underlying logic of these strategies?

International audience ; This article will demonstrate that governments determine health policy objectives in different ways. This is in terms not only of their nature and impact but also in terms of the respective responsibilities of different stakeholders, making decisions relative to the funding and implementation of strategic choices in health policy. Two major questions constitute the basis of this work: Who defines health strategies and what is the underlying logic of these strategies?

International audience ; This article will demonstrate that governments determine health policy objectives in different ways. This is in terms not only of their nature and impact but also in terms of the respective responsibilities of different stakeholders, making decisions relative to the funding and implementation of strategic choices in health policy. Two major questions constitute the basis of this work: Who defines health strategies and what is the underlying logic of these strategies?

It is now 3 months since the British people voted narrowly to leave the European Union (EU). The absence of any agreement on what the alternative is, or a coherent plan to achieve it means that this may not actually happen. However, the resulting uncertainty creates major challenges, not only for the UK, which has suffered immediate economic damage, but also for the rest of Europe. ; peer-reviewed