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Background: The international body of research on student voice concludes that active pupil participation has multiple positive effects on the work environment and learning for pupils. In a large study on gender equality and diversity work in Swedish schools, it became evident that pupils wanted to be active participants. However, pupils considered that their wishes were, to a large extent, ignored. Therefore, it is important to try to understand this further by investigating pupils' perceptions of their experiences. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to explore how discourses of participation and power are practised, not practised, and materialised, by focusing in-depth on pupils' representations of gender equality and diversity work within a small sample of Swedish schools. Methodology: The study is based on data from 10 focus group interviews with 43 pupils from 4 different schools, 2 compulsory schools (pupil ages 6–15) and 2 upper secondary schools (pupil ages 16–18), in Sweden. The thematic analysis utilised a gender perspective anchored in a critical policy analysis approach. Analysis and Findings: The analysis of focus group data identified three pupil representations of gender equality and diversity work: a onetime occurrence, longing for participation and the (un)fair teacher. These representations were derived from and intertwined with discourses on pupil participation and power. Three sub-discourses were found within the discourse on participation and power: normative barriers to participation, structural barriers to participation and openings in the barriers to participation. The first two sub-discourses support the maintenance of unequal power relations between adults and pupils, while the third challenges these power relations. Conclusions: Our study suggests that no substantial levels of participation or power among the pupils were represented at the schools. Instead, the analysis visualises pupils as expressing powerlessness and disengagement. However, the discourse Openings in the barriers to participation, together with pupils' democratic abilities, has the potential to enable change and the development of pupil participation in schools.

International audience ; This chapter deals with pupils' participation in French Secondary Schools. It presents the three models of citizenship currently mobilized to face school problems, like violence, and, at the same time, to build citizens. Then, it tries to analyse the implementation of the different tools used in Secondary schools and shows that pupils' participation is rather difficult because of the discrepancy between being a pupil and being an active citizen. The analysis of pupils' participation in schools clearly highlights that the way in which French public secondary schools define and implement citizenship and pupil participation introduces various misunderstandings concerning pursued goals and the degree of pupil participation. This situation questions the role of school in political socialization.

International audience ; This chapter deals with pupils' participation in French Secondary Schools. It presents the three models of citizenship currently mobilized to face school problems, like violence, and, at the same time, to build citizens. Then, it tries to analyse the implementation of the different tools used in Secondary schools and shows that pupils' participation is rather difficult because of the discrepancy between being a pupil and being an active citizen. The analysis of pupils' participation in schools clearly highlights that the way in which French public secondary schools define and implement citizenship and pupil participation introduces various misunderstandings concerning pursued goals and the degree of pupil participation. This situation questions the role of school in political socialization.

Participation is a right that children should have the opportunity to put into practice. Schools are an ideal setting for students to make their voices heard by expressing ideas, making decisions and formulating proposals. With the aim of exploring the options of the students to participate in the school and to point out ways to maximize these options, we conducted a study by means of an ad-hoc questionnaire addressed to all school principals in Catalonia. Specifically, 684 participated and the results indicate that not only do boys and girls give their opinion in class, but also make decisions when they work in groups, in relation to classroom coexistence or by voting their own proposals. In addition, they can influence the school by claiming and defending their interests. In conclusion, the different degrees of student participation reveal an evolution from symbolic or apparent participation towards giving opinions and making decisions, an also having an influence. However, participation in areas traditionally governed by adults and the possibility of establishing participatory mechanisms are rare. It would therefore be appropriate to strengthen the different levels of participation and to promote those types that have hardly been detected in this study. ; La participación es un derecho que los niños y niñas deben tener la oportunidad de ejercer y la escuela es un escenario idóneo para que el alumnado pueda hacer oír su voz exponiendo ideas, tomando decisiones y formulando propuestas. Con el objetivo de detectar las opciones del alumnado de participar en el centro y apuntar vías para maximizarlas efectuamos un estudio a partir de un cuestionario elaborado ad hoc dirigido a todos y todas los directores y directoras de escuelas de Cataluña. En concreto, participaron 684 y los resultados indican que los niños y las niñas no solo opinan en clase, sino que toman decisiones cuando trabajan en grupo, en relación con la convivencia o votando sus propias propuestas. Además, pueden influir en el centro reivindicando y defendiendo sus intereses. En conclusión, los diferentes grados de participación del alumnado revelan una evolución desde la participación simbólica o aparente hacia opinar y decidir y, también, incidir. Todo ello sin inmiscuirse demasiado en terrenos tradicionalmente regidos por los adultos o tomar iniciativas a la hora de formular los propios mecanismos participativos. Convendría, pues, fortalecer los diferentes niveles de participación y promover aquellos tipos que apenas se han detectado en este estudio.

"Annotated bibliography on student participation": p. 189-196. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Statement of Problem There seems to be wide differences of opinion concerning the significance of social changes that are taking place in the public schools of Texas. Many adult citizens are not confident that the values of civilization which they now enjoy can be controlled and kept in existence. It is evident that when school people observe what is happening in the outside world and become cognizant of the obvious fear and confusion among grownups, they must realize that they must do all they can to prepare children to cope with the problems more effectively and with more enlightened leadership than their parents were able to do. The trained school man knows that it is not sufficient merely to explain problems to the children. He must present practical experience along with the problem of explanation. Pupils' organizations appear in a great variety of forms and for a great variety of purposes. Each organization has problems peculiar to itself. This study will be concerned with the analyses and practices in the organization, administration, and supervision of pupil participation in the Negro high schools of Texas that are recognized as "A" class by the Southern Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools. The primary aim of this study is to search for information concerning the following items: Types of organization. 2. Methods of managing pupil participation in school organizations. 3. Bases for the selection of the members of the governing body. 4. Eligibility for election. 5. Powers granted. 6. Disciplinary problems. 7. Time and frequency of meetings. 8. Attitude toward the pupil governing body. 9. Chief objectives or values. 10. Problems and difficulties. 11. Some definite achievements. 12. The size of the governing body. The question greatly concerned in this study is, what attempt is being made among the Negro high schools of Texas, recognized by the Southern Association of Secondary Schools and Colleges, to provide training for citizenship and the development of social responsibility by means of affording pupils an opportunity to participate in the government of the school?

Este artículo teórico se centra en la elaboración de un marco conceptual para investigar los procesos de participación del alumnado. Apoyándonos en planteamientos de los modelos de democracia participativa y deliberativa, partimos de nuestra consideración de la democracia como una forma de vida, que en la escuela debe acompañarse de valores como la búsqueda del bien común, la pluralidad y la creación de una atmósfera de confianza. Definimos la participación del alumnado como un conjunto de procesos (diálogo, toma de decisiones y acción) por el que los alumnos se hacen protagonistas de la realidad que viven, siendo parte y tomando parte de la vida de los centros educativos. Analizamos la relación entre los tres procesos, para después plantear la pregunta de quién debe participar y finalmente señalamos algunas conclusiones sobre la propuesta. ; This theoretical article focuses in the development of a conceptual framework to investigate pupil participation processes. With the support of ideas taken from the participatory and deliberative models of democracy, we use as a starting point our consideration of democracy as a way of life, which in school must be accompanied by values of the common good, plurality and the creation of an atmosphere of trust. We consider that pupil participation is composed by three processes (dialogue, decision-making and action) that make pupils become agents of their own education, being part and taking part in the life of the educational centers. We analyze the relation among the three processes, raise the question of who should participate in it and point out some conclusions about the proposal. ; Formación de Profesorado Universitario del Ministerio de Educación del gobierno de España, referencia: AP2009-5148 ; 0.244 SJR (2017) Q3, 718/1287 Education ; UEM

Our work focuses on the participation of students of primary education in decision-making. We carried out a qualitative case study of two public Primary schools with the aim of illustrating good models of student participation. On the one hand, our results highlight the opportunities resulting from the creation of specific structures of student participation, such as class and student councils, because they allow students to participate in collective rule-making, conflict management and the planning and evaluation of school and class activities. On the other hand, the results emphasize the contributions derived from the use of teaching methods that enhance student participation in decision making on academic issues by selecting contents, the inclusion of self-assessment processes and the self-organization of work time. Overall, the results obtained point out that it is feasible to organize the activity of a Primary Education center encouraging students to participate in decision making and they add evidence supported in the practice of two schools to progress in the study and promotion of school participation. ; Nuestro trabajo se centra en la participación del alumnado de Educación Primaria en la toma de decisiones. Realizamos un estudio cualitativo de casos de dos colegios públicos de Educación Primaria con el objetivo de ilustrar cómo puede expresarse la participación del alumnado. Nuestros resultados señalan, por un lado, las posibilidades derivadas de la creación de estructuras específicas de participación del alumnado, como la asamblea de clase y las asambleas de estudiantes, pues permiten que los estudiantes participen en la elaboración colectiva de normas, la gestión de conflictos y la planificación y evaluación de actividades del aula y el centro. Por otro lado, destacamos la utilización de metodologías en el aula que contribuyan a la participación del alumnado en la toma de decisiones sobre asuntos académicos mediante la selección de contenidos, la inclusión de procesos de autoevaluación y la organización del tiempo propio de trabajo. Vistos en conjunto, los resultados obtenidos indican que es viable organizar la actividad de un centro de Educación Primaria fomentando que el alumnado participe en la toma de decisiones y añaden evidencia sustentada en la práctica de dos colegios para avanzar en el estudio y la promoción de la participación en la escuela.

Nuestro trabajo se centra en la participación del alumnado de Educación Primaria en la toma de decisiones. Realizamos un estudio cualitativo de casos de dos colegios públicos de Educación Primaria con el objetivo de ilustrar cómo puede expresarse la participación del alumnado. Nuestros resultados señalan, por un lado, las posibilidades derivadas de la creación de estructuras específicas de participación del alumnado, como la asamblea de clase y las asambleas de estudiantes, pues permiten que los estudiantes participen en la elaboración colectiva de normas, la gestión de conflictos y la planificación y evaluación de actividades del aula y el centro. Por otro lado, destacamos la utilización de metodologías en el aula que contribuyan a la participación del alumnado en la toma de decisiones sobre asuntos académicos mediante la selección de contenidos, la inclusión de procesos de autoevaluación y la organización del tiempo propio de trabajo. Vistos en conjunto, los resultados obtenidos indican que es viable organizar la actividad de un centro de Educación Primaria fomentando que el alumnado participe en la toma de decisiones y añaden evidencia sustentada en la práctica de dos colegios para avanzar en el estudio y la promoción de la participación en la escuela. ; Our work focuses on the participation of students of primary education in decision-making. We carried out a qualitative case study of two public Primary schools with the aim of illustrating good models of student participation. On the one hand, our results highlight the opportunities resulting from the creation of specific structures of student participation, such as class and student councils, because they allow students to participate in collective rulemaking, conflict management and the planning and evaluation of school and class activities. On the other hand, the results emphasize the contributions derived from the use of teaching methods that enhance student participation in decision making on academic issues by selecting contents, the inclusion of self-assessment processes and the self-organization of work time. Overall, the results obtained point out that it is feasible to organize the activity of a Primary Education center encouraging students to participate in decision making and they add evidence supported in the practice of two schools to progress in the study and promotion of school participation.