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Progress in reducing rural poverty has stalled. In the 1990s, it fell to less than one third of the rate needed to meet the United Nations' commitment to halve world poverty by 2015. Although three quarters of the world's 1.2 billion extremely poor people live and work in rural areas, aid to agriculture, their main source of income, has fallen by two thirds. In this Rural Poverty Report 2001, the International Fund for Agricultural Development argues that, to be successful, poverty-reduction policies must focus on rural areas. To overcome disadvantages stemming from remoteness, lack of education and health care, insecure and unproductive jobs, high fertility and (often) discrimination as women or ethnic minorities, the rural poor need: legally secure entitlements to assets (especially land and water); technology (above all for increasing the output and yield of food staples); access to markets; opportunities to participate in decentralized resource management; and access to microfinance. Such policies not only promote economic growth but also help alleviate urban poverty. A sustainable reduction in poverty calls for the creation of a pro-poor policy environment, and allocation of a greater volume of resources targeted to the poor with greater effectiveness. This needs to be complemented by better partnership among government, civil society and the private sector so that the poor are empowered to take responsibility for their own development.

Biofuels and Rural Poverty makes an original contribution to the current controversial global debate on biofuels, in particular the consequences that large-scale production of transport fuel substitutes can have on rural areas, principally in developing countries but also in some poor rural areas of developed countries. Three key concerns are examined from a North-South perspective: ecological issues (related to land use and biodiversity), pro-poor policies (related to food and land security, gender and income generation) and equity of benefits within the global value chain. Can biofuels be pro-poorCan smallholder farmers be equitably integrated in the biofuels global supply chainIs the biofuels production chain detrimental to biodiversity Most other books available on biofuels take a technical approach and are aimed at addressing energy security or climate change issues. This title focuses on the socio-economic impacts on rural people's livelihoods, offering a unique perspective on the potential role of biofuels in reducing rural poverty.

Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- A Review of Urban Poverty in Bangladesh -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Survey Method -- Migration and the Urban Poor -- Household Characteristics -- Working Age and Education -- Household Incomes -- Land Property -- Other Assets -- Households' Savings -- Household Expenditure -- Households' Debt -- Household Level Poverty -- Poor Community -- Land/Housing Ownership and Its Governance -- The Status of Tenancy -- Size of Housing Units -- Cost of Living -- Rent -- Expenditure on Electricity -- Expenditure on Water Supply -- Expenditure on Cooking Gas -- Expenditure on Healthcare -- Neighbourhood Deprivation -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Poverty Situation in Nigeria: Rural Versus Urban -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methodology -- 2.1. Data and Sampling Technique -- 2.2. Method of Data Analysis -- 2.2.1. Foster - Greer - Thorbecke (FGT) Measures of Poverty -- 2.2.2. Gini Coefficient (Measurement of Income Inequality) -- 2.2.3. Shapley Growth-Redistribution Decompositions -- 3. Results and Discussions -- 3.1. Decomposition of Changes in Poverty -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 -- Non-Income Poverty and Socio-Economic Characteristics in Developing Countries: Evidence from Rural Nigeria -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Literature Review -- Socioeconomic Factors and Poverty -- Methods -- Logit Regression -- Models -- Construction of Wealth and Housing Condition Dimension of Poverty -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 4 -- Rural Access and the Sustainable Development Goals -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Why Rural Development Is Crucial -- 3. Why Rural Access Is Indispensable -- 4. Impact of Improved Access on the Sustainable Development Goals -- 4.1. SDG 1: No Poverty -- 4.2. SDG 2: Zero Hunger.

This book provides fresh insight into rural poverty in Latin America. It draws on six case studies of recent rural household surveys - for Chile, Colombia, El Salvador, Honduras, Paraguay, and Peru - and several thematic studies examining land, labour, rural financial markets, the environments, and disadvantaged groups. Recognizing the heterogeneity within the rural economy, the studies characterize three important groups - small farmers, landless farm workers, and rural non-farm workers - and provide quantitative and qualitative analyses of the determinants of household income.