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The world is experiencing its sixth episode of mass extinction of life. In rhetoric typically used by bloggers rather than scientists, the National Academy of Sciences reports that this "biological annihilation" is more dire than previously believed,' and that the decimation of biodiversity and of the ecosystem services resulting from it is nothing less than a "frightening assault on the foundations of human civilization."2 Unlike previous episodes of mass extinction, this one is caused by human overpopulation, overconsumption, and anthropogenic climate change. The United States has been a world conservation leader for over a century, but its commitment to supporting biodiversity is flagging while its contributions to the causes of extinction, including responsibility for 14 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions,' are growing. Although the United States is only one player in this crisis, its legal mandates for biodiversity protection, including those contained in the Endangered Species Act,4 have proved essential for combatting extinction when assessed in the context of both global leadership and on-the-ground impacts. Due to its broad influence on the field of biodiversity law and its overarching goal to conserve threatened and endangered species, this article focuses on the Endangered Species Act ("ESA" or "Act") and analyzes whether and when regulatory mechanisms are adequate for conservation and recovery purposes under the Act. Within the United States, identifying effective measures for the coordination of conservation efforts across federal, state, tribal, and local jurisdictional boundaries is critical for the preservation of species. To date, most of the attention on the efficacy of such measures has been focused on the prelisting phase and the private-public candidate conservation agreements aimed at forestalling or preventing the listing of an imperiled species. Little attention has been paid to the post-listing phase of species recovery and the critical question of whether the continued recovery of recently delisted species would be enhanced by keeping adequate regulatory mechanisms in place after the ESA's statutory protections have fallen away. Strengthening provisions for species recovery requires political connectivity and coordination. In particular, the population health of apex predators such as grizzly bears and wolves, as well as many fish and bird species, depends on cooperation between the several entities charged with conservation responsibility.

The civic participation in the process of creation of the public policies should improve the quality of democracy and give it is epistemological value. The public policy can be inclusive if its creation involves, on the basis of equality, all citizens who have their interests in conflict and can be affected by it. The paper will examine the civic participation in the process of creation of the laws through Regulatory Impact Assessment (RIA) tool in the Republic of Macedonia. Although the legal framework establishes the modes for obligatory civic participation, most of the laws are brought without substantial debate and without meaningful involvement of the affected groups.

The article is devoted to study theoretical approaches to a monopoly concept from the point of view of the market economy, explore regulation practices of monopoly, legislation bases of antitrust policyin developed countries and conduct comparative research of used regulation methods of natural monopoly. Results of the research also lead to the ways of improvement of monopoly regulations in Uzbekistan in order to provide economic efficiency.

The principal route for dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes is conjugation by which a conjugative DNA element is transferred from a donor to a recipient cell. Conjugative elements contain genes that are important for their establishment in the new host, for instance by counteracting the host defense mechanisms acting against incoming foreign DNA. Little is known about these establishment genes and how they are regulated. Here, we deciphered the regulation mechanism of possible establishment genes of plasmid p576 from the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus pumilus. Unlike the ssDNA promoters described for some conjugative plasmids, the four promoters of these p576 genes are repressed by a repressor protein, which we named Reg576. Reg576 also regulates its own expression. After transfer of the DNA, these genes are de-repressed for a period of time until sufficient Reg576 is synthesized to repress the promoters again. Complementary in vivo and in vitro analyses showed that different operator configurations in the promoter regions of these genes lead to different responses to Reg576. Each operator is bound with extreme cooperativity by two Reg576-dimers. The X-ray structure revealed that Reg576 has a Ribbon-Helix-Helix core and provided important insights into the high cooperativity of DNA recognition. ; Agencia Estatal de Investigación' (AEI); 'Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER); European Union (EU). Funding for open access charge Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of the Spanish Government [BIO2016-77883-C2-2-P]. ; Peer Reviewed

The principal route for dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes is conjugation by which a conjugative DNA element is transferred from a donor to a recipient cell. Conjugative elements contain genes that are important for their establishment in the new host, for instance by counteracting the host defense mechanisms acting against incoming foreign DNA. Little is known about these establishment genes and how they are regulated. Here, we deciphered the regulation mechanism of possible establishment genes of plasmid p576 from the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus pumilus. Unlike the ssDNA promoters described for some conjugative plasmids, the four promoters of these p576 genes are repressed by a repressor protein, which we named Reg576. Reg576 also regulates its own expression. After transfer of the DNA, these genes are de-repressed for a period of time until sufficient Reg576 is synthesized to repress the promoters again. Complementary in vivo and in vitro analyses showed that different operator configurations in the promoter regions of these genes lead to different responses to Reg576. Each operator is bound with extreme cooperativity by two Reg576-dimers. The X-ray structure revealed that Reg576 has a Ribbon-Helix-Helix core and provided important insights into the high cooperativity of DNA recognition. ; Ramón y Cajal' Contract Supported S.A.; 'Agencia Estatal de Investigación' (AEI); 'Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER); European Union (EU). Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of the Spanish Government [BIO2016-77883-C2-2-P] ; Peer Reviewed

International audience Article is dedicated to the study of the legal regulatory mechanism of social relations, namely one of its elements – legal relations. The purpose of the article is to define the legal regulatory mechanism of social relations, its elements, and to study civil relations and legal facts as an integral part of this mechanism. The study also seeks to understand properties and features of regulatory legal facts in the legal regulatory mechanism. The article considers the structure and properties of elements of the legal regulatory mechanism of civil relations. As a separate question the article considers customary laws as the main source of law regulating social relations. The author examines legal relations through the lenses of legal acts and, in particular, the enforcement and regulation of legal facts, which is, certainly, a new way of looking at the legal nature of a specified mechanism. Likewise, the article examines currently existing gaps in scientific rationale of the legal regulatory mechanism of social relations in Ukraine.