Suchergebnisse

Kolaps reda i rasprostranjeno nasilje u Albaniji 1997. godine prouzročilo je pad Vlade i smrt oko 2.000 osoba. Neredi 1997. godine bili su posljedica propasti špekulativnih financijskih piramidalnih shema koje su nalikovale ratnoj ekonomskoj strukturi. Tijekom događaja 1997. godine došlo je do konfiskacije i krađe državne imovine velikih razmjera. Tranzicijsko razdoblje Albanije iz komunističkog u demokratski sustav, započeto 1990. godine, dovelo je do uspostave novih struktura za profitiranje od resursa te zemlje. Neke od tih političkih i ekonomskih struktura nestale su kao posljedica događaja 1997. godine, a druge, uključujući njihove strukturalne posljedice, i dalje su prisutne i imaju utjecaj na političku stabilnost i ekonomski napredak zemlje. Danas možemo ocijeniti uspjehe i neuspjehe Albanije na temelju napretka te zemlje od događaja 1997. godine. U članku se analiziraju događaji 1997. godine kao i transformacija albanskih političkih i ekonomskih struktura između 1997. i 2016. godine, uzimajući u obzir postignuća i neuspjehe. Iz perspektive uspješnosti sagledava se način na koji se zemlja nosila s izgradnjom mira i razvojnom agendom nakon 1997. godine. Razmatraju se čimbenici koji su doveli do neuspješnosti države 1997. godine, kao i oni nakon toga, a koji su pridonijeli povijesnoj uvjetovanosti do trenutnog političkog konteksta države. Premda se mnogo pisalo o 1997. godini, vrlo je malo provedenih analiza iz perspektive istraživanja neuspješnih država. U tom kontekstu u članku se pokušava ponuditi Albanija kao primjer studije slučaja transformativnog procesa od ustanka do sadašnje situacije obilježene kao mješavina uspjeha i neuspjeha. U ovom se članku ukazuje na nekoliko pouka koje bi mogle biti od koristi za strategije usmjerene prema procesu transformacije. ; In 1997 Albania experienced a collapse of order and widespread violence, which resulted in a situation where the government was overthrown and some 2,000 people were killed. The 1997 disorder came as a result of the collapse of fraudulent financial pyramid schemes that had all the features of a war-like economic structure. During the 1997 events, large-scale confiscation and stealing of state assets occurred. Albania's transitional period from communism to democracy, which began in 1990, led to the establishment of new structures for profiting from the country's resources. Some of these political and economic structures, in the aftermath of the 1997 events, disappeared and others, including their structural effects, persist and have had an impact on the country's political stability and economic progress. Today, both the successes and failures of the country are assessed based on the progress that the country has made since the 1997 events. The paper analyses the 1997 events and the transformation of Albania's political and economic structures between 1997 and 2016, considering both achievements and failures. It looks at how the country has dealt with the post-1997 peace-building and development agenda from the perspective of it being a success. It looks at the factors that led to state failure in 1997 and at the factors that continue and have generated a path dependency to the current political context of the country. Although a lot has been written concerning the 1997 events, very little analysis has been conducted concerning what it means from the perspective of research on state failure. In this context, the proposed paper seeks to offer Albania as a case study example of a transformation process, from the uprising to the current situation, which is characterized as a mixture of successes and failures. The belief is that the proposed paper will point to some lessons learned for the strategies directed at the transformation processes.

Konvencija o pristupu informacijama, sudjelovanju javnosti u odlučivanju i pristupu sudstvu o pitanjima okoliša – Aarhuška konvencija – međunarodni je pravni okvir na području zaštite okoliša. Ova konvencija, pokrenuta pod pokroviteljstvom UN-a, najambiciozniji je pothvat kada je riječ o zaštiti okoliša. Njezinim usvajanjem ujedno je učinjen golem korak u razvoju međunarodnoga prava. Prihvaćajući načela i formalno pristupajući Aarhuškoj konvenciji, države naše regije (Jugoistočna Europa) zorno pokazuju da prava na području okoliša nisu luksuz rezerviran samo za bogate. Ovim se dokumentom utvrđuju prava u svezi s okolišem te čine pouzdan temelj za uključivanje najšire javnosti u politike okoliša čime se potvrđuje i naša obveza prema budućim pokoljenjima. To je dokaz kako se održivi razvoj može postići jedino uključivanjem svih sudionika u društvu. Aarhuška konvencija poveznica je između odgovornosti tijela javne vlasti i zaštite okoliša, jer se sudjelovanjem javnosti povećava odgovornost i transparentnost pri donošenju odluka, kao i svijest javnosti o pitanjima okoliša, a osigurava se i podrška za donesene odluke. Učinkovitim sudjelovanjem javnosti promiču se načela suradnje i konzultacija između građana i donositelja odluka, čime se pridonosi općoj demokratizaciji društva. To je omogućeno provedbom Aarhuške konvencije koja uključuje: pristup informacijama, sudjelovanje javnosti pri donošenju odluka i pristup pravosuđu kada je riječ o okolišu. To su ujedno i tri glavna stupa Konvencije. Prije dvanaest godina tadašnji je glavni tajnik UN-a Kofi Annan opisao Konvenciju kao "najambiciozniji pothvat na području 'okolišne demokracije' dosad poduzet pod okriljem Ujedinjenih naroda". Možemo reći kako je taj opis vjerojatno i danas točan, iako je na području okolišne demokracije došlo i do drugih znatnih pomaka. ; Convention on access to information, public participation in decision making and access to justice in environmental matters – The Aarhus Convention – is an international legal framework in the area of the environment protection. This convention, initiated under the auspices of UN, is the most ambitious venture as far as environment protection is concerned. Its adoption made at the same time a huge step in the international law development. Accepting the principles and formally accessing to the Aarhus Convention, countries from our region (Southeast Europe) show that rights in the environment protection area are not the luxury reserved only for the rich ones. This document defines the rights in the environment area and makes the reliable foundation for involving the general public in the environment policies which confirms our commitment to future generations. That is a proof that sustainable development can be achieved only by involving all participants in the society. The Aarhus Convention is a link between the authorities' responsibilities and environment protection, because participation of the public increases responsibility and transparency in decision making, as well as consciousness of the public about environmental matters. It also provides support for the made decisions. Efficient participation of the public promotes cooperation principles and consultation between citizens and decision makers, which contributes to general society democratization. That is enabled by the Aarhus Convention implementation which includes: access to information, participation of the public in decision making and access to jurisdiction when speaking of environment. These are at the same time three main Convention pillars. Twelve years ago the UN Secretary General Kofi Annan described the Convention as "the most ambitious venture in environmental democracy undertaken under the auspices of the United Nations". We can say that the mentioned descriptionis probably correct even today, although there have been many other significant improvements in environmental democracy.

Cilj istraživanja: Cilj ovog istraživanja je napraviti regulatorni pregled izdavanja bezreceptnih lijekova izvan ljekarni u zemljama Europske unije i Ujedinjenoj Kraljevini. Materijal i metode: Sastavljen je pregled regulatornih sustava bezreceptnih lijekova u europskim zemljama, s naglaskom na dostupnost bezreceptnih lijekova izvan ljekarni. Pregledani su regulatorni zahtjevi 24 zemlje EU i Ujedinjene Kraljevine i napravljena je usporedba regulatornih sustava zemalja obuhvaćenih pregledom. Rezultati: Analizirajući 24 zemlje EU i Ujedinjenu Kraljevinu uočavamo tri načina regulacije i organizacije izdavanja bezreceptnih lijekova. U 10 analiziranih zemalja, uključujući Austriju, Francusku i Španjolsku, izdavanje bezreceptnih lijekova dozvoljeno je samo u ljekarnama. U 6 analiziranih zemalja, među kojima su Njemačka i Hrvatska, izdavanje bezreceptnih lijekova izvan ljekarni odvija se uz obavezan nadzor stručne osobe. Ujedinjena Kraljevina i skandinavske zemlje spadaju u posljednju kategoriju koju čini 9 zemalja s razvijenim prometom bezreceptnih lijekova izvan ljekarni. Bezreceptni lijekovi u tim su zemljama dostupni u supermarketima, na kioscima i benzinskim postajama, a postoje "general sales list", tj. popisi gotovih lijekova s uvjetima pod kojima se smiju izdavati izvan ljekarni. Zaključci: Postoje razlike u načinu regulacije distribucije bezreceptnih lijekova među europskim zemljama. Uočava se trend liberalizacije i deregulacije ljekarništva. Iako u dijelu analiziranih zemalja ljekarne još uvijek imaju "monopol" na izdavanje bezreceptnih lijekova, u većini analiziranih zemalja određeni bezreceptni lijekovi dostupni su izvan ljekarni. ; Objectives: The aim of this research was to make a regulatory review of the dispensing of over-the-counter medicines outside pharmacies in the countries of the European Union and the United Kingdom. Material and Methods: An overview of over-the-counter regulatory systems in European countries has been compiled, with an emphasis on the availability of over-the-counter medicines ...

Cilj istraživanja: Cilj ovog istraživanja je napraviti regulatorni pregled izdavanja bezreceptnih lijekova izvan ljekarni u zemljama Europske unije i Ujedinjenoj Kraljevini. Materijal i metode: Sastavljen je pregled regulatornih sustava bezreceptnih lijekova u europskim zemljama, s naglaskom na dostupnost bezreceptnih lijekova izvan ljekarni. Pregledani su regulatorni zahtjevi 24 zemlje EU i Ujedinjene Kraljevine i napravljena je usporedba regulatornih sustava zemalja obuhvaćenih pregledom. Rezultati: Analizirajući 24 zemlje EU i Ujedinjenu Kraljevinu uočavamo tri načina regulacije i organizacije izdavanja bezreceptnih lijekova. U 10 analiziranih zemalja, uključujući Austriju, Francusku i Španjolsku, izdavanje bezreceptnih lijekova dozvoljeno je samo u ljekarnama. U 6 analiziranih zemalja, među kojima su Njemačka i Hrvatska, izdavanje bezreceptnih lijekova izvan ljekarni odvija se uz obavezan nadzor stručne osobe. Ujedinjena Kraljevina i skandinavske zemlje spadaju u posljednju kategoriju koju čini 9 zemalja s razvijenim prometom bezreceptnih lijekova izvan ljekarni. Bezreceptni lijekovi u tim su zemljama dostupni u supermarketima, na kioscima i benzinskim postajama, a postoje "general sales list", tj. popisi gotovih lijekova s uvjetima pod kojima se smiju izdavati izvan ljekarni. Zaključci: Postoje razlike u načinu regulacije distribucije bezreceptnih lijekova među europskim zemljama. Uočava se trend liberalizacije i deregulacije ljekarništva. Iako u dijelu analiziranih zemalja ljekarne još uvijek imaju "monopol" na izdavanje bezreceptnih lijekova, u većini analiziranih zemalja određeni bezreceptni lijekovi dostupni su izvan ljekarni. ; Objectives: The aim of this research was to make a regulatory review of the dispensing of over-the-counter medicines outside pharmacies in the countries of the European Union and the United Kingdom. Material and Methods: An overview of over-the-counter regulatory systems in European countries has been compiled, with an emphasis on the availability of over-the-counter medicines ...

Hegelove riječi iz Enciklopedije filozofskih znanosti, da revolucija nije moguća bez reformacije, mogu se shvatiti kao načelno upozorenje da svakoj korjenitoj političkoj promjeni mora prethoditi promjena u unutrašnjem svijetu uvjerenja pojedinca i zajednice. Te riječi povijesno preciznije upućuju na reformirano kršćanstvo kao na inherentni poticaj modernim revolucionarnim previranjima. Religiozno oslobođenje savjesti prethodilo je političkom oslobođenju i u tom smislu Hegel izdvaja protestantizam kao najviši lik religioznosti koji je u modernoj običajnosti moguć. Hegel favorizira protestantizam ne samo zato što je uvjeren da je religijska reformacija prethodila i da uvijek mora prethoditi revoluciji nego i zbog toga što smatra da s protestantizmom postaje očito da i reformiranje religije ostaje nedovršeno i apstraktno ne preraste li u politički prevrat. Razmatranje načina na koji Hegel problematizira odnos države i religije autora vodi k zaključku: revolucije ne može biti bez reformacije, ali ni istinske reformacije bez revolucije. ; Hegel's words from the Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences, that a revolution is not possible without a reformation, can be understood as the general warning that the change within the inner world of beliefs of individual and community must precede every radical political change. Historically more precise, these words point to the Reformed Christianity as the inherent impetus to the modern revolutionary movements. The religious liberation of conscience preceded the political liberation, and Hegel, therefore, points out Protestantism as the highest form of religiosity which is possible in the modern ethical life. On the other hand, Hegel favours Protestantism not only because he is convinced that the religious reformation preceded and must precede the revolution, but also because he considers that with Protestantism becomes evident that the reformation of religion remains incomplete and abstract if it does not grow into the political upheaval. Considering the way Hegel is problematizing the nature of the relationship between state and religion, the author concludes: there can be no revolution without a reformation, but neither a true reformation without a revolution.

Ideja menadžmenta ima u stanovitom smislu univerzalno značenje zbog čega se primjena te ideje široko rasprostranila, a našla je mjesto i u institucijama odgoja i obrazovanja, i to najviše kao organizacijski menadžment, menadžment ljudskih potencijala, menadžment razina (1. najviša — ciljevi, dugoročno planiranje i organizacija, 2. srednja — kontrola operativnih postupaka i programi potpore ciljevima, 3. najniža — interpretacija ciljeva, politika programa), strategijski menadžment (dugoročno), i menadžment funkcija (koliko funkcija toliko menadžment programa). Menadžerske funkcije odnose se na ono što valja postići, a to su najčeπće planovi, strategije, dobra organizacija, kvalitetno vođenje i uspješna kontrola. Slijedi da se na pedagoški menadžment može gledati kao na upravljanje mrežom i hijerarhijom sustava (vrtić, grupa — škola, razred). Posebnost vođenja i upravljanja odgajatelja, razrednika i nastavnika može se razmatrati kao pedagoška uloga odgajatelja u vođenju i upravljanju, pedagoška uloga razrednika u vođenju i upravljanju, administrativni poslovi, planiranje i programiranje rada voditelja tima (razrednika), pripremanje i vođenje sjednica vijeća, suradnja s ostalim članovima vijeća, suradnja s roditeljima i sl. ; The idea of management in a certain way has a universal meaning, causing the wide spreading of this idea, which also found its place in the educational institutions, primarily as organizational management, human resources management, levels management (1. the highest level — objectives, long-term planning and organization; 2. the intermediate level — the control of operative procedures and objective supporting programs; 3. the lowest level — objectives interpretation, program policy), strategic management (long-term) and function management (the number of functions corresponding to the number of management programs). The management functions concern the purposes to be achieved, which are usually plans, strategies, good organization, quality leadership and successful control. Therefore, it follows that the educational management can be viewed as management of the system network and hierarchy (kindergarten, group — school, class). The specificity of leadership and management in case of kindergarten teachers, form-masters and teachers can be discussed as the pedagogical role of the kindergarten teacher in the leadership and management, the pedagogical role of the form-master in the leadership and management, administrative work, the team leader's (form-master's) work planning and programming, preparation and chairing of teaching-staff conferences, cooperation with other teaching-staff members, cooperation with parents, etc. ; Die Idee des Menagements hat im gewissen Sinne eine universelle Bedeutung, weshalb die Anwendung dieser Idee weit verbreitet ist und ihren Platz auch in den Bildungs-und Erziehungsanstalten fand. Dabei handelt es sich meistens um Organisationsmanagement, Management von menschlichen Potenzialen, Management von Ebenen (1. höchste — Ziele, langfristige Planung und Organisation, 2. mittlere — Kontrolle der Operatiomalisierungsverfahren und Programme zur Unterstützung der Zielsetzungen, 3. niedrigste — Interpretation von Zielsetzungen, Programmpolitk), strategisches Management (langfristig) und funktionales Menagement (für jede Funktion ein Managementprogramm). Die Funktionen des Managements beziehen sich auf das zu Erreichende, und das sind am häufigsten Pläne, Strategien, gute Organisation, gute Leitung und erfolgreiche Kontrolle. Daraus folgert, dass das pädagogische Management als eine Art der Verwaltung von Netzen und hierarchisch aufgebauten Systemen (Kindergarten, Gruppe — Schule, Klasse) betrachtet werden kann. Die Besonderheit der Führungs-und Leitungsrolle von Erziehern, Klassenlehrern und Lehrern kann unter verschiedenen Gesichtspunkten besprochen werden: pädagogische Erzieherrolle in der Leitung und Verwaltung, pädagogische Klassenlehrerrolle in der Leitung und Verwaltung, administrative Aufgaben, Planung und Programmierung der Arbeit von Teamleitern (Klassenlerern), Planung und Leitung von Sitzungen der Lehrerkonferrenz, Mitarbeit mit anderen Mitgliedern der Lehrerkonferrenz, Mitarbeit mit den Eltern usw.

Rad se dijeli na dva osnovna dijela. U prvom dijelu analizira se šest osnovnih označitelja s pomoću kojih se oblikuje postojeći značenjski okvir identifikacije Velebitske primorske padine u javnom znanju i imaginaciji suvremena hrvatskog društva. To su: nadmoć prirodnih sila; dubinsko siromaštvo; ekstremni ergonomijski (radni) tlak; tehnička konzervativnost mjesnog društva; slaba socijalna gustoća; rasutost razvojnog subjekta područja. Kada se ta obilježja promatraju međusobno svezano, dobiva se semiotični "portret" područja ne samo bez valjane razvojne budućnosti nego i područja za razvoj funkcionalno nesposobna. Stoga se u drugom dijelu rada aktualizira pitanje o uporištima revitalizacije područja. Koristi se pojam: revitalizacija, jer se njome teži naznačiti kako je mjesno društvo, odgovarajućim praksama revitalizacije potrebno tek pripremiti za aktivni/autonomni razvitak. Na tom se tragu analizira šest osnovnih uporišta (moguće) revitalizacije. To su: promjena javne predodžbe o subjektu mjesnog razvitka; nova kulturna strategija u odnosu na područje; definicija nove funkcionalne vrijednosti područja na nacionalnoj razini; (re)valorizacija prometne cjelovitosti područja; oblikovanje gospodarske strukture relativno neovisne o prirodnoj osnovi područja; izgradnja mreže razvojnih institucija. Svako spomenuto uporište počiva na svojevrsnim "snopovima" posebnih praksa koje ga sadržajno diferenciraju. No bitno je, pri tomu, podsjetiti kako se skiciranim revitalizacijskim pristupom sugerira međusobna povezanost socio/kulturnih promjena, promjena u gospodarskoj politici i politici. infrastrukture te u izgrađivanju specifične mreže razvojnih ustanova. Ili, drugačije rečeno, po srijedi je područje gdje se klasičnim "sektorskim" pristupom mjesnom razvitku ne će postići očekivani rezultati. ; The paper is divided into two basic parts. In the first part the six basic identifiers are analysed with the help of which the existing meaningful framework is formed of the identification of Velebit littoral hillside in the public consciousness and imagination of contemporary Croatian society. They are: the supremacy of natural forces; deep poverty; extreme ergonomic (working) pressure; the technical conservatism of the local society; poor social density; the diffusion of the developmental subject of the region. When these features are observed mutually bound a semiotic 'portrait' of a region is obtained not only without a valid developmental future but also of a region functionally incapable of development. Therefore in the second part of the paper the question about the mainstays of the revitalisation of the region is actualised. The term used is: revitalisation, because with it, it wishes to point out, with the corresponding practices of revitalisation, how necessary it is to prepare the local society for active/autonomous development. In this search six basic (possible) mainstays of revitalisation are analysed. They are: a change in the public's notion of the subject of local development; a new cultural strategy in relation to the area; a definition of the new functional value of the area on a national level; the (re)valorisation of the transport integrity of the area; the formation of an economic structure relatively independent from the natural base of the area; the construction of a network of developmental institutions. Each mentioned mainstay rests on kinds of bundles of special practices which differentiate it substantively. However, it is important, therein, to recall how with an outlined approach of revitalisation the interpersonal connectivity of socio/ cultural changes is suggested, changes in the economic policy and the policy of the infrastructure, and in the constructing of the specific network of the developmental institutions. Or, to put it a different way, it concerns an area where with a classic 'sectoral' approach to local development the expected results will not be achieved.

Cilj istraživanja bio je prikupiti podatke o prevalenciji uporabe novih psihoaktivnih tvari (NPT) u općoj populaciji Republike Hrvatske, o obrascima uporabe NPT-a i karakteristikama konzumenata NPT-a. Podaci o uporabi NTP-a, o obrascima uporabe NTP-a, o uporabi legalnih i ilegalnih droga te sociodemografski podaci o sudionicima prikupljeni su empirijskim istraživanjem na reprezentativnom uzorku građana Republike Hrvatske u dobi od 15 do 64 godine (N = 4992). Životna prevalencija uporabe NPT-a u Hrvatskoj bila je 2,7%, a prevalencija uporabe u posljednjih godinu dana 1,3%. Najčešće korišten oblik NPT-a bile su biljne mješavine za pušenje (76,2%), a većina konzumenata dobila je ili kupila NPT od prijatelja (69%). Većina konzumenata NPT-a bili su muškarci (75,4%), mlađi odrasli u dobi od 15 do 34 godine (75,8%), samci (73,1%), oni sa završenom srednjom školom (68%), oni koji polaze srednju školu ili su studenti (39,4%), zaposleni (33,1%) ili samozaposleni (7,2%). Konzumenti NPT-a navode vrlo visoku prevalenciju uporabe legalnih (79,5% duhan, 89,9% alkohol, dok se 57,5% opijalo) i ilegalnih droga (55,6%, najčešće kanabisa) u mjesecu koji je prethodio istraživanju. Visoka životna prevalencija uporabe ilegalnih droga utvrđena je za amfetamine (42,5%), ecstacy (35,4%) i kokain (23,9%). Zaključno, životna prevalencija uporabe NPT-a među općom populacijom u Hrvatskoj relativno je niska. Većina konzumenata NPT-a su mladi muškarci, samci, koji iskazuju obrasce poliuporabe droga. Zbog ozbiljnih rizika povezanih s uporabom NPT-a, prevencija bi trebala biti jedan od prioriteta nacionalne politike vezane uz droge. ; The aim of this study is to provide information on the prevalence of new psychoactive substances (NPS) use among the general population in Croatia, patterns of NPS use and characteristics of NPS users. The data on NPS use, patterns of NPS use, licit and illicit substance use, and general information on participants, were gathered by empirical research on a nationally representative sample of Croatian adults aged 15-64 years (N = 4992). Lifetime prevalence of NPS use in Croatia was 2.7%, and last year 1.3%. The most common form of NPS used was herbal smoking mixtures (76.2%), and most users have been given or bought NPS from a friend (69%). Most NPS users were male (75.4%), young adults between 15-34 years (75.8%), single (73.1%), had a high school education (68%), and currently were either high school or university students (39.4%), employed (33.1%) or self-employed (7.2%). NPS users have reported very high prevalence of use of licit (79.5% tobacco, 89.9% alcohol, and 57.5% had an episode of binge drinking) and illicit substances (55.6%, most commonly cannabis) over the month preceding the survey. High lifetime prevalence of illicit drug use was found for amphetamines (42.5%), ecstasy (35.4%), LSD (24.6%), and cocaine (23.9%). In Croatia, the lifetime prevalence of NPS use is relatively low among the general population. Most NPS users are single young males who exhibit patterns of polydrug use. Due to serious risks associated with NPS use, prevention should be one of the national drug policy priorities.

Kada govorimo o suradljivosti bolesnika (engl. compliance), razlikujemo dva pojma koje hrvatski možemo nazvati ustrajnost (engl. persistence), te adherencija odnosno pridržavanje (engl. adherence). Iako se navedeni izrazi rabe kao sinonimi, obično se za njih rabi izraz suradljivost. Posebno je problem kod kroničnih bolesnika koji moraju godinama uzimati više lijekova, a istraživanja su pokazala da bolesnici na kroničnoj hemodijalizi (HD) uzimaju i do 19 raznih tableta na dan, te je njihova suradljivost vrlo loša. Ciljevi rada su: utvrditi postoji li povezanost dobi i spola s redovitim uzimanjem propisane terapije, utvrditi postoji li povezanost redovitog uzimanja propisane terapije s dobro reguliranim krvnim tlakom. Kao instrument istraživanja uporabljen je anketni upitnik koji je sadržavao demografske podatke o dobi, spolu, te standardizirani upitnik od 8 pitanja vezana za redovito uzimanje terapije, Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8), preveden na hrvatski kao Upitnik o pridržavanju terapiji (UOPT). Istraživanje je provedeno na 61 ispitaniku, od kojih je 28 (45,9 %) žena i 33 (54,1 %) muškaraca. Medijan dobi bio je 67 godina (interkvartilni raspon 58–74), a značajno su bile starije žene (Mann-Whitneyev test, P=0,004). Nije nađena statistički značajna razlika između žena i muškaraca u pridržavanju redovitog uzimanja propisane terapije prema MMAS-8 testu. Prema upitniku o pridržavanju uzimanja propisane terapije, njih 14 (23 %) ima nisko pridržavanje uzimanja terapije, njih 31 (50,8 %) ima srednje pridržavanje, a 16 (26,2 %) ima visoko pridržavanje uzimanja propisane terapije. Također, ovo istraživanje nije utvrdilo da postoji značajna razlika u regulaciji krvog tlaka prema spolu i pridržavanju uzimanja propisane terapije. Istraživanjem je utvrđeno da postoji statistička značajnost u broju bodova dobivenih MMAS-8 upitnikom i pridržavanja uzimanja propisane terapije (P=0,001, Kruskal-Wallisov test). Kod bolesnika koji se liječe HD-om kao jednim od oblika nadomjesne bubrežne funkcije osobito je nužno redovito uzimanje propisane im terapije. ; When we talk about patient compliance, we distinguish between two concepts which may be called persistence and adherence, i.e. compliance. Although the said terms are used interchangeably as synonyms, usually for their use of the term compliance. It is especially a problem in chronic patients who have to take several drugs for years, and studies have shown that patients on chronic haemodialysis (HD) take up to 19 different tablets a day, and their compliance is very bad. The objectives of this paper are: to determine whether there is a correlation between age and sex with a regular taking of prescribed therapy, to determine whether there is a connection between regular taking of prescribed therapy with well-controlled blood pressure. The survey instrument used was a questionnaire containing demographic information on age, sex, education, and the standardized questionnaire containing eight questions related to the regular use of therapy, Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8), translated into Croatian. The study was conducted on 61 subjects, of whom 28 (45.9%) women and 33 (54.1%) men. The median age was 67 years (interquartile range 58-74), and women were significantly older (Mann-Whitney test, P = 0.004). There was no statistically significant difference between women and men in compliance with the regular intake of prescribed therapy according to MMAS-8 test. According to the questionnaire on compliance of taking the prescribed therapy, 14 of them (23%) showed a low adherence to treatment, 31 (50.8%) sowed moderate adherence, and 16 (26.2%) showed a high compliance to taking the prescribed therapy. Furthermore, this study did not find that there is a significant difference in blood pressure regulation by sex and compliance with taking the prescribed therapy. During the research it has been found that there is statistical significance in a number of points obtained by the MMAS-8 questionnaire and compliance with taking prescribed therapy (P = 0.001, Kruskal-Wallis test). In patients treated with HD as a form of replacement of renal function, regular taking of prescribed treatment is especially important.

Uvod: Moždani udar ima visoku smrtnost kako u svjetskim okvirima tako i kod nas. Značajno financijski opterećuje kako republički tako i županijske zavode za zdravstveno osiguranje. Glavnina bolesnika ostaje trajnim invalidima, a uz velika financijska izdvajanja i upornu fizikalnu terapiju oporavi se mali broj bolesnika (jedna trećina). Osim medicinskog osoblja koje sudjeluje u tretmanu bolesnika oboljelih od MU, veliku ulogu u oporavku imaju obitelj i bolesnikovo šire i daljnje okruženje. Cilj rada: je utvrditi broj i distribuciju bolesnika liječenih od moždanog udara u 2017. godini, procijeniti ishode liječenja te utvrditi vrstu antikoagulantne terapije na otpustu. Definirati i analizirati faktore rizika s osvrtom na primarnu i sekundarnu prevenciju. Procijeniti postojeću skrb bolesnika, uz definiranje mjesta i uloge medicinske sestre. Metode: Ciljni parametri prikupljeni su iz medicinske dokumentacije koja je nastala tijekom liječenja bolesnika. Varijable, prikupljene iz elektronskih otpusnih pisama unesene su u elektronički zapis ispitanika u program Microsoft Excel, po posebno izrađenoj tablici podataka. Rezultati: Sudjelovalo je 167 bolesnika, 86 žena (51,50%) i 81 muškaraca (48,50%). Najzastupljeniji faktori rizika bili su hiperlipidemija i hipertenzija, fibrilacija atrija i dob iznad 70 godina. Od moždanog udara 2017. god. umrlo je 45 bolesnika (26,90%), više muških (53,30%), s neurološkim deficitom ostalo je 56 bolesnika (33,50%), više muških (53,60%), a djelomično ili potpuno oporavljenih je bilo 66 (27,00%), više kod žena (59,00%). U tretmanu fibrilacije atrija (67,00%), mali dio bolesnika je na Warfarinu i NOACs, 88 njih (52,30%) u odnosu na 134 na acetilsalicilnoj kiselini (80,20%). Postoji statistički značajna razlika u vrsti i broju čimbenika rizika MU u odnosu na dob i spol ispitanika. Stariji bolesnici skloniji su većoj smrtnosti. Muški spol je faktor rizika i među muškarcima veća je ukupna smrtnost. Zaključak: Prepoznavanje i sustavno provođenje politike unaprjeđenja i očuvanja zdravlja uz aktivnosti na području primarne, specijalističke i bolničke zdravstvene zaštite osnovni su preduvjeti postizanja uspjeha u prevenciji moždanog udara. U stvaranju takvog okruženja nužna je suradnja zdravstva s drugim strukturama javnog života. ; Introduction: Stroke has high mortality both in the world and in us. Significantly financially burdens both the republic and county health insurance bureaus. The majority of the patients remain with permanent invalids, and with a small amount of financial resources and persistent physical therapy, a small number of patients (one-third) recover. In addition to the medical staff involved in the treatment of patients with MU, a major role in recovery has the family and the patient's wider and further environment. Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the number and distribution of stroke patients in 2017, to evaluate the outcomes of the treatment and to determine with whom the patients were relieved from the department (antiagregation, new oral anticoagulants, warfarin). Also, risk factors will be defined and analyzed with reference to primary and secondary stroke prevention. Existing patient care will be evaluated, along with the definition of the nurses' place and role in the treatment of this type of patient. Methods: Target parameters were collected from medical documentation that was generated during patient treatment. Variables, collected from electronic resignation letters were submitted to the electronic record of the respondents in the Microsoft Excel program by a specially made data table. Results: A total of 167 patients, 86 women (51.50%) and 81 males (48.50%) participated in the study. The most frequent risk factors were hyperlipidemia and hypertension, more frequent in the male population, while atrial fibrillation and age over 70 were more common in women. From a stroke in 2017, 45 patients (26.90%), more males (53.30%) died, with 56 (33.50%), more male (53.60%), and partially or completely recovered, with a neurological deficit 66 (27.00%), more in women (59.00%). In the atrial fibrillation treatment (67.00%), as the most frequent risk factor, a small part of the patients were on Warfarin and NOAC, 88 (52.30%) versus 134 on acetylsalicylic acid (80.20%). Research has shown that there is a statistically significant difference in the type and number of stroke risk factors in relation to age and sex of respondents. It has been found that elderly patients with greater comorbidity are more likely to be more mortally affected. It was also found that the male gender risk factor in the investigated population and that in the male population the total mortality was higher. Conclusion: Recognizing and systematically implementing a general policy of improving and preserving health as well as activities in the area of primary, specialist and hospital health care are the basic preconditions for achieving success in the prevention of cerebrovascular diseases. In creating such an environment, it is necessary to co-operate with other sectors of public life.

U radu se izlaže prvi dio prijedloga analitičkog okvira za opće razmatranje teritorijalne osnove lokalne samouprave. Obrađene su dvije sastavnice tog okvira: 1. opća načela na kojima se treba zasnivati podjela teritorijana lokalne samoupravne jedinice i 2. uvjeti koji ograničavaju odnosno faktori koji utječu na teritorijalnu podjelu. Valjanost analitičkog instrumentarija provjerava se na komparativnom materijalu. ; The paper contains the first part of the analytical framework for theoretical analysis of the territorial basis of local self-government. Two components of the framework have been dealt with: 1) general principles on which territorial organisation should be based in any developed local self-government system, and 2) conditions that limit and factors that influence any territorial organisation. With regard to general principles, the author differentiates between the principles of the territorial basis of the whole local self-government system and the principles related to the determination of the territory of individual local self-government units, i.e., parts of local self-government system. The principles related to the whole local self-government system are coverage, stability, rationality, and organisational adequacy of the territorial division, while the principles on which the territory of local self-government units should be based are the wholeness of a self-government unit, uniformity of local selfgovernment units, financial capacity and independence, democratic quality of local governance, and accessibility of local services. Each principle has been analysed with regard to its limitations and problems concerning its implementation. The author points out contradictory implications that may arise from the implementation of certain principles related to territorial determination of local self-government units. The second component of the analytical framework deals with objective conditions and subjective factors that determine and influence territorial organisation. These conditions and factors have been grouped and systematised into eight groups according to the degree of their invariance: natural characteristics of the territory; network and types of settlements; population characteristics; administrative-territorial tradition; level of economic development; transport and communication networks; efficiency and effectiveness of local services; and political aims and interests. The validity of analytical tools has been corroborated by the examples from comparative local self-government. The second part of the analytical framework containing the main problems of any territorial division to local self-government units and their possible solutions is forthcoming.

U radu se izlaže prvi dio prijedloga analitičkog okvira za opće razmatranje teritorijalne osnove lokalne samouprave. Obrađene su dvije sastavnice tog okvira: 1. opća načela na kojima se treba zasnivati podjela teritorija na lokalne samoupravne jedinice i 2. uvjeti koji ograničavaju odnosno faktori koji utječu na teritorijalnu podjelu. Valjanost analitičkog instrumentarija provjerava se na komparativnom materijalu. ; The paper contains the first pan of the analytical framework for theoretical analysis of the territorial basis of local self-government. Two components of the framework have been dealt with: 1 ) general principles on which territorial organisation should be based in any developed local self-government System, and 2) conditions that limit and factors that influence any territorial organisation. With regard to general principles, the author differentiates between the principles of the territorial basis of the whole local self-government System and the principles related to the determination of the territory of individual local self-government units, i.e., parts of local self-government System, The principles related to the whole local self-government System are coverage, stabïlity, rationality, and organisational adequacy of the territorial division, whïle the principles on which the territory of local self-government units should be based are the wholeness of a self-government unit, uniformity of local self- government units, financial capacity and independence, démocratie quality of local governance, and accessïbïlity of local services. Each principle has been analysed with regard to its limitations and Problems concerning its implémentation. The author points out contradictory implications that may arise from the implémentation of certain principles related to territorial détermination of local self-government units. The second component of the analytical framework deals with objective conditions and subjective factors that determine and influence territorial organisation. These conditions and factors have been grouped and systematised into eight groups according to the degree of their invariance: natural characteristics of the territory; network and types of settlements; population characteristics; administrative-territorial tradition; level of economic development; transport and communication networks; efficiency and effectiveness of local services; and political aims and interests. The validity of analytical tools has been corroborated by the examples from comparative local self-government, The second part of the analytical framework containing the main Problems of any territorial division to local self-government units and their possible solutions is forthcoming.

Kao povijesno-kulturne ustanove, arhivi prikupljaju, obrađuju i daju na korištenje različite kategorije podataka sadržanih u arhivskom gradivu, vodeći se pritom domaćim i međunarodnim stručnim standardima, pravnom regulativom i dobrom praksom. Jedna od znatnije zastupljenih kategorija su osobni podatci građana, o kojima se u recentnoj stručnoj literaturi najviše pisalo s aspekta njihove dostupnosti, tj. uvjeta i načina korištenja. U ovom članku analiziraju se i naglašavaju neki praktični i etički aspekti u vezi s opisivanjem arhivskih fondova i zbirki koji sadrže takve podatke, posebno u kontekstu primjene Opće uredbe o zaštiti podataka (General Data Protection Regulation, GDPR). Daje se i pregled preporuka koje je u listopadu 2018. izradila Europska arhivska grupa (European Archives Group, EAG) kao pomoć europskoj arhivskoj službi u implementaciji te Uredbe. Time se nastoji dati poticaj za daljnju znanstvenu i stručnu obradu te teme, posebno u vidu izrade odgovarajućega nacionalnoga priručnika za opis arhivskoga gradiva koje sadrži osobne podatke i druge kategorije ograničeno dostupnih podataka u kojem bi primjena normi i važećih propisa bila ilustrirana odgovarajućim praktičnim primjerima. ; In order to present archival records they store and facilitate their usage archives produce various types of finding aids. Previously these finding aids were accessible in Croatian archives in archival reading rooms in printed form, whereas in recent times they have become more accessible in digital form on websites of archives or on network information systems. In this way the descriptions of archival records become publicly available to a large number of users, without geographical or time constraints, by which archives mostly do not possess tools or resources to monitor the manner users further dispose of that descriptive data. This further reinforces the practical and ethical issues regarding the formation of archival description in a way that it provides the whole information on records' contents and the context of their creation, without hiding (omitting) and at the same time does not reveal data responsible for the possible limited availability of records. For the last twenty years Croatia has been applying ISAD(G) and ISAAR(CPF), the international archival standards for describing archival records. Despite that, there are departures in practice and misgivings regarding the interpretation of contents and the role of individual descriptive elements, as well as the structure of finding aids. Such departures are also expected in the segment that describes personal data, bearing in mind that both ISAD(G) and ISAAR(CPF) contain general rules without particular guidelines for the description of archival records containing data with limited availability. Misgivings in practice can result in a passive approach in processing and describing personal data which can, for example, manifest by producing finding aids only for internal needs (without making them available to users), ignoring or (un)intentionally withholding information on the existence of personal data in archival records and terms of their availability. Since 2018 Croatia has been applying two new provisions that are important in the context of the processing and description of personal data in archival records. They are the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the Act on Archival Records and Archives. The paper describes in detail and compares some of the principles from these two provisions and analyses their influence on the current practice of description of personal data in archival records (defining personal data, processing the data of deceased individuals, the principle of reducing the quantity of data, encouraging the acquirement of data that is important for raising awareness of totalitarian and undemocratic regimes and their consequences). With regard to the very broad definition of personal data archivists always face the question whether the data they will supply in the title or the description of archival units can cause the direct or indirect identification of an individual i.e. the particular issue of endangering someone's privacy, dignity and other rights. Furthermore, bearing in mind that the Regulation and the Croatian archival act do not impose any limitations regarding the processing of deceased individuals' data, it can be concluded that there are no formal impediments either for archival description or publishing such data. However, the question remains, regardless of the fact it concerns the data of deceased individuals, whether the ethical principle that archivists abstain from overly exposing data should be upheld, particularly if it concerns sensitive data which can influence the violation of dignity of family members of those individuals. The basic principles of the Regulation include the principle of reducing the quantity of data. It entails that personal data must be appropriate, relevant and limited to necessities in relation to purposes for which they are processed. The application of this principle is particularly important in the context of creating and enhancing the trust between the archives and the public. In other words, this approach conveys the message to the public that they can trust the archival service not to unjustifiably or excessively reveal and publish personal data. Within the context of processing data which is important for enhancing the awareness on the totalitarian and undemocratic regimes and their consequences there is a practical and ethical question on how to maintain the neutral position of archivists and archives as institutions in terms of providing objective description, without the endeavour to interpret on the political or ideological level. Concerning the indicated practical and ethical issues, the application of the guidelines created in October 2018 by the European Archives Group as assistance in implementation of the General Data Protection Regulation is recommended. The guidelines are connected with the Principles of Access to Archives by the International Council on Archives from 2012. This demonstrates that even before the General Data Protection Regulation was adopted the archival community paid considerable attention to ethical issues and standards of good professional practice regarding protection, processing and description of personal data in archival records. However, within the context of the new legislation the paper's intention is to encourage further scientific and professional addressing of this topic within the Croatian archival community, including producing a guide regarding all aspects of managing personal data in archival records. Besides, the prevailing view is that there is a need for producing a special manual for the description of archival records which contain personal data and other categories of data with limited access, in which the application of standards and current provisions would be illustrated with appropriate practical examples.