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In the past 20 years, few reforms of the public sector have received more attention, and stimulated more controversy, than the reforms made to regulation making and regulatory management. The rise of regulatory policies -explicit policies aimed at continuously improving the quality of the regulatory environment -- shows how early notions of "deregulation" or "cutting red tape" quickly gave way to a central "good governance" notion. This notion is based on an understanding of how regulatory practices can substantially improve market performance, public sector effec

This paper discusses the banking regulatory and supervisory practices in People's Republic of China (PRC) with reference to the international standard for banking supervision, namely, the Basel Core Principles for Effective Banking Supervision (BCPs). While the PRC has incorporated many sound practices advocated by the BCPs, there are quite a few areas where significant differences can be observed with respect to qualification review of senior management, broader regulation at the product level, prescriptive rules, and guidance for risk management. Broadly speaking, the PRC adopts a rules-based approach to regulation; in many cases, regulations are prescriptive or even intrusive. In building a robust supervisory system, the PRC finds specific guidance more helpful than sole reliance on principles-based approaches. The paper argues that general principles and a principle-based approach to regulation do not seem to work well for emerging markets. Indeed, the current financial crisis has revealed some shortcomings in the existing international standards on banking supervision. Perhaps this standard can be improved by greater specificity and by incorporating more aspects of the experiences in emerging markets.

In 2005, an estimated acreage of genetically modified plant (GMP) is 90 million hectares compared to 81 million hectares in 2004. The GMP is to be done along with the increasing human needs. With permission for GMP), which means that the task for scientists to continue to develop research to determine which GM products are allowed or not allowed.Also the participation of national and international government to create comprehensive regulation to regulate the use of GMP. GMP has several benefits for the cultivation of plants among other abiotic stress resistance, disease resistance, resistance to pests and maintain the quality of the plants.The Indonesian government has made regulations regarding GMP, through the Indonesian Government Regulation (Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia) No. 21 of 2005 on the biological safety of genetically modified products. In addition to government regulations, there are also other institutions that make the rules on GMP. As Indonesian Ulema Council (Majelis Ulama Indonesia) through the Indonesian Ulema Council Fatwa No. 35 of 2013 on genetic modified.

This paper discusses the role of science in policy making in the European Union (EU). Lessons from past experiences are used to provide an outlook for the future. ; Includes bibliographical references

BACKGROUND: Pharmaceuticals make an important contribution to people's health. Medicines, however, are frequently not used appropriately. Improving the use of medicines can improve health outcomes and save resources. On the other hand, regulatory and educational policies may have unintended effects on health and costs. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of pharmaceutical educational and regulatory policies targeting prescribers on medicine use, healthcare utilisation, health outcomes and costs (expenditures). SEARCH METHODS: We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, and two trial registries in March 2018 and several other databases between 2014 and 2018. We reviewed the reference lists of included studies and other relevant reviews, contacted authors of relevant reviews and studies to identify additional studies, and did a citation search for all included studies using ISI Web of Science (searched 05 January 2016). SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised trials, non‐randomised trials, interrupted time series studies, repeated measures studies and controlled before‒after studies of policies regulating who can prescribe medicines and other policies targeted at prescribers. We included in this category monitoring and enforcement of restrictions, generic prescribing, programmes to implement treatment guidelines, system‐wide policies regarding monitoring medicine safety, and legislated or mandatory continuing education or quality improvement specifically targeted at prescribing. We defined 'policies' in this review as laws, rules, financial and administrative orders made by governments, non‐governmental organisations or private insurers. We excluded interventions applied at the level of a single facility. For us to include a study, it had to include an objective measure of at least one of the following outcomes: medicine use, healthcare utilization, health outcomes, or costs. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently reviewed abstracts and reference lists of relevant reports, assessed full‐text studies for ...

This paper analyzes the political economy of regulatory and judicial appointment rules. I study a model of price-setting by a political principal faced with a firm with unknown costs, and endowed with an information-gathering technology whose efficiency rises with the effort exerted by two accountable supervisors (a regulator and a judge). This set-up captures the institutions of several international markets. The model predicts that reforms toward election rather than appointment of regulators are more likely the less efficient is the information-gathering technology, the less stringent are the investment concerns of society, the stronger are regulators' revolving-door motivations, and the closer is political competition. These predictions are consistent with US electric power market data. Moreover, in accordance with the model, electricity rates are lower and respond less to shock in input costs in states that elect their regulators or their High Court judges.

PharmD ; The responsibility to provide high-quality pharmaceutical care for animal patients challenges pharmacist knowledge regarding indications, dosages and drug administration. The aim of the study is to develop a regulatory and an academic framework in veterinary pharmaceutical sciences. The methodology is divided into two parts. In Part I three questionnaires were developed and disseminated to veterinary surgeons, pharmacists and pet owners to identify the perception of the role of the pharmacist in animal care and challenges of access to medicines. Data generated from the questionnaires was used to design a training programme validated using a modified e-Delphi method, for pharmacists. In Part II the regulatory framework for veterinary medicinal products was analysed by comparing Directive 2001/82/EC, Regulation (EU) 2019/6 and Directive 2001/83/EC. A separate questionnaire to identify the resources required by a National Competent Authority (NCA) to assess veterinary medicinal products, to provide medicines information and to collaborate with other entities was disseminated to EU NCAs that regulate veterinary medicinal products. Respondents from Part I consisted of 21 veterinary surgeons, 92 pharmacists, and 232 pet owners. Seventeen veterinary surgeons prescribed human medicines for use in animals because the veterinary medicinal product needed was not available. Pharmacists were perceived as unprepared to safely dispense and provide advice for medication use in animals by 61 pharmacists, 16 veterinary surgeons and 122 pet owners. Pharmacists (n=68) and veterinary surgeons (n=16) agreed that pharmacists should be trained in veterinary pharmaceutical sciences. Pet owners (n=171) would be more willing to ask a pharmacist for advice if they can be sure that the pharmacist is knowledgeable. The developed validated training programme consists of three main areas, namely veterinary disease states, veterinary pharmacotherapy, and regulation of veterinary medicinal products. In Part II, the analysis of the legal framework showed that the requirements for the dossier for human and veterinary medicinal products are similar. Respondents included ten NCAs. Seven NCAs had a dedicated department, with varying areas of expertise, for veterinary medicines. One NCA indicated that the staff worked in an integrated manner with both veterinary and human medicines. Training for assessors was provided by six NCAs. A proposal for the setup of a support office within a regulatory entity specialised in human medicines to include the assessment of veterinary medicinal products and medicines information in its remit was developed. The trust in the pharmacist taking an active role in animal care could be improved in the fifty-two percent of veterinary surgeons and fifty-three percent of pet-owners who had reservations. Trained pharmacists should strengthen their role with veterinary surgeons and pet owners. Interdisciplinary collaboration provides the best care for animal patients and improves access to safe and effective medicine. The analysis of the regulatory framework and the reflection of the questionnaire for NCAs provides a basis to support the establishment for a support office within an entity specialised in human medicines to include veterinary medicines. Pharmacists should be the drivers to enact change as illustrated in the veterinary-pharmacy bicycle paradigm where trained pharmacists combined with a robust regulatory framework will help in achieving excellence in veterinary services. ; N/A