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Chapter 1. Inequality in middle-income countries: analysis and recommendations for improvement -- Chapter 2. Inclusive growth and poverty reduction in China: progress and key policies -- Chapter 3. China's experience in promoting inclusive development of income distribution policies -- Chapter 4. China's inclusive development and fiscal policy options -- Chapter 5. Population and employment policies that support inclusive development -- Chapter 6. Policy research on rural scientific and technological innovation in support of inclusive development -- Chapter 7. Ecological and environmental policies that support inclusive development.

European countries vary in the extent to which they succeed in reducing poverty using social transfers. However, we do not have good ways of understanding how these different outcomes are achieved. It is therefore very difficult to learn lessons from abroad. This paper uses micro data from the EU Statistics on Income and Living Condition (SILC), and attempts to decompose reductions in child poverty rates and gaps into the contribution made by children, old age, social exclusion, housing and work-related benefits. The analysis is undertaken for all families with children under 16, lone parent families, couple families, and then for families with varying levels of work intensity. Transfers make a substantial contribution to reducing child poverty rates and closing poverty gaps. The contribution varies between countries in the European Union. There is no single model, no most successful exemplar. Some countries do better for their children in lone parent households and others do better for their children in couple households. The analysis has enabled some opening up of the how question, though what is going on is still something of a mystery in some countries. It is probable that analysis at the national level with greater knowledge of national benefits systems is necessary to further open the 'black box'.

Embedding current research on epigenetics and development within a process-relational relational developmental systems (RDS) framework, we discuss the assertions of genetic reductionist models of human behavior and development. To better clarify the distinctions between process-relational RDS-based and Cartesian mechanistic genetic reductionist models, we recommend that the terms "interaction," "mechanism," and "trait" be replaced by terms such as "coaction," "fusion," "integration," and "process" in depictions of process-relational RDS models. We argue that, in the context of epigenetics research, the propositions of genetic reductionist models lead to absurd claims about genetic causation, primarily because RDS-based, epigenetics research underscores the relative plasticity of the embodied coactions within the RDS. We discuss three ways in which genetic reductionist models survive in the face of egregious conceptual and methodological problems, and we make suggestions about the utility of epigenetics for applications aimed at enhancing the course of development for diverse individuals.

Intro -- Editors' Note -- Contents -- 1 Inequality in Middle-Income Countries: Analysis and Suggestions -- 1.1 Main Issues -- 1.1.1 Issue 1: Most of the World's Poor Come from Middle-Income Countries -- 1.1.2 Issue 2: Inequality Is Increasing in Many Middle-Income Countries -- 1.1.3 Issue 3: Inequality May Hinder Development -- 1.2 Why Inequality Persists in Middle-Income Countries -- 1.3 Addressing Inequality in Middle-Income Countries: Policy, Practice and Case Studies -- 1.4 The Need for a Diversity of Policies to Reduce Inequality -- 1.4.1 Addressing Regional Inequalities -- 1.4.2 Addressing Inequalities in Health and Education -- 1.4.3 Changes in Fiscal Policy -- 1.4.4 Improving Social Protection -- 1.5 Summary -- References -- 2 Inclusive Growth and Poverty Reduction of China: Progress and Main Policies -- 2.1 Inclusive Growth in China: Experience and Key Features -- 2.1.1 Reform of the Economic System Promotes Rapid Economic Growth and Drives Large-Scale Poverty Reduction Across the Country (1978-2001) -- 2.1.2 Policy Adjustment Promotes Overall Planning of Urban and Rural Areas and Drives Balanced Development (2002-2010) -- 2.1.3 Building an Institutional System Promotes Inclusive Growth and Boosts Comprehensive, Coordinated and Sustainable Economic and Social Development (Since 2011) -- 2.2 Main Policies Promoting Inclusive Growth in China -- 2.2.1 Adjusting and Optimizing the Industrial Structure, and Emphatically Promoting the Transformation of the Economic Development Model -- 2.2.2 Improving the Quality and Ability of Workers, and Creating More Employment and Development Opportunities -- 2.3 Employment and Social Security Policies for Migrant Population -- 2.4 Labor Transfer and Training -- 2.4.1 Adjusting Income Distribution to Narrow the Income Gap -- 2.5 Policy Concerning Individual Income Tax.

This book analyses Labour's policies of local crime control from 1997 through to 2006. It unfolds Labour's 'third way' political project from the centre downwards, and exposes the limitations of this project through an exploration of a number of key themes.

President Biden's new federal budget proposes high spending and huge deficits for years to come. The deficits are expected to boost government debt held by the public from $28 trillion this year to $45 trillion by 2034.