Suchergebnisse

Abstract. The products and the variety of direct and indirect benefits that humans receive from nature and the various ecosystems (agricultural, forest, grass, mountain, river, marine, etc.) are commonly known as ecosystem services. Agricultural ecosystems of different types and their specific "agro-ecosystem" services are among the most widespread in the world. In recent years increasing attention is given to the system of ("good") governance as a key to achieving public, collective, corporate, and private goals in relation to conservation and improvement of (agro)ecosystem services. Nevertheless, in Bulgaria, like in many other countries, there are few studies on the amount and importance of agro-ecosystem services, and the specific mechanisms, modes, factors, and efficiency of their management. This article tries to fill the gap and presents the results of a large-scale study on the structure and governance of diverse ecosystem services of Bulgarian farms. Firstly, it identifies the type, amount, and importance of various (provisional, economic, recreational, aesthetic, cultural, educational, supporting, water and air purification, biodiversity preservation, climate regulation, etc.) ecosystem services maintained and "produced" by the Bulgarian farms of different juridical type, size, specialization, and location. The study has found out that country's farms provide a great number of essential ecosystem services among which provisioning food and feed, and conservation of elements of the natural environment prevail. Secondly, it identifies and assesses the efficiency and complementarities of specific modes and mechanisms of governance of ecosystem services used by the Bulgarian farms. The study had found out that a great variety of private, market, collective, public and hybrid modes of governance of farm activity related to agroecosystem services are applied. There is significant differentiation of employed managerial forms depending on the type of ecosystem services and the specialization of agricultural holdings. Furthermore, the management of agroecosystem services is associated with a considerable increase in the production and transaction costs of participating farms as well as big socio-economic and environmental effects for agricultural holdings and other parties. The factors that mostly stimulate the activity of Bulgarian agricultural producers for protection of (agro)ecosystems and their services are participation in public support programs, access to farmers' advice, professional training, available information, and innovation, received direct subsidies from EU and national government, personal conviction and satisfaction, positive experience of others, long-term and immediate benefits for the farm, and integration with suppliers, buyers, and processors. The suggested holistic and interdisciplinary framework for analyzing the system of management of agro-ecosystem services is to be further extended and improved, and more widely and periodically applied in the future. The later requires systematic in-depth multidisciplinary research in this new area, as well as the collection of original micro- and macro information on ecosystem survives, and forms, efficiency, and factors of their management. The accuracy of analyzes is to be improved by increasing representativeness through enlarging the number of surveyed farms and related agents, applying statistical methods, special "training" of participants, etc. as well as improving the official system for collecting agricultural, agro-economic, and agri-environmental information in the country.Keywords. Ecosystems, Services, Governance, Efficiency, Agriculture, Farms, Bulgaria.JEL. Q10, O31, O33, Q01, Q16, Q18.

Abstract. V. International Anatolian Conference in Economics (Econanadolu 2017) organized by the Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences of Eskişehir Anadolu University between 11-13 May 2017. The main aim of this congress was bring to academicians from all over the world together to discuss new outcomes within theoretical and applied economics research, exchange ideas and create a research network for future joint collaborations. Econanadolu 2017 included many economic fields such as microeconomics, macroeconomics, international trade, health economics, political economy, industrialization, sustainable development. There were many national and international important academicians and researchers in the both scientific committee and the regulatory committee of the conference. This congress had been an important source of experience for young researchers and academicians. This congress had been a successful congress both scientific and cultural.Keywords. Econanadolu 2017, Macroeconomics, Sustainable development.JEL. A10, B22, Q01.

The European Union is currently making significant strides to lead on green finance and align its financial system with its climate, sustainability and clean energy ambitions. To this end, the European Commission presented three legislative proposals on sustainable finance in May 2018. One of the EU's main efforts here is to establish a market for green bonds by introducing a common taxonomy. A technical expert group on sustainable finance is currently developing this taxonomy for sustainable finance. However, most experts are from the investor side, while the issuer side is underrepresented in the group. By defining which economic activities are green, the expert group also determines, which economic activities are non-green. Through the taxonomy, the green bond framework will thereby alter the financing conditions for green investments as well as for traditional investments. In our view, the framework on sustainable finance is unbalanced; it emphasizes mostly the investors' view and less the issuers' view. Two problems might arise from this: First, it does not adequately address the contribution of intermediate goods producers to green final products, and second, the contribution of non-green investments to CO2-reduction with the consequence that their financing costs might rise through a green bond framework. Our first recommendation is, that the expert group should shift its focus away from single green products towards the green value chain. This approach would allow intermediate good producers of non-green products to issue green bonds if they contribute to green final products. If the issuer of an intermediate product could prove that, for example, 20 percent of its sales contribute to a green final product, the issuer should be allowed to structure the issuance by distributing 20 percent of the issuance volume as green bonds and the remaining 80 percent as conventional bonds. Considering the green value chain is important, since the financing costs of intermediate products will contribute to the production costs of green final products. Our second recommendation is that businesses should at least in part be allowed to issue green bonds if they invest in technologies that reduce their CO2-emissions significantly. Their production does not fall under the definition of green products, but these firms could also contribute to greening the economy by investing in emission-reducing and energy-saving technologies. Embracing these issuers into the sustainable finance framework would set them incentives to invest into lowering their CO2-emissions.

Cet article a pour objectif d'étudier l'économie écologique avec ses diverses tendances. Dans ce cadre, le focus est mis sur la « socio-économie écologique » qui entend s'appuyer sur une économie politique et institutionnelle hétérodoxe en soutenabilité forte. Il s'agit également de montrer les apports de la « socio-économie écologique » quant à l'analyse d'un dispositif contemporain de politique environnementale que sont les « paiements pour services environnementaux » (PSE) dans les pays des Suds. Classification JEL : Q01, Q28, Q57, Q58, O1, B5

Since the 80s we have been facing a rising phase of the globalization process , based on the evolution of the American model of capitalism and on the emerging power of China and other developing countries. At global level technological innovation is crucial for triggering information revolution and making multinationals more competitive and innovative. If we look at average annual rates of growth in real terms, we can see the scale of the phenomenon. Globally, more and more countries fall barriers on foreign direct investment and portfolio investment. This situation favors the movement of capital and gives them greater mobility, thanks to technological advances and the revolution in communications systems. Thus the first application of the globalization phenomenon can be placed within the international currency markets, bonds and shares, savings and financial instruments operated by intermediaries for the purpose of funding agencies, states and businesses. The result of these international operations is 'speculation', whose purpose is not to finance the real economy but to make profit on transactions (Targetti, 2009). At the same time the tariff barriers have been cut down, not only among developed countries, but also between developed and developing countries, especially emerging powers. At this point, free trade is gaining more weight and global prices of manufactured goods are stabilizing, while the rules on capital movements are dwindling. This trend has created a favorable environment for the entry of new firms in the financial market overall, and new opportunities for consumers and investors. The result of these processes is represented by the entry of about three billion people in the circuit of production and distribution of wealth. Emerging powers has an increasing role in terms of both commercial and financial activities in the world economy. Among the negative aspects, we higlight inequality on income distribution, the increase of global environmental degradation the effects of financial instability on real economy. This paper analyses the insights on tourism development policies as a possibile answer to globalization and economic crisis. Firms operating in the tourism sector usually have limited access to innovative resources. Thus, volunteers organizations and governmental structures that are active in the tourism sector, should involve tourism in the innovation systems foreliminating seasonality, advancing technical and scientific knowledge, promoting the export of concepts, events, etc. and last but not least, rasing new funds for tourism, including EU funds, research and development projects and venture capital.

Abstract. This paper illustrates the relationship between energy reforms and economic sustainable development in Egypt and Iran; through analyzing the relation between energy reform and four main macroeconomic variables, namely: budget deficit, energy consumption, inflation and economic growth. The methodology adopted in this paper is a comparative case study between Egypt and Iran, using qualitative descriptive analysis; focusing on the period from 2010 to 2014, as this period is characterized with active subsidy reform efforts for both countries. The paper concludes that reforming energy subsidies generally tends to relief the strain on the public budget, in case it is not accompanied with simultaneous economic difficulties which can deem the reform efforts obsolete, like in the case of Iran. In addition, the responsiveness of energy consumption of a certain fuel to the increase in its price is heavily reliant on its price elasticity of demand. This is represented in the availability of alternative energy sources. Moreover, the effect of the reforms on inflation is normally instantaneous and short-lived and could be mitigated through government intervention; that was clear in the case of Egypt. However, Iran did not show a similar trend as there was a weak correlation between subsidy reforms and inflation. Finally, there tends to be a very weak relationship between subsidy reforms and GDP growth, implying that the effect of other economic factors outweighs that of subsidy reforms.Keywords. Energy subsidy reform, MENA region, Sustainable development.JEL. E62, H23, Q01.

The aim of the article is to present tensions that occur in social, cultural, political, and technological spheres as a result of the development of postmodern societies. The changes that have been taking place in those areas involve, along with unquestionable benefits, a type of risk which, without any moral reflection, can cause a serious global crisis. The postmodern times should be understood as a continuation of the modern formation where all typical features of modernism take a more radical form. The postmodern specific style of life is characterised by uncertainty, the unpredictability of the future, as well as a decline of traditional values and morals. Moreover, the present postmodern tendencies in the area of morals can hinder the right course of development of society, economy and ecology.

The aim of the article is to present tensions that occur in social, cultural, political, and technological spheres as a result of the development of postmodern societies. The changes that have been taking place in those areas involve, along with unquestionable benefits, a type of risk which, without any moral reflection, can cause a serious global crisis. The postmodern times should be understood as a continuation of the modern formation where all typical features of modernism take a more radical form. The postmodern specific style of life is characterised by uncertainty, the unpredictability of the future, as well as a decline of traditional values and morals. Moreover, the present postmodern tendencies in the area of morals can hinder the right course of development of society, economy and ecology. ; Publication of English-language versions of the volumes of the "Annales. Ethics in Economic Life" financed through contract no. 501/1/P-DUN/2017 from the funds of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education devoted to the promotion of scholarship.

Basing on official statistical data, the article presents changes in R&D taking place in Poland in 1975-2009. In 1975 the Polish centrally-planned economy held a strong position in Europe, especially if we measure it by the number of scientific and technical staff employed in research and development. After transition to a market economy, the level of employment in R&D continually decreased and in 2009 reached 40% of the level from 1975. At the same time, the European Union experienced growth of employment in R&D; for example in Spain R&D employment grew 17-fold (by 1688%).Poland will need to increase its innovativeness in order to effectively compete in the global economy.

Faisant face à une sévère crise écologique, l'Algérie a initié, au début de ce Millénaire, un modèle de développement qui serait apte à mieux conjuguer simultanément les impératifs économiques, sociaux et environnementaux. Au même moment, cette crise a été saisie telle une opportunité pour renouveler l'action publique environnementale via la Stratégie nationale de l'environnement (SNE). Au travers d'une démarche évaluative, le but de cet article sera un essai d'analyse de la SNE comme réponse institutionnelle à cette crise et catalyseur d'une nouvelle perspective de développement. Classification JEL : O13 ; P28 ; Q01 ; Q56 ; Q58

Maize is one of the staple foods that supply the world's food demand. The research aims to determine financial analysis of nitrogen fertilizers and planting systems and its implications on maize agribusiness. The research was conducted in experimental design with a split-plot arrangement comprising four replications. Maize plant density as a system treatment was allocated to main plots (65,000; 75,000; and 85,000 plant per ha). Integrated nitrogen was assigned to sub-plots: control; 0% yard manure (YM) + 100% urea; 100% YM + 0% urea; 50% YM + 50% urea; 75% YM + 25% urea; and 25% YM + 75% urea. Data were recorded on plant harvest, harvest index, and R/C ratio. The result showed that integrated N of 50% Farm Yard Manure + 50% urea in 85,000 plant per ha resulted in a higher harvest index of 31.5% and the highest R/C ratio of 6.2 and enhanced yield of 4,219 kg per ha. This yield almost meets the government's expectations. Total cost was 36,961 PKR, total income was 227,941 PKR, and economic net return reached 190,980 PKR. The government can support the maize crops farmers to activate decomposition household's waste to be organic fertilizer in their house and provide the place for decomposition activity in the crops field to fulfill production government target, food security, and environmental health.JEL Classification: Q01; Q12; Q18

Alors que le sommet de la Terre, « Stockholm +50 », s'est tenu en juin 2022, cet article fait retour sur la genèse et l'évolution des actions diplomatiques et débats académiques qui ont visé à rapprocher les questions de développement et d'environnement durant ce demi-siècle. Les décennies 1970-1980 peuvent être vues comme une période d'« avant le développement durable » ; les décennies 1990-2000 correspondent à la période d'annonce et d'institutionnalisation de ce dernier ; la décennie 2010 et le début des années 2020 constituent une période d'essoufflement des actions et engagements pris dans ce cadre et semblent annoncer un « après développement durable ». Classification JEL : Q56, Q01, F53

Abstract. Despite the great theoretical and practical significance, in Bulgaria there are no comprehensive analysis of the state and evolution of the system of agricultural information, training and advices in Bulgaria. The goal of this paper is to analyze the state and evolution of the system of agricultural information, training and advices in Bulgaria during the period after country's EU accession, identify major trends in that area, make a comparison with other EU states, specify main problems, and suggest conclusions for improvement of policies during next programing period. The analysis has found out that in years after accession of the country to EU the number of the farm managers who undertook full agricultural training increases, but despite that almost 93% of them are still with practical experiences and without any agricultural training. The extent of participation of rural areas rests weak and constantly decreasing, and Bulgaria is among the last in EU in hours of formal and informal education and training. In years of EU membership the number of provided consultations is doubled and in recent years 17% of all registered agricultural producers and each tenth farmer in the country are consulted while the subjects of provided consultation widened. Also hundreds of events associated with knowledge and innovation transfer and sharing are organized as most of them are jointly organized by the National Advisory Service with the institutes of Agricultural Academy, agrarian and other universities, research and development organizations. The number of organized events, the overall number of participants, and the average number of participant per event tend to decrease.Keywords. Training, Consultation, Advices, Agriculture, Bulgaria.JEL. Q10, O31, O33, Q01, Q16, Q18.

According to auditor reports in 2021, local government councils are failing their communities and their voters. Victorian Auditor General's Office (VAGO) Reports 2021 suggest that the Councils of local governments are rife with conflicts of interest, manipulation of land deals, lacking independence and captured by their CEOs. The Victorian Government has recently introduced a new Local Government Act 2020 (VIC) to address the corruption, poor professional conducts of particular individuals and poor organisational culture exhibited by local government councils. The paper raises questions about what this will mean for local government governance, risk management and accountability, culture and leadership, relationships within councils, and how the inclusion of community governance will impact on the selection of and efficient delivery of programs. A fundamental challenge facing local government is determining the sustainable governance structures and practices that meet the needs of their communities in ways that balance economic, environmental, social and governance concerns. The paper draws on previous research that touch on ESG issues and identifies some areas for further research.