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At head of title: The Dimensionality of Nations Project, Department of Political Science, University of Hawaii. ; Mode of access: Internet.

This paper advocates the use of standard high level programming languages for medical computing. It recommends that U.S. Government agencies having health care missions implement coordinated policies that encourage the use of existing standard languages and the development of new ones, thereby enabling them and the medical computing community at large to share state-of-the-art application programs. Examples are based on a model that characterizes language and language translator influence upon the specification, development, test, evaluation, and transfer of application programs.

Following a first wave of interventions that employed the style hackers have used since the 1960s —intervening in networks by mirroring their technology— a second wave is now engaged in questioning the needs and use of networks, claiming to re-think them through a perspective of withdrawal. One option for other kinds of networks may be "ad hoc networking," altering the structures, politics, and economics of commercial platforms as well as the pure functionality of algorithms. Instead of doing unpaid work, which we all do as users of the Internet, thoughtless about our data-behavior, a space of imagination and invention should be opened to enable creative possibilities.

A thesis submitted to the University of Bedfordshire in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy ; Adopting new technology and integrating it into foreign language (English) teaching in a conservative Muslim society (Saudi Arabia) that is resistant to change is not an easy matter. However, the Saudi government has adopted progressive initiatives to develop the education system including the introduction of Information Communication Technology (ICT) into secondary schools. This study identifies factors that influence the adoption and integration of computer-assisted language learning (CALL) in the Saudi secondary schools context. It provides a much needed window into the overt factors influencing CALL adoption and integration, such as CALL facilities, Ministry of Education support, CALL training, and the lack of specific plans and projects for CALL. It also provides insight into the covert factors that hinder the introduction of innovation, such as attitudes towards CALL and cultural barriers. Guided by the theoretical framework provided by the Diffusion of Innovation Theory, the study collected both quantitative data through surveys (n = 298) and in-depth interview data from stakeholders in English language learning, including teachers, inspectors of English, and MOE policymakers.

Interest in the relationship between law and technology has been growing steadily (albeit slowly) over recent years. This is perhaps inevitable in a society which is increasingly dependent on novel and constantly evolving technologies which are absorbed at an incredibly fast rate into our every-day life ; peer-reviewed

The internationalisation of the Portuguese language has become a priority for academic institutions of different Portuguese-speaking countries which are trying to adapt to the current context of globalisation and ubiquitous communications through digital media. In order to achieve it, several challenges should be faced, namely providing international students with resources aimed at helping them improve their Portuguese while fostering its use in academic and scientific contexts. This can be done by identifying, creating and editing high-quality teaching materials which bear in mind the sociocultural, political, economic and linguistic contexts; using the Information and Communication Technologies effectively in both face-to-face and online learning environments (International Institute of the Portuguese Language, 2010); and promoting the online learning of Portuguese as a Foreign Language in higher education settings through virtual learning environments. This paper explores the challenges brought about by the internationalisation of Portuguese and how computer assisted language learning - and, more specifically, the development of a virtual learning environment aiming at catering for the linguistic needs of international students in different institutions in Brazil, Portugal and elsewhere - could help face these challenges.

In general, the skills in mastering English are reading, speaking, listening, and writing. Of these four things, reading is an important factor that supports the process of mastering other skills and increasing knowledge. Based on the results of the pretest to students of the Informatics Engineering Study Program, the researcher concluded that their grades were low with an average of 47,28. Furthermore, the Indonesian government has recommended the use of CALL by establishing national education development planning. Based on this, the researcher took advantage of the use of gadgets, in this case, a computer or laptop in language learning called CALL. This study adopted a pre-experimental design. The pretest is used to get scores before treatment. Treatment is given to the group for a specified time. After that, the researcher gives a post-test. The results of calculations using the t-test found that the t-value obtained was 7,726 while the critical t-value required at p> 0,05 the level of significance of two-tailed tests was 2,060 (df = 25), p> 0,01 significant level of two-tailed the test was 2,787 (df = 25), p> 0,001 the significant level of the two-tailed tests was 3,725 (df = 25). The results of this study indicate there are difference in scores on pre-test and post-test. So it can be said that students who are taught with CALL achieve better reading comprehension than those taught by printed text ; Secara umum, keterampilan yang terlibat dalam penguasaan bahasa Inggris adalah reading, speaking, listening, and writing. Dari empat hal tersebut, reading adalah faktor penting yang mendukung proses penguasaan keterampilan lain dan meningkatkan pengetahuan. Berdasarkan hasil pretest kepada mahasiswa Prodi Teknik Informatika, mendapatkan kesimpulannilai mereka rendah dengan rata-rata 47,28. Selanjutnya, pemerintah Indonesia telah merekomendasikan penggunaan CALL dengan menetapkan perencanaan pengembangan pendidikan nasional. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, peneliti memanfaatkan penggunaan gadget, dalam hal ini ...

This paper presents empirical evidence on firms' decisions to cooperate in R&D and the extent to which government sponsored R&D programs increase cooperation. Using a sample of firms from the Spanish innovation survey we jointly estimate the determinants of firm participation in R&D programs and of choice of cooperation partners. We find that (i) firms participating in national and European programs have different profiles, suggesting program complementarity; (ii) private-private and publicprivate cooperation are associated on average with firms with different characteristics, and (iii) national R&D programs seem to have a positive effect on all types of cooperation, but especially on public-private partnerships.

The integration of international quality assurance standards into Indonesian higher education curricula, together with the enactment of the New Standard of Higher Education (NSHE), are creating new and significant pressures on the curriculum renewal as well as the reconstruction of course syllabus design in foreign language departments in Indonesian universities. Just like any other units (courses) in foreign language departments in Indonesia, Academic Writing course at English Language Teacher Education (ELTE) is impacted by the new government policies. Latest research suggest that both curriculum renewal and syllabus development project are integral part of the quality assurance system where it focuses on the transparency and accountability in curriculum design and delivery. The key elements of the course syllabus that are made transparent and accountable, for instance, gives hints at the shifting knowledge structures, the use of new technologies, the emphasis on the development of students' skills, and the extended responsibility being placed on students for their own learning development. This paper reports how these key elements are inserted into a learner-centred pedagogy of academic writing at ELTE department in Indonesia in order to meet the requirements of the 21st century learning that are individual, personalized, adaptive, modular, integrated, and non-sequential. The establishment of computer-assisted language learning environment combined with the new pedagogy of academic writing, in essence, opposes the existing traditional approaches to language learning and literacy pedagogy in Indonesia. The entire story presented in this paper is a significant excerpt from the preliminary phase of experiment of a PhD research project conducted in Indonesia. The insights presented in this paper should trigger a holistic reform in language teacher education in Indonesia.

Research and innovation partnerships involving firms or firms and public research organizations (PROs) have been increasing over the last twenty years in OECD countries. In this paper we present empirical evidence about the impact of government sponsored R&D programs on firms' partnership strategies related to R&D. Using a sample of Spanish manufacturing firms we estimate the effects of receiving public support on the probability that firms set up an R&D partnership with a PRO or a partnerhsip with other firms that are suppliers or customers. Controling for the endogeneity of participation in R&D support programs, we find that (i) the choice of private-private and of public-private partnerships is associated with different firm characteristics, and (ii) public support encourages directly or indirectly both types of cooperation, but the impact on public-private partnerships is larger. Results suggest that R&D cooperation is affected by market failures, and that public programs subsidizing industryscience links trigger a behavioral change in firms' R&D strategic partnerships.

Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) or in another word collaborating computer with the classroom component to enhance language learning has a long history of pedagogical development since 1950 until nowadays which started with the simple program into microcomputers. It covers all learning processes using computers which advance the language skills of the learners. In the language courses, CALL is implemented by using several applications but this essay will solely mention 8 applications out of many. The study cases prove that those implementations offer several great values toward academic life. However, in order to achieve successful implementation, the pre-conditions or requirements of the CALL implementation must be fulfilled. In Indonesia, the advent of some hindrances such as cost, teacher trainings are the main issues to fulfil those requirements. Alternatively, several recommendations are proposed to refute the problems such as schools and local government cooperation, customisation learning technology and peer school teaching. Keywords: CALL; Language Learning; Elementary and High Schools

The internationalisation of the Portuguese language has become a priority for academic institutions of different Portuguese-speaking countries which are trying to adapt to the current context of globalisation and ubiquitous communications through digital media. In order to achieve it, several challenges should be faced, namely providing international students with resources aimed at helping them improve their Portuguese while fostering its use in academic and scientific contexts. This can be done by identifying, creating and editing high-quality teaching materials which bear in mind the sociocultural, political, economic and linguistic contexts; using the Information and Communication Technologies effectively in both face-to-face and online learning environments (International Institute of the Portuguese Language, 2010); and promoting the online learning of Portuguese as a Foreign Language in higher education settings through virtual learning environments. This paper explores the challenges brought about by the internationalisation of Portuguese and how computer assisted language learning - and, more specifically, the development of a virtual learning environment aiming at catering for the linguistic needs of international students in different institutions in Brazil, Portugal and elsewhere - could help face these challenges

Computer-assisted language learning (CALL) technology and pedagogy have gained recognition globally for their success in supporting second language acquisition (SLA). In Saudi Arabia, the government aims to provide most educational institutions with computers and networking for integrating CALL into classrooms. However, the recognition of CALL's efficacy does not translate into easy acceptance and integration in English as a Second Language or English as a Foreign Language (ESL/EFL) classrooms in Saudi schools, particularly where teaching of both English language and information and communication technologies (ICT) is subject to religious and cultural constraints. There are other barriers that impede native Arabic speakers from learning English. Accordingly, the research question addressed in this paper is an exploration of the overt and covert factors that affect CALL use and integration in Saudi Arabian secondary schools. A case study approach using mixed methods was employed to interview and observe a sample of teachers and school inspectors in urban and rural secondary schools. Results were supplemented with an online questionnaire and analysed using both descriptive statistics and thematic analysis.

The Teacher Professional Program (PPG) is one of the program created by Government in empowering teachers and teachers candidates in conducting a good teaching. The curriculum and evaluation for this program was developed by the government. There are 12 aspects that will be evaluated for each participant, an evaluation forms are available to be used by the instructor. The problem encounter by instructor in doing evaluation is time consuming and calculation error because the number of aspect to fill in the form. This research is aim to developed computer-based evaluation instrument that not only easier to fill but also less time consuming and prevent the error calculation. This development used 4D Model which included define, design, developed and dissemination. Analysis of available instrument is done in defining phase, it found that the indicator of scoring is needed to have a better grading. Based on this finding, scoring indicators are developed along with computer based form in design and develop phase. There are nine form were developed by adding the indicators and revising the appearance, five of them used for document analysis, four used for observation. The computer-based evaluation forms that been developed are recommended to used by the PPG isntructors.

This paper critically reviews the pedagogical benefits and obstacles to applying CALL to military English learning in terms of the theories associated with CALL. The obstacles that hinder effective CALL practice in military settings can be attributable to a) a long-held behavioristic tradition for language learning such as rote memorization and repetitive drilling; b) the antithesis of traditional military sentiment against the shift of learning responsibility from the military to individuals; and c) military instructors who may be incapable of implementing effective CALL practice because of their own preconceptions, backgrounds and established skill sets. However, properly implemented CALL not only prepares learners linguistically and culturally for participating in multinational military operations, but also provides learners with peer support opportunities where they can cooperate with their peers to achieve more than what they are capable of and enhance their interpersonal communication required in the military. CALL also benefits learners by enabling them to monitor their progress and promoting critical thinking.