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If the US has been behind Western European countries in the field of pol'al sci, it is probably because the American scene has been less favorable for the development of Machiavellian interpretation of pol'al phenomena. To cite a distinction drawn by Mosca, American researchers have had a better understanding of the sci of gov than of the art of gov. This inadequacy helps to explain a certain backwardness in the study of pol'al ecology: thus the Tableau Politique de la France de l'Ouest, of A. Siegfried did not receive the attention in the US that it deserved. On the other hand, a sociol of elites & of bur'cy has developed in the wake of Michels. Also the study of international relations has been a stimulus to progress recently in pol'al sociol. The autonomy of admin'tive sci is also recent. In this connection, US pol'al concepts as well as pol'al practices tend toward the exclusion of all pol'al influence & toward the study of admin as a whole which is self explanatory. It is only since the end of WWII that public administration has been studied within the vaster complex of soc & pol'al forces. Actual studies are being conducted on a large scale which includes even soc psychol & anthrop. Tr by J. A. Broussard from IPSA.

Based on recent IPE contributions on three key themes in international politics (the relation between trade-technology & interstate conflicts, the link between multinationalization in production & world stability, & the political economy of democracy promotion in post-conflict countries), this essay calls the attention on the potential that IPE studies have for the analysis of complex processes (political & economic, with domestic, international & trans-national reach) across long time-spans. Empirical research on these topics has provided new ground to test & refine hypotheses from the three IPE orthodox Schools (Realism-Mercantilism, Liberalism & Marxism), pointing to the advantages of multivariate setups that treat both political & economic determinants of international outcomes as endogenous. Studies on the trade-war links have opened the way to analyses of how growth-inducing mechanisms in war economies may combine with the lasting effects of war-borne protectionist coalitions in producing differential outcomes, according to countries' resource endowments & level of development. Hypotheses on the peace-inducing features of multinationalized production appear in need of revision, especially when applied to the context of North-South relations, in which traditional dynamics identified in the FDI literature do not seem to obtain. Last, scholars interested in the political economy of post-war reconstruction could fruitfully borrow from the comparative literature on transitions, the economic contributions on development & the IR research on conflict, to provide new theoretical tools for the analysis of democracy promotion in post-conflict states. References. Adapted from the source document.

The article discusses the recent economic, political, & social history of Germany since reunification in 1989 & the impact of reunification on the EU & other international relationships. It also outlines the work of various chancellors during their terms & describes what the growth of the EU means for German self-identity. Also included is a historical comparison with the religious & political history of Croatia. E. Miller

Reviews the work of Di Meola, arguing that he offers insight on German postwar politics & a great portrayal of Brandt, union representative, philosophy expert, & politician. M. Williamson

Investigates the events surrounding the bombing of Florence, Italy, in Sept 1943, & the impact on the city's perceived immunity from attack because of its globally recognized cultural & artistic heritage. In 1941, the Prefect of Florence had commissioned a study aimed at declaring the city of Florence a "no-fly zone." But following the attack in 1943, & concerned with the Nazi occupation of the city, the Florentine cultural community mobilized to get German command to officially guarantee the safety of the city. Citing medieval & Enlightenment-era religious doctrine, the final report of the Florentine Open City Committee was published in 1944. Legitimized by Cardinal Elia Dalla Costa's direct intervention at the German consulate, it defined international legal & humanitarian issues during wartime. J. Sadler

Investigates the work of Italian literary figure & diplomat Roberto Ducci (1944-1984). As an ideal representation of "humanitas," Ducci described the perfect ambassador as "serious, charming, intelligent, & imaginative." Ducci's vision for Europe was a united federated state, with a unified foreign & economic policy in the global perspective. As Italy's ambassador to Yugoslavia & Austria, Ducci's attitude toward the nuclear nonproliferation treaty revealed his understanding of a unified Europe consisting primarily of a Franco-English supremacy, by virtue of their nuclear arsenal. In the early 1980s, Ducci continued to write about defense & European-US relations, but voiced disappointment with European rejection of various approaches to economic & political unity. J. Sadler

This article discusses problems associated with the ethnic population of Hungary living both inside Hungarian borders & in neighboring states. It discusses the results of political actions such as the Treaty of Trianon & the regulations of the Treaty of Schengen. The article makes a brief discussion on the recent history of the postcommunist Hungarian government & its actions toward this issue. The Hungarian politics that govern the actions regarding the ethnic minorities are addressed. E. Miller

This article examines the increasing importance of the policies in international relations of Vatican City. The recent attention given to the Pope's role in achieving peaceful negotiations around the world is discussed. The ability to achieve peace through the intervention of the church, its influence on the members of the community especially young people is highlighted. The author also discusses several books that study the church's involvement in international relations in various countries & geographical locations, such as Latin America, Asia, & Africa, & with other religious groups. The author draws conclusions based on what the rest of the world can learn about diplomacy from the Vatican. E. Miller

The article opens with the position that Jerusalem had not yet been able to fully take up its position as nexus of the three major world religions due to armed conflict. The article continues with a discussion on the pivotal role Jerusalem plays in Middle Eastern politics & with the state of Israel itself. The article gives a brief historical account of the laws that govern political ownership of Jerusalem & the international diplomatic interventions that have attempted to create peace in the Middle East through political play with Jerusalem. The author gives an account of the recent events at Camp David & the more open negotiations that occurred there. E. Miller