Suchergebnisse

In this paper the theoretical and methodological requirements for the measurement of Marxist categories are examined. After a brief introduction to the Marxist theory of value, it is claimed that labour must be the standard of commodities; the meaning of social necessity is explained, the methods of treating skilled and heterogeneous labour illustrated, and productive labour defined. It is then shown how value is measured, when there is joint production, fixed capital, and choice of technique; the methods explicitly treat the time structure of production and emphasise that only expected values can be measured. Measures of the performance of the capitalist system are derived; and the relationship of value measures to price measures is stated. Last, the data requirements of these proposals are considered in the conclusion.

This publication presents regular materials of the scientific workshop "Modern Development Problems", hosted by Dr. V. Khoros, head of Center for Development and Modernization Studies at the Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Russian Academy of Sciences. A spokesperson is V.A. Krasil'shchikov, Dr. Sci. (Economics), Head of Section at IMEMO. Human Development Index calculated by the UN since 1980s on the basis of GDP per capita, lifespan and education of population is chosen as a primary criterion.

Introduction. The article is devoted to the analysis of the processes related to the modernization of the Russian army in the times of Peter I. Owing to the magnitude and historical momentousness of these changes, we have introduced the term "revolution" in lieu of the term "reform" used hitherto in historiography. It is significant and noteworthy that these processes took place during the regular frontline military operations of the Great Northern War (1700–1721), when the tsarist army faced the perfectly organized Swedish army. Methods. So far, theories of military revolution and neo-institutional revolution have been deployed to show the transformations taking place at the time. Without denying the previous research findings, we have presented the modernization of the Russian army in the first quarter of the 18th century in quantitative terms. Hence, we have chosen three issues – recruitment, armament, and the number of officers in the army. Not only is there a sufficient source base for these issues, but they also allow for the time function in the ongoing transformations. Results. The figures under scrutiny indicate that the success of these military transformations was largely based on the recruitment system, which was superbly adapted in Russia. This made it possible not only to establish a regular national army of more than 100,000 soldiers, but also to maintain its headcount during the war despite the losses that the army suffered. In this way, almost half a million soldiers were recruited in Russia in the first quarter of the 18th century. The article emphasizes the conditions that had to be met to establish an army that could match the Swedish adversary. A key element was arming the military with modern firearms. Thanks to foreign purchases, primarily in the Netherlands, the rearmament was completed before 1709. The organizational structure of regiments, battalions, and rotas was also reorganized, so that the appropriate number of officers, non-commissioned officers, and military musicians was adjusted to the total number of soldiers. With the introduction of military discipline, it was possible to reduce the group of officers and musicians from 18.25% (1699/1700) to 10.15% (1711).

BackgroundAngelman syndrome is a rare disorder in which most individuals do not develop speech. Testing of communication ability using traditional neuropsychological measures reveals a performance level at or near the floor of the instrument resulting in an inability to detect change when experimental therapeutics are applied.MethodsNine individuals, with molecularly confirmed AS, ranging in age from 34 to 126 months, and a single healthy control child (age 16 months) were audio and video‐recorded while interacting with a licensed speech‐language pathologist in an attempt to elicit vocalization and non‐verbal communication. Thirty‐minute audio recordings were transcribed and categorized per the Stark Assessment of Early Vocal Development‐Revised and a phonetic inventory was created. Using video recordings, gestures were classified by function, either behavioral regulation or social interaction and further categorized as deictic or representational (i.e., behavioral regulation) and joint attention or shared engagement (i.e., social interaction).ResultsThe range of vocalizations produced by the children with AS was characteristic of children between 0–6 months and none of the children with AS used advanced forms of vocalizations. The mean frequency of reflexive vocalizations, control of phonation and expansion far exceeded the number of uses of canonical syllables, consistant with the characteristics of children around 12 months of age. Most vocalizations were either laughter or isolated vowels, only three children with AS produced consonant‐vowel combinations. Children with AS tended to use central and low vowels with few producing high vowels, suggesting the presence of childhood apraxia of speech.ConclusionOur results show the utilization of video‐recorded behavioral observations provides a feasible and reliable alternative for quantification of communication ability in this patient population and may be employed during future clinical studies of potential therapeutics.

This publication presents regular materials of the scientific workshop "Modern Development Problems", hosted by Dr. V. Khoros, head of Center for Development and Modernization Studies at the Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Russian Academy of Sciences. A spokesperson is V.A. Krasil'shchikov, Dr. Sci. (Economics), Head of Section at IMEMO. Human Development Index calculated by the UN since 1980s on the basis of GDP per capita, lifespan and education of population is chosen as a primary criterion.

AbstractIn recent decades, there has been a noticeable increase in the use of quantitative techniques in the study of ethnicity and nationalism, without, however, a sufficient amount of reflection on how these techniques have contributed to our understanding of ethnic and national identities. As such, in this exchange three sets of authors answer questions about the degree to which it is possible to use quantitative data to measure ethnic and national identities, which types of methods are most suitable in measuring these identities and what the major research findings of this quantitative research are that were not possible using qualitative approaches.

Universities are exposed to significant pressures from public and private stakeholders to steadily increase their academic performance in research, teaching, and industrial cooperation. The Intellectual Capital Report has been regarded as a suitable reporting tool to measure, publish, and evaluate their efforts and success. It allows for integrating non-monetary values on intangible assets such as human, structural, and relational capital. In 2002, Austria has been the first country world-wide to introduce the annual publication of an Intellectual Capital Report for public universities obligatorily. In spite of its broad design and innovative, modern characteristics it is to question whether this instrument is suitable not only to verbally describe university performance but also to provide a basis for quantitative measurement and comparison. Such quantitative approaches comprise multiple statistical instruments, Data Envelopment Analysis, and - maybe somewhat aside - fuzzy logic approaches. We reveal that the Intellectual Capital Report applied for Austrian universities cannot provide an adequate data base for these methods so far. Consequently, we suggest that it should either be adapted to the necessary formal requirements or undergo a deep discussion on its general usefulness and relevance. (HRK / Abstract übernommen).