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"The delinquent child is a child in trouble which is never wholly of his own making. Only by better understanding of how he came to do what he has done--to be what he is--can we apply effective measures for correction. Our juvenile courts have for some forty years or more become increasingly aware of the individual needs, emotional, physical, intellectual, of children who are brought before them. In this study Dr. Levy has approached the problem from an original angle. She selected from the New York Children's Court a homogeneous group of boys to receive rather more intensive individual therapy than a probation officer has time or perhaps skill to apply. As a psychologist she developed with the children selected for this experiment a relationship which produced changes in their outlook and understanding of their own situation. Her emphasis on adjusting the child to his environment when the environment is not capable of much modification is a practical one. Although the number of cases in this study is not statistically significant, no one reading Dr. Levy's account of the experiment can doubt that she has made a contribution to our insight into the handling of such problems"--Foreword. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved)

A survey of recidivism leads to the conclusion that 'approximately 3/4 of those committed to jails and workhouses have been previously committed.' This raises questions about the reformative success of prisons. Also, all such studies show considerable % who did not recidivate. No one knows whether this is due to prison training or in spite of it, but the fact that 20-40% of offenders do not repeat indicates something is effective in altering conduct. Especially is this the case when we note that a negative selective process filters out the more desirable risks, leaving the higher risks for the prison to work with. The high, degree of failure is related to the composition of the prison pop. There are 3 pop. segments: (1) The psychologically disturbed. Many such persons are treated in mental hospitals and their relapse rate is high there. The same is true when they are released from prisons. (2) The unskilled and uneducated person, otherwise 'normal,' who needs sufficient skill to earn a living. Frustration and defeat are the re - lease experience of these persons. Recidivism is a likely result. (3) The psychologically 'normal' person who identifies with an antisocial way of life is an equally low risk. They wait only to get out and resume their customary way of life. Recidivism is a high probability here. H. M. Trice.

Book reviewed in this article:The "Howard Journal" is grateful to the reviewers who have contributed the following notices of books. The views expressed therein do not necessarily represent those of the Howard "League for Penal Reform.—Ed., H.J. The Hawkspur Experiment. W. David Wills. (Geo. Allen & Unwin. 1941. Pp. 193. 6s.)Criminal Youth and the Borstal System. By William Hcaly, M.D., and Benedict S. Alper (The Commonwealth Fund.The Adolescent Criminal. W. Norwood East in collaboration with Percy Stocks and H. T. P. Young.The Child and the Magistrate. By John A. F. Watson, Chairman of the Southwark Juvenile Court. Introduction by the Lord Chief Justice of England.Young People in the Courts of New York State. Legislative Document (1942).Their Side of the Story. By John Vardy.THREE PAMPHLETS: A Notebook for the Children's Court. By S. Margery Fry and Champion B. Russell.THREE PAMPHLETS: Juvenile Courts. Friends Penal Reform Committee. 3d.THREE PAMPHLETS: Juvenile Delinquency. Rotary International Pamphlet No. 13. 3d.THREE PAMPHLETS: Lower Underworld. By Arthur R. L. Gardner.THREE PAMPHLETS: The Christian Church and the Prisoner in English Experience. By T. Edmund Harvey, M.A., M.P.THREE PAMPHLETS: Recueil de documents en matière pénale et pénitentiaire. Bulletin de la commission Internationale pénale et pénitentiaire.THREE PAMPHLETS: Jabresbericht der Strafaitstalt Witzwil pro 1940. Witzwil 1941. Unser Blatt. Ein Monatsblatt für alle Bewobner und Fretunde Witzwils.THREE PAMPHLETS: Criminal Law and Police Investigation. By Richard Morrish.THREE PAMPHLETS: The Cambridge Evacuation Survey. Edited by Susan Isaacs.THREE PAMPHLETS: Above All Liberties. By Alec Craig.THREE PAMPHLETS: The Annals of the American Academy ofPoliticaland Social Science.THREE PAMPHLETS: Reductions in Recidivism Through Therapy. Ruth Jacobs Levy, Ph.D.THREE PAMPHLETS: The Life and Times of Sir Robert Peel. By Sir Tresham Lever.THREE PAMPHLETS: Retribution and the Christian. By Stephen Hobhouse. Foreword by Dom Bernard Clements.