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This report reviews various regulatory options that support the ethical and/or responsible development of smart information systems (AI and big data). Its insights will be useful to policymakers as a guide to making policy and regulatory decisions. It presents snapshots of policy and other stakeholder perspectives on the regulation of AI and big data and discusses how AI challenges regulation. It also looks at EU aspirations for better law-making and presents key considerations for regulating AI and big data. The study adopted a wide, inclusive understanding of 'regulatory options' to cover proposals for laws, bodies and other regulatory tools and mechanisms. Well-established legislation has been excluded.

"Animal welfare is inextricably linked to animal health, human health and ethical concerns. Burgeoning international trade is triggering more interest in animal welfare, in particular in countries wishing to increase trade in animals and foods of animal origin. This publication reviews the legislative framework for animal welfare, providing options for policy-makers and legal drafters. The text is set against the backdrop of developments in animal welfare science and growing international consensus on the importance of animal welfare."--P. [4] of cover

Abstract
The controversies surrounding the regulation of technology depend, among other factors, on the diversity of the regulatory objectives prioritized by the distinct social actors. These differences may also lead to controversies in the realm of regulatory science: controversies between distinct epistemic policies. As controversies are partly the result of prioritizing different objectives, comparing alternative regulatory options is a seemingly impossible endeavour. In this paper, we offer a partial solution to this problem by proposing a means of comparing different regulatory options. This proposal makes it possible to analyse and assess the different options and facilitates the adoption of compromises between the various parties to the controversy, even if it is unable to eliminate the differences in the prioritization of objectives. The case study we have used to illustrate the main ideas of this paper is the controversy surrounding the regulation of health claims in the European Union.

In many developing countries, smallholder farmers cultivating vegetatively propagated crops (VPCs) have limited access to quality planting material. This constraint can limit both the yield of and returns on VPC cultivation. Yet policy and regulatory initiatives designed to strengthen access to quality VPC planting materials have been relatively unsuccessful to date. Part of the problem is the unique biological and economic characteristics of vegetative propagation and its distinctness from cereal crops, which dominate narratives on seed system reforms. Drawing on qualitative analysis of policy and practice, this study examines reform options related to quality assurance regulations in four crop-country combinations: cassava in Nigeria and Vietnam, and potato in Kenya and Vietnam. The study highlights theory and evidence on existing models of regulation; alternative models that may better incentivize cost-effective multiplication and distribution; and recommendations for policy, regulation, and investment in VPC seed markets. Findings indicate that regulations designed around strict and centralized quality control systems tend to limit market size, while more localized production systems are limited by both capacity and reach. These findings suggest the need for alternatives that balance a permissive regulatory regime with decentralized production systems, grassroots capacity development, market surveillance, and systems that integrate internal (producer-level) quality assurance with external (regulatory) quality assurance. ; Non-PR ; IFPRI1; CRP2; CRP3.4; 1 Fostering Climate-Resilient and Sustainable Food Supply; 3 Building Inclusive and Efficient Markets, Trade Systems, and Food Industry; 5 Strengthening Institutions and Governance ; EPTD; DSGD; PIM ; CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM); CGIAR Research Program on Roots, Tuber, and Bananas (RTB)