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Iraq is facing daunting challenges of Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) insurgency, political upheaval, and profound economic and humanitarian crises. Compounding the ISIS-related crisis, the sharp decline in global oil prices has resulted in significant decline in oil export revenues. Implementation of political reforms, announced in August 2015, has been slow due to constitutional constraints and systemic resistance to changes. Iraq's economic prospects are subject to significant risks. Iraq has recently achieved some important steps towards strengthening its investment climate, but much remains to be done. An attractive investment climate is integral to economic growth and poverty reduction. A key task of the government is to balance the interests of society and individual firms. A stronger investment climate does not equate with a more comfortable life for individual firms. The government must manage these trade-offs: global analysis of the World Bank's investment climate surveys shows that firms facing strong competition are on average fifty percent more likely to innovate than firms reporting no such pressure. Innovation, in turn, is a key ingredient for productivity improvement. The special focus section explores the different aspects of the investment climate in order to better understand their importance. With this background, the authors then look at Iraq's investment climate and recent efforts to strengthen it. Finally, the authors look at priorities for improving Iraq's investment climate going forward.

تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى معرفة تطبيق المراجعة الداخلية كآلية للحد من الفساد الملي والإداري في الجماعات المحلية الجزائرية ، حيث قدم الباحثين استبانة تتكون 15 عبارة وعلى عينة عشوائية من عمال المصالح المالية بولاية الأغواط وبلدياتها، التي بلغت 120 فرد، وتم اعتماد المنهج الوصفي لوصف الظاهرة محل الدراسة، ومنهج دراسة الحالة باستخدام برنامج SPSS23 لعرض وتحليل النتائج، توصلت الدراسة إلى أنه لا يوجد فروق ذات دلالة بين أراء الفئة المستقصي منهم بين دور المراجعة الداخلية والحد من الفساد في الجماعات المحلية ، وبناء على النتائج المتوصل لها يوصي الباحثين بضرورة التفكير الجدي في إنشاء أقسام للمراجعة الداخلية في الجماعات المحلية ، والعمل على التوعية الإعلامية بمخاطر الفساد. ; This study aims to know the application of the internal audit as a mechanism to reduce corruption in Algerian local communities, where the researchers presented a questionnaire consisting of 15 phrases and a random sample of workers of financial interests at in Laghouat wilaya and its municipalities, which amounted to 120 individuals, and the descriptive approach was adopted to describe the phenomenon under study, and the case study method using SPSS23 program to present and analyze the results; The study concluded that there are no significant differences between the opinions of the investigated group among them between the role of internal audit and the reduction of corruption in the administrations local, and based on the findings the researchers recommend the need for serious thinking in establishing internal audit departments in various local communities, and work to inform the media about the risks of corruption.

The Lebanon Economic Monitor provides an update on key economic developments and policies over the past six months. It also presents findings from recent World Bank work on Lebanon. It places them in a longer-term and global context, and assesses the implications of these developments and other changes in policy on the outlook for Lebanon. Lebanon continues to be impacted by the domestic political stalemate and regional turmoil, particularly along its border with Syria. Economic activity picked up in the second half of 2014. Stronger economic performance and lower oil prices pushed real GDP growth to an estimated 2.0 percent in 2014, compared to 0.9 percent in 2013. One-off cosmetic and unsustainable measures rather than policy actions helped improve the fiscal balance in 2014. We estimate the overall fiscal deficit to have declined by 2.3 percentage points. Declining imports lead an improvement in the current account balance. In 2014, a fall in merchandize imports induced a 4.4 pp reduction in the current account deficit to a still-elevated 22.2 percent of GDP. This trend is projected to continue in 2015 helped by falling oil prices and a depreciating euro, Headline inflation plummeted from 2.7 percent in 2013 to 1.9 percent in 2014 and is expected to remain tempered over the medium term. Lebanon s economy continues to be exposed to external shocks. The border with Syria is increasingly menacing as coordinated attacks by ISIS and Al Nusra are being launched more frequently from their bases in Syria. Inefficiencies in power generation impose sizable macroeconomic costs on Lebanon. The Lebanese electricity sector has been underperforming for decades with considerable socio-economic costs. The macroeconomic impact has been massive.