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The implementation of a mechanism for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD - plus) will be affected by governance conditions within host countries. The top eight countries, which are responsible for 70 percent of the world's total annual deforestation, have implemented certain forms of decentralization in public administration and forest management. This paper analyzes implications of decentralized forest management for the implementation of REDD. Three possible options for the involvement of local governments in the implementation of REDD are: 1) the central government decides on a national reference level and devolves the implementation to local governments; 2) the central government decides on a national reference level and seeks expressions of interest from local governments to implement REDD in their administrative areas; and 3) the central and local governments decide on a national reference level jointly and local governments implement REDD activities locally. This paper also highlights fiscal instruments for REDD revenue distribution.

Tesis Doctoral le?da en la Universidad Rey Juan Carlos de Madrid en 2011. Director de la Tesis: Pablo Mart?nez de Anguita ; The destruction of forests-principally in the tropics-emits massive amounts of carbon dioxide. Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD)-a prime source of lowcost reductions of greenhouse gas emissions-in tropical forest nations could make a substantial contribution to addressing climate change. To date, large-scale forest protection efforts have been financed primarily by official development assistance, which are in most cases orders of magnitude lower than required. A better way-both in terms of economic efficiency and political plausibility-is to draw capital flows from the carbon market. Using the market as a source of funds can free billions in financial flows. However there is no place for these tons in existing carbon market policy frameworks. The goal of this dissertation is to shed light on the issues preventing "market-based REDD" from taking off, as well as to illustrate some potential solutions and paths forward. "Market-based REDD" would enable developing nations themselves to earn carbon credits for verified emissions reductions against an agreed national baseline and sell them in existing carbon markets. This would encourage emissions reductions in tropical forest nations while helping to manage the costs of compliance in countries that take on economy-wide caps. However, a prominent concern with market-based REDD has been that emissions reductions from forests will be so abundant as to "flood the carbon market". We use a multi-period partial equilibrium modeling approach to assess the impact of REDD tons in frameworks with long time horizons. We conclude that the long-term horizon, the progressive tightening of emission caps, and the possibility of banking enable a direct market-based funding mechanism to deliver financing at significant scale and absorb the maximum quantity of REDD credit tons, even in the near-term. Absent an overarching ...

Indonesia is engaging in the UN-backed Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation scheme (REDD+) to reduce its land-use-based greenhouse gas emissions. This paper begins with the assumption that REDD+ and general trends towards privatization of nature and conservation are impacting the ability of local communities to access land. Drawing on fieldwork conducted in Jambi in 2012, I explore land access patterns in the context of Indonesia's emerging REDD governance framework. Initial findings show that, despite recent REDD-related forest governance reforms, land tenure issues remain unresolved. The results of fieldwork in the Harapan Rainforest area show that the reality on the ground is still characterized by overlapping and competing land claims backed by different authorities.

Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries (REDD), an emerging international climate change mitigation mechanism, would compensate developing countries with threatened forests for their conservation and reforestation efforts. The implications of this new scheme for governments, forests, communities and their development are still unclear. The preparation for REDD that is taking place in many countries includes little concern for this mechanism's potential impacts on the rights and livelihoods of forest-dependent communities who have yet to be consulted. This paper analyzes both precedents and the current process of REDD readiness in Nepal, revealing discrepancies in forest governance that must be addressed before this carbon trading mechanism can successfully meet climate change mitigation, biodiversity conservation, or development goals. This paper finds that REDD readiness and policy formulation is being driven from the top down, with insufficient involvement and influence by local communities in planning and decision-making processes, and that a more adaptive, bottom-up approach is needed if REDD is to be economically beneficial, socially equitable, and environmentally sustainable in the long term.

Der Forstsektor ? inklusive Entwaldung und Waldzerstörung ? trägt in etwa 20% der globalen anthropogenen Treibhausgasemissionen und liegt damit nur knapp hinter dem Energiesektor und dem Industriesektor. Vor dem Hintergrund der andauernden Entwaldung in den Tropen entstand im Jahr 2008 eine neue Initiative mit dem Namen Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+). Obwohl einzelne Designelemente dieses Mechanismus bereits extensiv erforscht wurden, besteht immer noch ein Mangel an Information über die Rolle der EU. Da REDD+ ein effektives Mittel zum Klimaschutz ist und in der Zukunft weiter entwickelt werden sollte, versucht also folgende Forschungsfrage zu beantworten: Wie kann die EU ihre Verhandlungsposition verbessern um eine führende Rolle in den internationalen REDD+ Richtlinienverhandlungen zu erreichen?Diese Arbeit gliedert sich in 6 Kapitel und beginnt mit einer Einführung in die Thematik des Klimawandels. Darauf folgt eine Zusammenfassung der Optionen des Umgangs mit dem Klimawandel, bevor REDD+ und seine Designelemente im Detail erläutert werden. Diese theoretischen Kapitel werden gefolgt vom empirischen Teil, welcher vor allem die Ergebnisse der Interviews und deren Analyse darstellt. Die Experteninterviews wurden nach der Methode der qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse geführt, verarbeitet und analysiert. Das letzte Kapitel zieht Schlussfolgerungen aus den Ergebnissen und inkludiert Empfehlungen für die Verhandelnden der EU, wie die Verhandlungsposition der EU in den internationalen REDD+ Verhandlungen verbessert werden kann. Sie solle Lehren aus dem FLEGT Action Plan ziehen und ihre Erfahrung mit der Lizenzierung von Holzprodukten nutzen, um den Fokus der Verhandlungen weg von technischen Details und hin zu einem neuen Ansatz lenken, welcher die Rolle von Agrarprodukten innerhalb des REDD+ Mechanismus behandelt. ; The forestry sector - including deforestation and forest degradation - accounts for approximately 20% of global anthropogenic GHG emissions, only after the energy supply sector and the industry sector. In light of on-going deforestation in the humid tropics, a new initiative called Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) came to life in 2008. Although a lot of research has been done on several design elements of the REDD+ mechanism, there is a lack of information on the role of the EU. Because REDD+ is worth expanding in the future as an effective tool for climate change mitigation, the paper therefore aims to find answers to the following research question: How can the EU improve its negotiation position to obtain a leading role in global REDD+ policy debates?The paper is divided into 6 chapters and sets out with an introduction to climate change, its causes and its impacts. This introduction is followed by a synopsis of possible ways of dealing with climate change, before REDD+ and its design elements are discussed in detail in another chapter. These theoretical chapters are followed by the empirical part of the paper which mainly presents the results of the interviews and the analysis thereof. The expert interviews were conducted, processed and analysed according to the method of qualitative content analysis. The last chapter draws conclusions from the results and includes recommendations for EU negotiators as to how to improve the EU?s negotiation position in international REDD+ negotiations, namely as to draw lessons from the FLEGT Action Plan and use its experience with the licensing of timber to shift the focus of the negotiations from technical details to a new approach which addresses the role of agricultural commodities within the REDD+ mechanism. ; vorgelegt von Jacqueline Steindl ; Zsfassungen in dt. und engl. Sprache ; Graz, Univ., Dipl.-Arb., 2014 ; (VLID)243304

REDD is one of the latest additions to a series of incentive-based mechanisms for reducing carbon emissions. Many developing and emerging countries have started engaging in REDD. Peru, the country with the world's fourth largest area of tropical forest, is no exception here – with an obvious motivation: about half of Peru's annual greenhouse gas emissions are currently caused by deforestation. Over the last years, public and private initiatives have led to a complex multi-level REDD governance architecture in Peru. This architecture faces challenges in terms of social inclusion and coordination. This study identifies and analyses key issues, some of which are merely teething problems, while others are deeply rooted in socio-economic imbalances and political culture, such as insufficient financial, technical and human capacities of ministries and regional governments; legitimacy gaps; and information and participation asymmetries across public actors, NGOs, companies and forest users. The study presents policy recommendations for addressing some of these challenges. These include: streamlining REDD processes with policies of other sectors; formalizing channels of communication and consultation; and providing a clear legal and institutional framework that encompasses the push and pull factors driving deforestation in Peru.

The discussion of climate change has entered the international political stage since the 1980s, and as an international response, UNFCCC was founded as a forum to handle this issue. UNFCCC has produced the Kyoto Protocol – an agreement which obligates nations to halt the rapid effect of global warming. Through the course of its life, the Protocol has been regarded as incompetent in achieving the goals uttered in the convention. Further discussion was needed, and the later forums finally decide to improve the protocol by establishing REDD, a proposal which focuses specifically on green house gas emissions from forestry. To this present moment, REDD has remained a non-binding and unofficial agreement, but REDD has been applied in many states, therefore its effectivity remains a question worth asking. By using a mixed method approach, and studying documents to achieve adequate amount of data, this research attempts to answer the questions regarding the effectivity of the REDD mechanism. The international regime theory approach will be used, which focuses on the theory of regime effectiveness, implementation concept and compliance. This research concludes that REDD falls under the category "mixed-performance regimes" which is indicated by the complexity of the problem encountered, obvious from the appearance of conflicts of interest in the forum, which results to agreements which are very often rather normative. On the other hand, the problem-solving capability in the regimes is competent, indicated by the presence of a scientific body which provides current information about the issue and another body which is responsible for watching the progress of policy-implementation, and the availability of the funding. The combination of these two aspects have resulted in a regime which progresses rather slowly.

This paper examines the extent to which the Indonesian government has reduced its greenhouse gases emissions coming from deforestation and forest degradation by using REDD program. Such program is highly regarded as a sophisticated instrument to foster collaboration between developing and developed countries in slashing the rate of deforestation. Indonesia itself has enacted the program as a national policy since 2009 under former President Yudhoyono. In this article, the secondary research method is utilized to gather data as well as adopting a qualitative approach to analyse the topic. This paper has found that Indonesia's policy to curb the emissions from deforestation and forest degradation by conducting REDD program has not yet been successful, because of weaknesses in the implementation. They include the limitation of President's power in driving policy; the ineffective of information exchange; the inability to do Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) activities; and contradiction in the decentralization process with regards to REDD implementation. However, some achievements are identified: a slow decline in the rate of deforestation and forest degradation; the continuity partnership between Indonesia and Norway; and the more participation of local stakeholder in supporting REDD program.