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At head of title: The Dimensionality of Nations Project, Department of Political Science, University of Hawaii. ; Mode of access: Internet.

This paper advocates the use of standard high level programming languages for medical computing. It recommends that U.S. Government agencies having health care missions implement coordinated policies that encourage the use of existing standard languages and the development of new ones, thereby enabling them and the medical computing community at large to share state-of-the-art application programs. Examples are based on a model that characterizes language and language translator influence upon the specification, development, test, evaluation, and transfer of application programs.

A railway route contains a number of bridge structures along its path. Consequently during operation, these bridges go through different type of load and stresses; as a result the bridges get damaged. The severity of the damage is mainly dependent on the volume of traffic, tonnage of the rolling stock, service year of the bridge, maneuver of users, etc. But in order to determine whether a bridge needs to be maintained or reconstructed, there must be an investigation, either thorough or timely scheduled investigation. Asset management is a strategic and systematic process through which an organization procures, operates, maintains, rehabilitates, and replaces assets to manage their performance, risks, and costs over their lifecycle to provide safe, cost-effective, and reliable service to current and future customers. For an organization to have a proficient bridge asset management, incorporating BMS in the system is very important. BMS is a formal procedure for collecting, processing, and updating data, predicting deterioration, identifying alternative actions and predicting their costs, and identifying optimal preservation policies. For an effective bridge management, computer aided management system is a very valuable choice that would serve the need of the authorized legal entity management personnel those responsible for monitoring of Railway Bridges, and managing bridge maintenance, rehabilitation, and reconstruction. This research study is focused to develop and introduce a computer program that could assist specially bridge asset management decision making. Transportation accesses are critical to the well being of the nation. And one of the biggest factors to influence transportation is railway transport service. It supports everyday social, political and economic activities by linking communities and connecting people with services. Hence, keeping the railway infrastructures in good condition is keeping the railway transport service efficiently. The computer program graphical interface is designed using Visual Basic Programming tool which is user friendly and easy to slot in all necessary information in to the computer. The data encoded in to the software are stored for fast and reliable accessibility using SQL (Server Query Language) Server, which allows all authorized computers on the network to access the information on their desk. The computer program does bridge registration and inventory, inspection data processing, priority ranking, maintenance cost estimation and maintenance plan generation.

A railway route contains a number of bridge structures along its path. Consequently during operation, these bridges go through different type of load and stresses; as a result the bridges get damaged. The severity of the damage is mainly dependent on the volume of traffic, tonnage of the rolling stock, service year of the bridge, maneuver of users, etc. But in order to determine whether a bridge needs to be maintained or reconstructed, there must be an investigation, either thorough or timely scheduled investigation. Asset management is a strategic and systematic process through which an organization procures, operates, maintains, rehabilitates, and replaces assets to manage their performance, risks, and costs over their lifecycle to provide safe, cost-effective, and reliable service to current and future customers. For an organization to have a proficient bridge asset management, incorporating BMS in the system is very important. BMS is a formal procedure for collecting, processing, and updating data, predicting deterioration, identifying alternative actions and predicting their costs, and identifying optimal preservation policies. For an effective bridge management, computer aided management system is a very valuable choice that would serve the need of the authorized legal entity management personnel those responsible for monitoring of Railway Bridges, and managing bridge maintenance, rehabilitation, and reconstruction. This research study is focused to develop and introduce a computer program that could assist specially bridge asset management decision making. Transportation accesses are critical to the well being of the nation. And one of the biggest factors to influence transportation is railway transport service. It supports everyday social, political and economic activities by linking communities and connecting people with services. Hence, keeping the railway infrastructures in good condition is keeping the railway transport service efficiently. The computer program graphical interface is designed using Visual Basic Programming tool which is user friendly and easy to slot in all necessary information in to the computer. The data encoded in to the software are stored for fast and reliable accessibility using SQL (Server Query Language) Server, which allows all authorized computers on the network to access the information on their desk. The computer program does bridge registration and inventory, inspection data processing, priority ranking, maintenance cost estimation and maintenance plan generation.

Following a first wave of interventions that employed the style hackers have used since the 1960s —intervening in networks by mirroring their technology— a second wave is now engaged in questioning the needs and use of networks, claiming to re-think them through a perspective of withdrawal. One option for other kinds of networks may be "ad hoc networking," altering the structures, politics, and economics of commercial platforms as well as the pure functionality of algorithms. Instead of doing unpaid work, which we all do as users of the Internet, thoughtless about our data-behavior, a space of imagination and invention should be opened to enable creative possibilities.

Communicating with other nations in their native language is an important and necessary aspect of a successful United States' foreign policy. Critical to this success is the ability of military personnel to communicate clearly when in contact with foreign nationals, whether in peace-time or war. The Air Force has made great strides in the past 10 years to improve its foreign language capability, particularly through its application of the Language and Area Studies Immersion (LASI) program. The LASI program has significantly improved the foreign language capability of the Air Force, specifically those with previous language scores in the mid-tier range. The main goal of this thesis was to quantify that increase in language capability, thus allowing those responsible for the Air Force language capability to make appropriate decisions regarding the future direction of the Air Force's Language program. An additional aspect of this thesis is to investigate possible correlations between language capabilities and personality dimensions; therefore, as part of this study, Air Force officers (linguists) were surveyed to obtain language scores, measure personality dimensions and efforts to retain their language.

A thesis submitted to the University of Bedfordshire in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy ; Adopting new technology and integrating it into foreign language (English) teaching in a conservative Muslim society (Saudi Arabia) that is resistant to change is not an easy matter. However, the Saudi government has adopted progressive initiatives to develop the education system including the introduction of Information Communication Technology (ICT) into secondary schools. This study identifies factors that influence the adoption and integration of computer-assisted language learning (CALL) in the Saudi secondary schools context. It provides a much needed window into the overt factors influencing CALL adoption and integration, such as CALL facilities, Ministry of Education support, CALL training, and the lack of specific plans and projects for CALL. It also provides insight into the covert factors that hinder the introduction of innovation, such as attitudes towards CALL and cultural barriers. Guided by the theoretical framework provided by the Diffusion of Innovation Theory, the study collected both quantitative data through surveys (n = 298) and in-depth interview data from stakeholders in English language learning, including teachers, inspectors of English, and MOE policymakers.

Interest in the relationship between law and technology has been growing steadily (albeit slowly) over recent years. This is perhaps inevitable in a society which is increasingly dependent on novel and constantly evolving technologies which are absorbed at an incredibly fast rate into our every-day life ; peer-reviewed

To explain the exercise of power through the use of language and its effects on power relations and program construction, the verbal interaction between three individuals in a program planing meeting was analyzed. Using critical language study, a type of discourse analysis, the investigation revealed that crucial planning action was situated by political relationships enacted through the use of language. Learning objectives, and adult education prescriptions and ethical imperatives took concrete shape within a socio-political context where the negotiation of power and interests was the central feature of "planing talk". e implications are that program construction is not only messy and contingent, but that it demands an awareness of many levels of meaning in discourse. Planners, therefore, must be prepared to use language skillfully and politically if they intend to act responsibly and exercise the full extent of their agency.

202202 bcvc ; Version of Record ; RGC ; Others ; RGC: Hong Kong Research Grants Council (Ref: PolyU 156020/17H) ; Others: Standing Committee on Language Education and Research of the Hong Kong SAR Government (Ref: EDB(LE)/P&R/EL/164/1) ; Published ; CUP (2021)

The internationalisation of the Portuguese language has become a priority for academic institutions of different Portuguese-speaking countries which are trying to adapt to the current context of globalisation and ubiquitous communications through digital media. In order to achieve it, several challenges should be faced, namely providing international students with resources aimed at helping them improve their Portuguese while fostering its use in academic and scientific contexts. This can be done by identifying, creating and editing high-quality teaching materials which bear in mind the sociocultural, political, economic and linguistic contexts; using the Information and Communication Technologies effectively in both face-to-face and online learning environments (International Institute of the Portuguese Language, 2010); and promoting the online learning of Portuguese as a Foreign Language in higher education settings through virtual learning environments. This paper explores the challenges brought about by the internationalisation of Portuguese and how computer assisted language learning - and, more specifically, the development of a virtual learning environment aiming at catering for the linguistic needs of international students in different institutions in Brazil, Portugal and elsewhere - could help face these challenges.

In general, the skills in mastering English are reading, speaking, listening, and writing. Of these four things, reading is an important factor that supports the process of mastering other skills and increasing knowledge. Based on the results of the pretest to students of the Informatics Engineering Study Program, the researcher concluded that their grades were low with an average of 47,28. Furthermore, the Indonesian government has recommended the use of CALL by establishing national education development planning. Based on this, the researcher took advantage of the use of gadgets, in this case, a computer or laptop in language learning called CALL. This study adopted a pre-experimental design. The pretest is used to get scores before treatment. Treatment is given to the group for a specified time. After that, the researcher gives a post-test. The results of calculations using the t-test found that the t-value obtained was 7,726 while the critical t-value required at p> 0,05 the level of significance of two-tailed tests was 2,060 (df = 25), p> 0,01 significant level of two-tailed the test was 2,787 (df = 25), p> 0,001 the significant level of the two-tailed tests was 3,725 (df = 25). The results of this study indicate there are difference in scores on pre-test and post-test. So it can be said that students who are taught with CALL achieve better reading comprehension than those taught by printed text ; Secara umum, keterampilan yang terlibat dalam penguasaan bahasa Inggris adalah reading, speaking, listening, and writing. Dari empat hal tersebut, reading adalah faktor penting yang mendukung proses penguasaan keterampilan lain dan meningkatkan pengetahuan. Berdasarkan hasil pretest kepada mahasiswa Prodi Teknik Informatika, mendapatkan kesimpulannilai mereka rendah dengan rata-rata 47,28. Selanjutnya, pemerintah Indonesia telah merekomendasikan penggunaan CALL dengan menetapkan perencanaan pengembangan pendidikan nasional. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, peneliti memanfaatkan penggunaan gadget, dalam hal ini ...

The integration of international quality assurance standards into Indonesian higher education curricula, together with the enactment of the New Standard of Higher Education (NSHE), are creating new and significant pressures on the curriculum renewal as well as the reconstruction of course syllabus design in foreign language departments in Indonesian universities. Just like any other units (courses) in foreign language departments in Indonesia, Academic Writing course at English Language Teacher Education (ELTE) is impacted by the new government policies. Latest research suggest that both curriculum renewal and syllabus development project are integral part of the quality assurance system where it focuses on the transparency and accountability in curriculum design and delivery. The key elements of the course syllabus that are made transparent and accountable, for instance, gives hints at the shifting knowledge structures, the use of new technologies, the emphasis on the development of students' skills, and the extended responsibility being placed on students for their own learning development. This paper reports how these key elements are inserted into a learner-centred pedagogy of academic writing at ELTE department in Indonesia in order to meet the requirements of the 21st century learning that are individual, personalized, adaptive, modular, integrated, and non-sequential. The establishment of computer-assisted language learning environment combined with the new pedagogy of academic writing, in essence, opposes the existing traditional approaches to language learning and literacy pedagogy in Indonesia. The entire story presented in this paper is a significant excerpt from the preliminary phase of experiment of a PhD research project conducted in Indonesia. The insights presented in this paper should trigger a holistic reform in language teacher education in Indonesia.

This paper presents empirical evidence on firms' decisions to cooperate in R&D and the extent to which government sponsored R&D programs increase cooperation. Using a sample of firms from the Spanish innovation survey we jointly estimate the determinants of firm participation in R&D programs and of choice of cooperation partners. We find that (i) firms participating in national and European programs have different profiles, suggesting program complementarity; (ii) private-private and publicprivate cooperation are associated on average with firms with different characteristics, and (iii) national R&D programs seem to have a positive effect on all types of cooperation, but especially on public-private partnerships.

This article presents a mixed method analysis of the language attitudes held by secondary education students of Romanian origin, which are members of the second largest immigrant population living currently in Catalonia. The relevance of this data is based on the cardinal role played by attitudes in the success of any educational or linguistic policy (Lewis, E. Glyn. 1981. Bilingualism and bilingual education . Oxford, UK: Pergamon.) - a topic of special relevance in contexts with considerable migratory influxes, such as Catalonia, which aims to achieve social cohesiveness in a framework of interculturalism and multilingualism. The various initiatives implemented for this purpose include the heritage language maintenance programs, such as the 'Romanian Language, Culture, and Civilization' (RLCC) program. The results showed that the young Romanians had the most favourable attitudes towards Spanish, followed closely by Romanian, and lastly Catalan, which was the least valued language. Furthermore, these attitudinal patterns were not determined by RLCC attendance. The insights provided by the in-depth interviews indicated various components and meanings associated with the attitudes towards the three languages. Namely, attitudes towards Spanish were primed by its international status and ease of learning, while attitudes towards Catalan were build on its integrative value and social status. Although esteemed for its emotional and symbolic bonds, Romanian seemed to be on a path towards invisibilization. Finally, the educational and social implications of these findings are discussed, emphasising the importance of involving and working with both the autochthonous and the Romanian immigrant population. ; This work was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (reference number: EDU2014-54093-R & EDU2017-82479-R & IJCI-2016-28250) and the Agency for Management of University and Research Grants – AGAUR of the Government of Catalonia (reference number: 2014 SGR 208).