Suchergebnisse

In Hungary, during 2010-2015 the growing xenophobic attitudes are noticed in the society, and right radical extremist groups gain power. The aim of the article is to identify the most significant factors that encourage xenophobia in Hungary. The types of right organizations and their electoral performance are determined. Our hypothesis is that the activity of right extremist organizations influences the formation of xenophobic social practices in Hungary. By means of factor analysis the author identified the main directions and forms of activity of right radicals, determined the value of socio-economic dynamics of Hungary, characterized the attitudes of society, the law and the ruling elite to the problems of xenophobia and right radicalism. Among the most influential factors we should name: open propaganda of nationalist ideas; constitutional priority to the interests of ethnic Hungarians; parliamentary membership of the Movement "For a Better Hungary"; condoning by the ruling elite, the courts and the police of the right radical activity. The paper presents the trend in the contemporary Hungary: the public demonstrates intolerance to right radicalism in cases of criminal behavior, but for the most part is loyal to its ideologies. Except for oppositional human rights organizations and ethnic communities, a significant part of Hungarian society often shows nearly complete indifference to the issues of xenophobia, racial and ethnic discrimination. The author described five groups of factors that stimulate the reproduction of xenophobic attitudes and practices among various groups of the population: "historical", institutional, socioeconomic, legal and political. The paper uses empirical data of public opinion polls conducted by leading research centers in Hungary, as well as statistical data of public authorities, civil society institutions.

The article analyzes the transformation of Islamic community of the Adygheya Republic during 1990-2015, new tendencies and actors. The author reveals new trends in the 2010s updated by the dynamics of the political background of Adygheya. The main focus is the factors constraining Muslims from radicalism in the 1990s – 2010s, as well as factors that may contribute to the spread of radical version of Islam today. According to the author, the factors of radicalization of Muslims in the Adygheya can be divided into two groups – federal and regional. The first concerns the many unresolved methodological issues relating to "New Muslims". As practice shows, the state unequivocal support of the "traditional Muslim clergy" contributes to the isolation of Salafis, limits the possibilities of intraconfessional dialogue. The facts of destruction of mosques, injunction religious books, extra-judicial persecution of Muslims and ban on headscarves (hijabs) in schools in the other regions of the Russian Federation forms the protest discourse. At the regional level a crisis of ethnic ideology Adyghe Khabze, economical crisis and broken social lifts contribute to the radicalization of Muslims. Islamic radicals are very active and professional in social networks, they create the groups whose target audience is youth. The activities of the radical "Internet imams", electronic "religious authorities" are typical for Adygheya and for the whole North Caucasus outside the native region. Their influence, agitation and propaganda are destructive and will have a negative impact in the future. A new trend is the departure of the Adyghe Muslims in ISIL (about 21 people from the beginning of 2015).

Ethnocultural conflicts in the world today are rooted in the increasingly incendiary globalization in the course of which certain regions cannot cope with migrant flows (EU member countries are a pertinent example) while others (the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in the People's Republic of China, Tatarstan, Chechnia, Bashkortostan, the Stavropol Territory, Tyumen Region, Adygea, and Ingushetia in the Russian Federation) are living in the complicated context of ethnic patchwork. Societies are moving towards blending different ethnocultural elements, causing havoc in human minds, unexpected ethnocultural situations and social and ethnic deviations which, as could be expected, consolidates the positions of the Islamic State. [1] It is difficult to study different aspects of the problem in depth in the age of the contemporary digital information society and various brainwashing strategies used by ISIS agents: they present ISIS as the best place for the development of genuine human qualities, which has already brought together members of several ethnic communities. The transnational extremist groups, Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami among them, have spread their influence to Central Asia and are gradually moving into Russian territory. Strongholds of extremism are not limited to the Northern Caucasus; they are present in the historically peaceful Volga area where Islamists have their own mosques and training courses and work hard to lure as many young people as possible to their side. Post-Soviet Islamism is a mixture of classic universalist Islamism and xenophobic fundamentalism. In Soviet times local Muslims treated the so-called Muslim world as something abstract, while Afghan mujahideen caused a lot of irritation in the Soviet Central Asian countries: Uzbeks or Tajiks, for instance, found it hard to associate the mujahideen persistent opposition with the defense of Islam. Today, the situation in the Muslim world is different. Former Soviet republics accept the universalist model of Islam as an endogenous phenomenon rooted in economic, political and ideological prerequisites. Fundamentalism/Wahhabism is seen as an exogenous phenomenon that forced some adherents of classic Islam out and drew the rest into its ranks. Political religions are never neutral. The difference between "us" and "others" is ontological. "Others" are a product of evil (ideologists of political religions do not hesitate to state that their enemies are "soulless"), therefore destruction is the only method to be employed against them. This paradoxical combination of cruelty and flexibility is typical of the post-modernist phenomena.

The article explores the ideological origins of Ukrainian radical nationalism, the formation and evolution of far-right political forces in post-Communist Ukraine, and the ideology of contemporary radical right-wing Ukrainian parties. Ukrainian far-right nationalism originated in the 1920s-30s. Its political embodiment was the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) which operated in Eastern Poland. Ideological foundation of the OUN was the concept of integral nationalism elaborated by Dmytro Dontsov. The OUN proclaimed the creation of Ukrainian sovereign state as its most important goal. The characteristic features of the ideology of Ukrainian radical far-right nationalism of that era were the priority of the interests of the Ukrainian nation, Russophobia, anti-communism, anti-liberalism, and the cult of power. Modern Ukrainian radical nationalists have adopted many of these concepts. In the 1990s, a number of extreme right-wing organizations emerged in Ukraine that declared themselves heirs of the traditions of Ukrainian nationalists of the first half of the XXth century. Some of the newly created parties tend towards integral nationalism, while others tend towards social nationalism, which combines ethnic nationalism with the idea of social justice. At the same time, all Ukrainian radical nationalists are characterized by an ethnic interpretation of the nation, a desire to create a mono-ethnic Ukrainian state, a negative attitude towards Russia and Russians, anti-communism, and commitment to the "third way" in economy. Critical of European liberal values, the Ukrainian far-right radicals are nonetheless in favor of Ukraine joining the EU and NATO, hoping that Ukraine's Euro-Atlantic integration will distance it from Russia. Ukrainian radical nationalists actively participated in Euromaidan 2013-2014 and the overthrow of Victor Yanukovych's regime. However, they have never (with the exception of the 2012 parliamentary elections) achieved any significant success in the elections to the Verkhovna Rada. Only a part of the population of Galicia votes for them. At the same time, some ideas previously put forward by the Ukrainian far right have in recent years to a certain extent entered the ideological baggage of respectable pro-European right-wing parties in Ukraine. Thus, the ideological and political influence of the Ukrainian far-right nationalists is more significant than it would be possible to assume based only on their electoral support. ; В статье исследуются идейные истоки украинского радикального национализма, становление и эволюция праворадикальных политических сил на посткоммунистической Украине, идеология современных украинских крайне правых организаций. Украинский праворадикальный национализм зародился в 1920-е - 30-е годы. Его политическим воплощением являлась Организация украинских националистов (ОУН), действовавшая на территории Восточной Польши. Идеологическим фундаментом ОУН был интегральный национализм Д.Донцова, а своей важнейшей целью ОУН провозглашала создание Украинского суверенного государства. Характерными чертами идеологии украинского праворадикального национализма той эпохи были приоритет интересов украинской нации, русофобия, антикоммунизм, антилиберализм, культ силы. Современные украинские радикальные националисты заимствовали многие из этих концептов. В 1990-е годы на Украине возник целый ряд крайне правых организаций, которые провозгласили себя наследниками традиций украинских националистов первой половины XX века. Одни из вновь созданных партий тяготеют к интегральному национализму, другие — к социал-национализму, объединяющему этнический национализм с идеей социальной справедливости. При этом для всех украинских радикал-националистов характерны этническая трактовка нации, стремление к созданию моноэтничного Украинского государства, негативное отношение к России и русским, антикоммунизм, отстаивание «третьего пути» в экономике. Критически относясь к европейским либеральным ценностям, украинские крайне правые все же выступают за вступление Украины в ЕС и НАТО, рассчитывая, что евроатлантическая интеграция Украины отдалит ее от России. Украинские радикальные националисты активно участвовали в Евромайдане 2013-2014 гг. и свержении режима В. Януковича. Однако они никогда (за исключением парламентских выборов 2012 г.) не достигали сколько-нибудь значительных успехов на выборах в Верховную Раду. За них голосует только часть населения Галиции. В то же время некоторые идеи, ранее выдвигавшиеся ультранационалистами, в последние годы до определенной степени вошли в идеологический багаж респектабельных правых проевропейских партий Украины. Таким образом, идейно-политическое влияние украинских крайне правых является более значительным, чем это можно было бы предположить, исходя только из их электоральной поддержки.

Problem setting.The relevance of the problem of the study is determined by the fact that in modern conditions radicalism is an integral component of the political life of many countries, manifesting itself in the activities, values of the ruling and opposition elites, as well as ordinary citizens. Being a multifaceted phenomenon, in the age of globalization, it is transformed and modified, taking on different types and forms, corresponding to new civilizational challenges and risks.Recent research and publications analysis. The phenomenon of radicalism is constantly in the field of view of scientists. But in the last two decades alone, dozens of books and hundreds of articles have been written on this topic, and several encyclopedias have been published exploring the phenomenon. Among scholars who study the nature, nature, forms and methods of combating radicalism, such researchers as B. Balleck, B. Barnes, K. Bos, J. Weitzdörfer, A. Goings, O. Grishin, V. Davidov, D. Johnson, M. Cohen, I. Lopushansky, D. Needham, J. Radwani, H. Rahman, S. Samoilov, V. Plotnikov, R. Snyder, I. Shegaev and others. Much attention was paid to the study of radicalism by Ukrainian scientists, such as S. Avdeyev, V. Antipenko, O. Bardin, V. Yemelyanov, V. Krutov, L. Levchenko, V. Lipkan, V. Mandragelya, O. Panfilov, V. Smolyanuk , M. Cherkas and others. [24-26]. But because of the complexity, the variability, the multiplicity of this phenomenon, its social and political danger, radicalism needs to be constantly considered and monitored.Paper objective. The purpose of the article is to investigate the phenomenon of radicalism and its main manifestations in modern society.Paper main body. The term "radicalism" originated in England at the end of the XVIII century. In the nineteenth century it has spread in continental Europe and has marked social and political and philosophical reflections focused on social, political, economic and cultural transformations and relevant reform practices. The sources of radicalism are the unfavorable socio-economic and political environment, ideological and ideological ideas, man-made and environmental threats, spiritual factors, socio-psychological attitudes and personality characteristics, internalized behavior and other factors.There are two main components of radicalism. First, it is the focus on a radical transformation of society, that is, its ideal is fundamentally (or at least very, very substantially) different from existing society. Secondly, radicalism is characterized by a commitment to decisive measures, methods, ways of transformation. Nowadays, the word "radicalism" means a way of thinking and a related pattern of behavior, characterized by: fundamentalism strict adherence to the requirements of any doctrine (religious, political, philosophical, etc.); a utopian view of the possibility of building a society in which the main types of social evil will be eradicated; revolutionism recognizes the inevitable drastic and violent change in existing social relations, the rule of law that enshrines them. The first element of radicalism establishes the essence of the world and the cause of inconsistency with its existing social relations. The second element points to the social ideal that society should strive for. The third element reveals the method of achieving the ideal. In other words, the three basic elements of radicalism answer the questions "what", "why" and "how" to change in social life. In addition, radicalism is characterized by the absolutization of "simple" solutions to complex and multifaceted social, political, economic, interethnic, religious, environmental and other problems, the justification and idealization of violence as an "effective" means of direct and immediate action, thereby the illusory hope of overcoming social political helplessness, lack of tolerance and readiness for dialogue and compromise. The main types of radicalism are analyzed.Successfully combating radicalism can only be rooted in tolerance, supporting intercultural, inter-religious and inter-ethnic dialogue in society, forming the ideologem of anti-radicalism, political and legal culture of a truly democratic, legal, social society of European type. Only a comprehensive approach that combines the study of ideology and practice of radicalism with the conduct of information and education campaigns by public institutions, the media, all civil society, social, economic and political reforms to further democratization and liberalization of all spheres of life and quality of life, raising the quality of life , empowerment of all social groups, especially disadvantaged and marginalized groups, ensuring equal inter-denominational and inter-ethnic dialogue gu, joint efforts at the regional and global level, will give a real chance to minimize the manifestations of radicalism in modern society. It is impossible to destroy radicalism, but it is quite possible to minimize its destructive manifestations.Conclusions of the research. Radicalism is quite widespread in the modern world today. The actualization of these or other forms radicalism depends on the specific historical conditions and tasks facing the country and the respective socio-political forces and their location. The formation of a paradigm of anti-radicalism in society and its spread among the majority of the population is possible by overcoming the violence, destructiveness, irrationality and utopianism of the modern world. ; Раскрыта сущность радикализма, особенности его проявления, цель радикального дискурса. Выделены его признаки, причины возникновения и особенности проявления в современном обществе. Обосновывается, что профилактика радикальных идей и действий должна быть ориентирована на формирование идеологемы антирадикализма, соответствующей политической и правовой культуры граждан. Государство, гражданское общество и граждане должны совместно противодействовать радикализму. ; Розкрито сутність радикалізму, особливості його прояву, мета радикального дискурсу. Виділено його ознаки, причини виникнення та особливості прояву в сучасному суспільстві. Обґрунтовується, що профілактика радикальних ідей і дій повинна бути орієнтована на формування ідеологеми антірадікалізма, відповідної політичної і правової культури громадян. Держава, громадянське суспільство і громадяни повинні спільно протидіяти радикалізму.

Problem setting.The relevance of the problem of the study is determined by the fact that in modern conditions radicalism is an integral component of the political life of many countries, manifesting itself in the activities, values of the ruling and opposition elites, as well as ordinary citizens. Being a multifaceted phenomenon, in the age of globalization, it is transformed and modified, taking on different types and forms, corresponding to new civilizational challenges and risks.Recent research and publications analysis. The phenomenon of radicalism is constantly in the field of view of scientists. But in the last two decades alone, dozens of books and hundreds of articles have been written on this topic, and several encyclopedias have been published exploring the phenomenon. Among scholars who study the nature, nature, forms and methods of combating radicalism, such researchers as B. Balleck, B. Barnes, K. Bos, J. Weitzdörfer, A. Goings, O. Grishin, V. Davidov, D. Johnson, M. Cohen, I. Lopushansky, D. Needham, J. Radwani, H. Rahman, S. Samoilov, V. Plotnikov, R. Snyder, I. Shegaev and others. Much attention was paid to the study of radicalism by Ukrainian scientists, such as S. Avdeyev, V. Antipenko, O. Bardin, V. Yemelyanov, V. Krutov, L. Levchenko, V. Lipkan, V. Mandragelya, O. Panfilov, V. Smolyanuk , M. Cherkas and others. [24-26]. But because of the complexity, the variability, the multiplicity of this phenomenon, its social and political danger, radicalism needs to be constantly considered and monitored.Paper objective. The purpose of the article is to investigate the phenomenon of radicalism and its main manifestations in modern society.Paper main body. The term "radicalism" originated in England at the end of the XVIII century. In the nineteenth century it has spread in continental Europe and has marked social and political and philosophical reflections focused on social, political, economic and cultural transformations and relevant reform practices. The sources of radicalism are the unfavorable socio-economic and political environment, ideological and ideological ideas, man-made and environmental threats, spiritual factors, socio-psychological attitudes and personality characteristics, internalized behavior and other factors.There are two main components of radicalism. First, it is the focus on a radical transformation of society, that is, its ideal is fundamentally (or at least very, very substantially) different from existing society. Secondly, radicalism is characterized by a commitment to decisive measures, methods, ways of transformation. Nowadays, the word "radicalism" means a way of thinking and a related pattern of behavior, characterized by: fundamentalism strict adherence to the requirements of any doctrine (religious, political, philosophical, etc.); a utopian view of the possibility of building a society in which the main types of social evil will be eradicated; revolutionism recognizes the inevitable drastic and violent change in existing social relations, the rule of law that enshrines them. The first element of radicalism establishes the essence of the world and the cause of inconsistency with its existing social relations. The second element points to the social ideal that society should strive for. The third element reveals the method of achieving the ideal. In other words, the three basic elements of radicalism answer the questions "what", "why" and "how" to change in social life. In addition, radicalism is characterized by the absolutization of "simple" solutions to complex and multifaceted social, political, economic, interethnic, religious, environmental and other problems, the justification and idealization of violence as an "effective" means of direct and immediate action, thereby the illusory hope of overcoming social political helplessness, lack of tolerance and readiness for dialogue and compromise. The main types of radicalism are analyzed.Successfully combating radicalism can only be rooted in tolerance, supporting intercultural, inter-religious and inter-ethnic dialogue in society, forming the ideologem of anti-radicalism, political and legal culture of a truly democratic, legal, social society of European type. Only a comprehensive approach that combines the study of ideology and practice of radicalism with the conduct of information and education campaigns by public institutions, the media, all civil society, social, economic and political reforms to further democratization and liberalization of all spheres of life and quality of life, raising the quality of life , empowerment of all social groups, especially disadvantaged and marginalized groups, ensuring equal inter-denominational and inter-ethnic dialogue gu, joint efforts at the regional and global level, will give a real chance to minimize the manifestations of radicalism in modern society. It is impossible to destroy radicalism, but it is quite possible to minimize its destructive manifestations.Conclusions of the research. Radicalism is quite widespread in the modern world today. The actualization of these or other forms radicalism depends on the specific historical conditions and tasks facing the country and the respective socio-political forces and their location. The formation of a paradigm of anti-radicalism in society and its spread among the majority of the population is possible by overcoming the violence, destructiveness, irrationality and utopianism of the modern world. ; Раскрыта сущность радикализма, особенности его проявления, цель радикального дискурса. Выделены его признаки, причины возникновения и особенности проявления в современном обществе. Обосновывается, что профилактика радикальных идей и действий должна быть ориентирована на формирование идеологемы антирадикализма, соответствующей политической и правовой культуры граждан. Государство, гражданское общество и граждане должны совместно противодействовать радикализму. ; Розкрито сутність радикалізму, особливості його прояву, мета радикального дискурсу. Виділено його ознаки, причини виникнення та особливості прояву в сучасному суспільстві. Обґрунтовується, що профілактика радикальних ідей і дій повинна бути орієнтована на формування ідеологеми антірадікалізма, відповідної політичної і правової культури громадян. Держава, громадянське суспільство і громадяни повинні спільно протидіяти радикалізму.

Досліджено феномен крайніх правих політичних партій. Оскількив політичній науці відсутній чіткий підхід до визначення цього феномена, автораналізує термінологічні підходи і пропонує використовувати термін праві радикали як родове визначення даного феномена ; The author researches phenomenon of the right wing radical political parties inEurope. As far as in political science there is no vivid approach towards determination of this phenomenon, author analyzes terminological approaches and offers to use term «right wing radicals» as common for this phenomenon.Recently, we can increasingly observe in political practice that conservative political parties adopt the rhetoric of right-wing radicals and are increasingly using their slogans, especially anti-immigrant rhetoric in their work. This is due to increased competition in the right range. To protect themselves from competition from the right, conservatives are forced to use slogans that are acceptable for the majority of voters.Thus, in modern political science there is no single approach to the concept of extreme right-wing parties. However, the term «neo / neo-Nazism» is outdated and can not explain the phenomenon of modern political parties, most of them distance themselves from totalitarian ideologies of right and do not recognize their ideology. The term «right-wing populism» has no methodological clarity for use as a generic concept. The best is the term «right radicalism,» which reflects features of the ideology and practice of extreme right-wing political parties and can be used as a generic concept ; Исследуется феномен крайне правых европейских партий. Поскольку в политической науке отсутствует четкий подход к определению этого феномена, автор анализирует терминологические подходы и предлагает использовать термин правые радикалы как родовое определение данного феномена

The subject of the study is process of formation and ideological and political development of youth organizations postrevolutionary Russian emigration. Identified some characteristic features of European radical ideological and political currents that have had the greatest impact on them. It is specified real embodiment of in the political programs and practice various Russian emigre organizations ideology of National Socialism and fascism. It is outlined characteristic features ideology and political programs of the main political organizations of the Russian emigre youth. Place and role of youth organizations in the development of political thought of Russian Diaspora is determined. It is set that reason of origin of youth organizations in environment the post-revolutionary Russian emigration was disappointment in the ideology and methods of work of the traditional political organizations and movements. Among the most original ideological and political concepts youth movement of Russian Diaspora allocated theory of labor solidarity of the National-Labor Union and «monarchy labourers» «Young Russia». The young people of Russian emigration managed to splash out the energy in an infatuation for radicalism and to develop certain political immunity. Due to a polemic with supporters of radicalism the political thought Russian Diaspora lost of excessive militancy, received moderation, however, it has acquired a theoretical depth and significance. Youth organizations gave the opportunity to see that excessive passion radicalism can lead to support and cooperation not only with opponents of the Bolsheviks, but the enemies of Russia, the Russian people, Slavs, and even the entire civilized world. Perspective direction for further research is to study the reflection of the ideological and political development of the Russian youth organizations in scientific papers, publicism, memoirs and correspondence leaders Russian Diaspora ; Предметом исследования является процесс становления и идейно-политического развития молодежных организаций русской послереволюционной эмиграции. Выявлены некоторые характерные черты европейских радикальных идейно-политических течений, которые оказали на них наибольшее влияние. Показано реальное воплощение в политических программах и практической деятельности различных российских эмигрантских организациях идеологии национал-социализма и фашизма. Определены место и роль молодежных организаций в развитии политической мысли Русского Зарубежья. Установлено, что значительная часть эмигрантской молодежи увлеклась идеями национал-социализма и фашизма, которые активно завоевывали умы и сердца многих людей по всему миру. Среди наиболее оригинальных идейно-политических концепций молодежного движения Русского Зарубежья выделяются теории трудового солидаризма Национально-трудового союза и «монархия трудящихся» разработана идеологами «Молодой России». Перспективным направлением даль-нейших исследований является изучение отражения идейно-политического развития российских молодежных организаций в научных трудах, публицистике, мемуарах и переписке деятелей Русского Зарубежья ; Проведено аналіз головних тенденцій і політичної спрямованості молодіжного руху російської післяреволюційної еміграції. Окреслено процес становлення молодіжних орга-нізацій Російського Зарубіжжя. Виявлено деякі риси радикальних ідейно-політичних течій, що виявилися найбільш цікавими і найшли своє втілення у політичних програмах і практичній діяльності різних російських емігрантських організацій. З'ясовано характерні риси ідеології і політичних програм основних політичних організацій російської еміг-рантської молоді. Визначено місце і роль молодіжних організацій у розвитку політичної думки Російського Зарубіжжя. Встановлено, що виникнення молодіжних організацій у середовищі російської післяреволюційної еміграції було викликане розчаруванням в ідеології і методах роботи традиційних політичних організацій і рухів. Значна частина емігрантської молоді захопилася ідеями націонал-соціалізму і фашизму, що активно завойовували прихильників по всьому світу. Серед найбільш оригінальних ідейно-полі-тичних концепцій молодіжного руху Російського Зарубіжжя виділяються теорії трудо-вого солідаризму Національно-трудового Союзу і «монархія трудящих», розроблена ідео-логами «Молодої Росії».

Article retractedAbstract: In Hungary and Slovakia during 2010-2015 there has been an increase in xenophobic attitudes in society; rightwing and extremist groups are activating there as well. The purpose of this article is to compare the most signifi cant factors which encourage xenophobia. Previously we have identifi ed the types of right-wing organizations and found out their electoral characteristics. We assume that the activities of right-wing extremist organizations infl uence the formation of xenophobic social practices in Hungary and Slovakia, which arise from the range of factors. In this article we used empirical data gained as a result of public opinion polls conducted by the leading research centers in Hungary and Slovakia, by international organizations, as well as statistics of public authorities and civil society institutions. By means of factor analysis, we identifi ed the main directions and forms of activity of right-wing radicals; determined the value of socio-economic dynamics of the country's development; characterized the attitude of society, the law and the ruling elite to the problems of xenophobia and right-wing radicalism. Among the most infl uential factors we identifi ed: open propaganda of nationalist ideas; constitutional priority of the ethnic majority interests; parliamentary status of rightwing parties; condoning the activities of right-wing radicals by the ruling elite, the courts and the police. The comparison of factors stimulating xenophobic practices in Hungary and Slovakia didn't confi rm the hypothesis of common signifi cant infl uence of the economic crisis, lack of education and political passivity on the formation of xenophobic practices among young people. The professional frustration of provincial youth discovered itself as a cumulative socioeconomic factor. ; Статья отозванаАннотация: В Венгрии и Словакии на протяжении 2010-2015 гг. отмечается рост ксенофобских настроений в обществе, активизируются праворадикальные и экстремистские группировки. Цель статьи заключается в сопоставлении наиболее существенных факторов, стимулирующих ксенофобию в двух странах. Предварительно мы предприняли попытку типологизировать праворадикальные организации и выяснить их электоральные характеристики. Наше предположение состоит в том, что деятельность праворадикальных и экстремистских организаций оказывает влияние на формирование ксенофобских социальных практик в Венгрии и Словакии, которое обусловлено рядом факторов. В работе использованы эмпирические данные, полученные в ходе социологических опросов, проведенных ведущими исследовательскими центрами Венгрии и Словакии, международными организациями, а также статистические данные органов государственной власти, институтов гражданского общества. Средствами факторного анализа нами определены основные направления и формы деятельности правых радикалов; определено значение социально-экономической динамики развития стран; охарактеризовано отношение общества, закона и правящей элиты к проблемам ксенофобии и правому радикализму. К числу наиболее влиятельных факторов можно отнести: открытую пропаганду националистических идей; конституционный приоритет интересов этнического большинства; парламентский статус праворадикальных партий; попустительство деятельности правых радикалов со стороны правящей элиты, судов и полиции. Сопоставление фактор стимулирующих ксенофобские практики в Венгрии и Словакии отчасти не подтвердило распространенную гипотезу о существенном влиянии экономического кризиса, дефицита образования и политической пассивности на формирование ксенофобских практик в молодежной среде. Кумулятивным социально-экономическим фактором обнаружила себя профессиональная фрустрация провинциальной молодежи.

The article attempts to analyze theoretically the socio-political phenomenon of «environmental terrorism». Complex of global environmental problems (pollution of air, water, soil, common planetary temperature increase, greenhouse effect, destruction of the ozone layer, large-scale floods, droughts, hurricanes, reduction of biological diversity, scarcity of natural resources, rapid demographic growth, cities crisis, environmental refugees, anthropogenic (man-made) garbage collapse, etc.) correlates with the radicalization of environmental views and the rhetoric of peaceful meetings and pickets of government institutions, corporations and international organizations are being replaced by firing from firearms, laying bombs, arson, namely terrorist acts. In today's world conditions, in the fight for environmental issues solutions, for the right of every person to a clean environment and a fair distribution of resources, environmental views are transformed increasingly into extremism and radicalism, and thus, eco-activists cross the border and become eco-terrorists.The author of the article emphasizes that in the modern scientific space there is a significant lack of research material on the issues of environmental terrorism, which significantly complicates theoretical studying and the search for methodological tools for understanding this socio-political phenomenon. In his search for the keys to understanding of «environmental terrorism», the author turns to the evolution of the environmental movement (which has been developing along two main directions: the institutionalization of the environmental movement and the politicization of the environmental movement) and notes that at some stage of the evolutionary development of the ecological movement, divergences arise in the form of extremism and radicalism of environmental movements, which became the basis of environmental terrorism. Theoretical analysis of the activities of environmental terrorist organizations, including the Deep Green Resistance, the Huntingdon Society for the Suppression of Cruelty to Animals (Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty), the Animal Liberation Front (Animal Liberation Front) and the Earth Liberation Front (Earth Liberation Front), also Earth Above All, Sea Shepherds and others, allows to assert that the increasing feelings of anxiety, helplessness and inevitability of ecological catastrophe on a planetary scale, total disappointment in political institutes and activities of international environmental organizations, «false news and rumors, pseudoscientific beliefs, turned into myths, mad populism, outdated and new group phobias, extremism and all this in hysterically transformational communities is turned into a theoretical basis and a trigger for violence» and becomes «nutritious» substance for the environmental terrorism.Key words: environmental movement, environmental problems, environmental policy, global environmental crisis, extremism and radicalism, environmental terrorism, the risks of today. ; У статті здійснена спроба теоретичного аналізу суспільно-політичного явища «екологічний тероризм». Комплекс глобальних екологічних проблем ХХІ століття корелює з радикалізацією екологічних настроїв, – у боротьбі за вирішення екологічних проблем, за право кожної людини на чисте довкілля і справедливий розподіл ресурсів – відбувається трансформація екологічних поглядів у бік екстремізму та радикалізму, а відтак, все часті екоактивісти перетинають межу загальносвітового абсолюту «цінності людського життя», – і стають екотерористами.Автором статті наголошується, в сучасному науковому просторі відчутний дефіцит дослідницького матеріалу, щодо проблематики екологічного тероризму, що значно ускладнює теоретичні розвідки та пошук методологічного інструментарію до розуміння даного суспільно-політичного явища. У пошуках ключів до розуміння «екологічного тероризму» автор звертається до еволюції екологічного руху (яка відбувалась за двома основними траєкторіями: інституціалізація екологічного руху та політизація екологічного руху) та фіксує, що на певному етапі еволюційного розвитку екологічного руху виникають дивергенції, у вигляді екстремізму та радикалізації екологічного руху, які й стали підґрунтям екологічного тероризму. Теоретичний аналіз діяльність екологічних терористичних організацій дозволяє стверджувати: наростаючі відчуття тривоги, безпорадності та неминучості настання екологічної катастрофи планетарного масштабу, тотальне розчарування в політичних інститутах та діяльності міжнародних екологічних організацій, «псевдонаукові вірування, божевільний популізм, застарілі та нові групові фобії в істеризованих спільнотах перетворюється на теоретичне підґрунтя та рушії насильства», а отже, стають «поживною речовиною» – для екологічного тероризму.Ключові слова: екологічний рух, екологічні проблеми, екологічна політика, глобальна екологічна криза, екстремізм і радикалізм, екологічний тероризм, ризики сучасності. В статье осуществляется попытка теоретического анализа общественно-политического явления «экологический терроризм». Комплекс глобальных экологических проблем ХХІ века коррелирует с радикализацией экологических взглядов, – в борьбе за решение экологических проблем, право каждого человека на чистую окружающую среду и справедливое распределение ресурсов – экологические взгляды трансформируются в сторону экстремизма и радикализма, потому, всё чаще экоактивисты переходять границу общечеловеческого абсолюта «ценности человеческой жизни», – и становятся экотеррористами.Автором статьи акцентируется, в современном научном пространстве существует дефицит исследовательского материала, относительно проблематики экологического терроризма, что значительно усложняет теоретические разведки и поиск методологического инструментария к пониманию данного общественно-политического явления. В поисках ключей к пониманию «экологического терроризма» автор обращается к эволюции экологического движения (которая проходила по двум основним траекториям: институциализация экологического движения и политизация экологического движения) и фиксирует, что на определённом этапе эволюционного развития происходят дивергенции, в виде экстремизма и радикализма экологического движения, которые и стали основанием экологического терроризма. Теоретический анализ деятельности экологических террористических организаций позволяет утверждать: нарастающие чувства тревоги, беспомощности и неизбежности экологической катастрофы планетарного масштаба, тотальное разочарование в политических институтах и деятельности международных экологических организаций, «псевдонаучные верования, сумасшедший популизм, устаревшие и новые групповые фобии в истеризованых общностях превращаются в теоретическое основание и генераторы насилия», становятся «питательной средой» – для экологического терроризма.Ключевые слова: экологическое движение, экологические проблемы, экологическая политика, глобальный экологический кризис, экстремизм и радикализм, экологический терроризм, риски современности. The article attempts to analyze theoretically the socio-political phenomenon of «environmental terrorism». Complex of global environmental problems (pollution of air, water, soil, common planetary temperature increase, greenhouse effect, destruction of the ozone layer, large-scale floods, droughts, hurricanes, reduction of biological diversity, scarcity of natural resources, rapid demographic growth, cities crisis, environmental refugees, anthropogenic (man-made) garbage collapse, etc.) correlates with the radicalization of environmental views and the rhetoric of peaceful meetings and pickets of government institutions, corporations and international organizations are being replaced by firing from firearms, laying bombs, arson, namely terrorist acts. In today's world conditions, in the fight for environmental issues solutions, for the right of every person to a clean environment and a fair distribution of resources, environmental views are transformed increasingly into extremism and radicalism, and thus, eco-activists cross the border and become eco-terrorists.The author of the article emphasizes that in the modern scientific space there is a significant lack of research material on the issues of environmental terrorism, which significantly complicates theoretical studying and the search for methodological tools for understanding this socio-political phenomenon. In his search for the keys to understanding of «environmental terrorism», the author turns to the evolution of the environmental movement (which has been developing along two main directions: the institutionalization of the environmental movement and the politicization of the environmental movement) and notes that at some stage of the evolutionary development of the ecological movement, divergences arise in the form of extremism and radicalism of environmental movements, which became the basis of environmental terrorism. Theoretical analysis of the activities of environmental terrorist organizations, including the Deep Green Resistance, the Huntingdon Society for the Suppression of Cruelty to Animals (Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty), the Animal Liberation Front (Animal Liberation Front) and the Earth Liberation Front (Earth Liberation Front), also Earth Above All, Sea Shepherds and others, allows to assert that the increasing feelings of anxiety, helplessness and inevitability of ecological catastrophe on a planetary scale, total disappointment in political institutes and activities of international environmental organizations, «false news and rumors, pseudoscientific beliefs, turned into myths, mad populism, outdated and new group phobias, extremism and all this in hysterically transformational communities is turned into a theoretical basis and a trigger for violence» and becomes «nutritious» substance for the environmental terrorism.Key words: environmental movement, environmental problems, environmental policy, global environmental crisis, extremism and radicalism, environmental terrorism, the risks of today.

The reasons and features of distribution of political radicalism and extremism are considered in the youth environment of Ukraine. It is marked that over the crisis terms of the social becoming and development bring to appearance of informal associations of young people, in the environment of that alternative ideas are formed about politics, culture, economy, that can acquire the opposition radicalism colouring in course of time. ; Рассмотрены причины и особенности распространения политического радикализма и экстремизма в молодежной среде Украины. Отмечено, что кризисные условия социального становления и развития приводят к появлению неформальных объединений молодежи, в среде которых формируются альтернативные представления о политике, культуре, экономике, которые со временем могут приобретать оппозиционную радикалистскую окраску. ; Розглянуто причини та особливості поширення політичного радикалізму та екстремізму в молодіжному середовищі України. Відзначено, що кризові умови соціального становлення і розвитку призводять до появи неформальних об'єднань молоді, у середовищі яких формуються альтернативні уявлення про політику, культуру, економіку, які з часом можуть набувати опозиційного радикалістського забарвлення.

The reasons and features of distribution of political radicalism and extremism are considered in the youth environment of Ukraine. It is marked that over the crisis terms of the social becoming and development bring to appearance of informal associations of young people, in the environment of that alternative ideas are formed about politics, culture, economy, that can acquire the opposition radicalism colouring in course of time. ; Рассмотрены причины и особенности распространения политического радикализма и экстремизма в молодежной среде Украины. Отмечено, что кризисные условия социального становления и развития приводят к появлению неформальных объединений молодежи, в среде которых формируются альтернативные представления о политике, культуре, экономике, которые со временем могут приобретать оппозиционную радикалистскую окраску. ; Розглянуто причини та особливості поширення політичного радикалізму та екстремізму в молодіжному середовищі України. Відзначено, що кризові умови соціального становлення і розвитку призводять до появи неформальних об'єднань молоді, у середовищі яких формуються альтернативні уявлення про політику, культуру, економіку, які з часом можуть набувати опозиційного радикалістського забарвлення.