Suchergebnisse

Available studies indicate a strong negative correlation between poverty and social expenditures in EU countries. It means that the country's at-risk-of-poverty rate tends to erode with increasing social expenditure. However, the studies have demonstrated that the impact of government spending on poverty may vary according to the sector of spending, how well it is targeted, and the way in which it is financed. Some countries manage to achieve a rather significant poverty rate reduction even with relatively low, in the context of other Member States, social expenditure (percentage of GDP). This suggests that in order to reduce poverty rates, it is important to consider not only the amount allocated to social spending, but also the areas the social transfers are channelled to. The article aims to analyse how the composition and the extent of social spending/transfers may affect poverty reduction in EU countries. The analysis showed that social protection transfers reduce the percentage of people at-risk-of-poverty in all countries, however, to a very different extent. Regression analysis demonstrated that social exclusion and family/children expenditure was found to be the most important predictor for a relative antipoverty effect of social transfers: even a small percentage increase in such expenditure allows quite a significant increase in the relative antipoverty effect of social transfers.

Available studies indicate a strong negative correlation between poverty and social expenditures in EU countries. It means that the country's at-risk-of-poverty rate tends to erode with increasing social expenditure. However, the studies have demonstrated that the impact of government spending on poverty may vary according to the sector of spending, how well it is targeted, and the way in which it is financed. Some countries manage to achieve a rather significant poverty rate reduction even with relatively low, in the context of other Member States, social expenditure (percentage of GDP). This suggests that in order to reduce poverty rates, it is important to consider not only the amount allocated to social spending, but also the areas the social transfers are channelled to. The article aims to analyse how the composition and the extent of social spending/transfers may affect poverty reduction in EU countries. The analysis showed that social protection transfers reduce the percentage of people at-risk-of-poverty in all countries, however, to a very different extent. Regression analysis demonstrated that social exclusion and family/children expenditure was found to be the most important predictor for a relative antipoverty effect of social transfers: even a small percentage increase in such expenditure allows quite a significant increase in the relative antipoverty effect of social transfers.

Available studies indicate a strong negative correlation between poverty and social expenditures in EU countries. It means that the country's at-risk-of-poverty rate tends to erode with increasing social expenditure. However, the studies have demonstrated that the impact of government spending on poverty may vary according to the sector of spending, how well it is targeted, and the way in which it is financed. Some countries manage to achieve a rather significant poverty rate reduction even with relatively low, in the context of other Member States, social expenditure (percentage of GDP). This suggests that in order to reduce poverty rates, it is important to consider not only the amount allocated to social spending, but also the areas the social transfers are channelled to. The article aims to analyse how the composition and the extent of social spending/transfers may affect poverty reduction in EU countries. The analysis showed that social protection transfers reduce the percentage of people at-risk-of-poverty in all countries, however, to a very different extent. Regression analysis demonstrated that social exclusion and family/children expenditure was found to be the most important predictor for a relative antipoverty effect of social transfers: even a small percentage increase in such expenditure allows quite a significant increase in the relative antipoverty effect of social transfers.

Available studies indicate a strong negative correlation between poverty and social expenditures in EU countries. It means that the country's at-risk-of-poverty rate tends to erode with increasing social expenditure. However, the studies have demonstrated that the impact of government spending on poverty may vary according to the sector of spending, how well it is targeted, and the way in which it is financed. Some countries manage to achieve a rather significant poverty rate reduction even with relatively low, in the context of other Member States, social expenditure (percentage of GDP). This suggests that in order to reduce poverty rates, it is important to consider not only the amount allocated to social spending, but also the areas the social transfers are channelled to. The article aims to analyse how the composition and the extent of social spending/transfers may affect poverty reduction in EU countries. The analysis showed that social protection transfers reduce the percentage of people at-risk-of-poverty in all countries, however, to a very different extent. Regression analysis demonstrated that social exclusion and family/children expenditure was found to be the most important predictor for a relative antipoverty effect of social transfers: even a small percentage increase in such expenditure allows quite a significant increase in the relative antipoverty effect of social transfers.

Recently the problems of regional digital divide reduction are the key discussion in Lithuania and ES, so the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) for community development is relevant and well-timed topic. The main scientific questions of this work are those: * Have the regions of Lithuania the problem of digital divide? * Which instruments Lithuanian governmental and municipal institutions are using for the inclusion of the residents of regions into information society? * How the e-banking services are influencing digital divide reduction? The main objective of this work is to investigate are the e-banking services one of the main instruments of the inclusion of the Lithuanian regional residents into information society. To reach this goal the revision and analysis of governmental and municipal institutions projects for the digital divide reduction was done and also the measurements of information society development level by analysis of statistical data and data gained from the focused discussion groups interview were accomplished. As a result of those investigations a list of recommendations how effectively to increase the rate of the inclusion of the residents of regions into development processes of information society using instruments of e-banking services was proposed.

Recently the problems of regional digital divide reduction are the key discussion in Lithuania and ES, so the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) for community development is relevant and well-timed topic. The main scientific questions of this work are those: * Have the regions of Lithuania the problem of digital divide? * Which instruments Lithuanian governmental and municipal institutions are using for the inclusion of the residents of regions into information society? * How the e-banking services are influencing digital divide reduction? The main objective of this work is to investigate are the e-banking services one of the main instruments of the inclusion of the Lithuanian regional residents into information society. To reach this goal the revision and analysis of governmental and municipal institutions projects for the digital divide reduction was done and also the measurements of information society development level by analysis of statistical data and data gained from the focused discussion groups interview were accomplished. As a result of those investigations a list of recommendations how effectively to increase the rate of the inclusion of the residents of regions into development processes of information society using instruments of e-banking services was proposed.

This paper analyses the role of EU pollution strategies in reducing SO2 and NOX emissions in the EU. The environmental policies impact on the slope of Kuznets environmental curve is discussed. The use of economic mechanisms for SO2, NOX and other pollutants emission reduction is analysed based on experience of EU member states. The aim of the paper is to evaluate the impact of EU pollution reduction strategies on atmospheric emissions in Lithuania and to define the role of EU emission reduction policies on shifting environmental Kuznets curves of EU member states and Lithuania.

This paper analyses the role of EU pollution strategies in reducing SO2 and NOX emissions in the EU. The environmental policies impact on the slope of Kuznets environmental curve is discussed. The use of economic mechanisms for SO2, NOX and other pollutants emission reduction is analysed based on experience of EU member states. The aim of the paper is to evaluate the impact of EU pollution reduction strategies on atmospheric emissions in Lithuania and to define the role of EU emission reduction policies on shifting environmental Kuznets curves of EU member states and Lithuania.

This paper analyses the role of EU pollution strategies in reducing SO2 and NOX emissions in the EU. The environmental policies impact on the slope of Kuznets environmental curve is discussed. The use of economic mechanisms for SO2, NOX and other pollutants emission reduction is analysed based on experience of EU member states. The aim of the paper is to evaluate the impact of EU pollution reduction strategies on atmospheric emissions in Lithuania and to define the role of EU emission reduction policies on shifting environmental Kuznets curves of EU member states and Lithuania.

This paper analyses the role of EU pollution strategies in reducing SO2 and NOX emissions in the EU. The environmental policies impact on the slope of Kuznets environmental curve is discussed. The use of economic mechanisms for SO2, NOX and other pollutants emission reduction is analysed based on experience of EU member states. The aim of the paper is to evaluate the impact of EU pollution reduction strategies on atmospheric emissions in Lithuania and to define the role of EU emission reduction policies on shifting environmental Kuznets curves of EU member states and Lithuania.

STRAVINSKAITĖ, Aistė. (2006) Disability discrimination in labor market and possibilities it decrease. MBA Graduation Paper. Kaunas: Kaunas Faculty of Humanities, Vilnius University. SUMMARY The aim of this paper is to identify discrimination manifestation in Lithuanian labor market and give some practical recommendations how situation could be changed. Author takes a large view of discrimination, especially accent on disability in labor market. As shows literature and law analysis in Lithuania there are problems in this area. Author summaries that hypothesis - disabled people in Lithuanian labor market determines clear national policy absence and employers stereotypic thinking – could be accepted but with some exceptions. Governmental policy about integration disabled is quite positive but its implementation isn't fairly. Research sows not only problems in employers thinking but also lack of disabled people in communication and professionals skills. Practical recommendations accent necessity of stronger all of interest groups interaction especially in "visibility" and occupational orientation. Governmental policy and disabled people activity in labor market must be more aggressive to demonstrated ability work.

STRAVINSKAITĖ, Aistė. (2006) Disability discrimination in labor market and possibilities it decrease. MBA Graduation Paper. Kaunas: Kaunas Faculty of Humanities, Vilnius University. SUMMARY The aim of this paper is to identify discrimination manifestation in Lithuanian labor market and give some practical recommendations how situation could be changed. Author takes a large view of discrimination, especially accent on disability in labor market. As shows literature and law analysis in Lithuania there are problems in this area. Author summaries that hypothesis - disabled people in Lithuanian labor market determines clear national policy absence and employers stereotypic thinking – could be accepted but with some exceptions. Governmental policy about integration disabled is quite positive but its implementation isn't fairly. Research sows not only problems in employers thinking but also lack of disabled people in communication and professionals skills. Practical recommendations accent necessity of stronger all of interest groups interaction especially in "visibility" and occupational orientation. Governmental policy and disabled people activity in labor market must be more aggressive to demonstrated ability work.

STRAVINSKAITĖ, Aistė. (2006) Disability discrimination in labor market and possibilities it decrease. MBA Graduation Paper. Kaunas: Kaunas Faculty of Humanities, Vilnius University. SUMMARY The aim of this paper is to identify discrimination manifestation in Lithuanian labor market and give some practical recommendations how situation could be changed. Author takes a large view of discrimination, especially accent on disability in labor market. As shows literature and law analysis in Lithuania there are problems in this area. Author summaries that hypothesis - disabled people in Lithuanian labor market determines clear national policy absence and employers stereotypic thinking – could be accepted but with some exceptions. Governmental policy about integration disabled is quite positive but its implementation isn't fairly. Research sows not only problems in employers thinking but also lack of disabled people in communication and professionals skills. Practical recommendations accent necessity of stronger all of interest groups interaction especially in "visibility" and occupational orientation. Governmental policy and disabled people activity in labor market must be more aggressive to demonstrated ability work.

STRAVINSKAITĖ, Aistė. (2006) Disability discrimination in labor market and possibilities it decrease. MBA Graduation Paper. Kaunas: Kaunas Faculty of Humanities, Vilnius University. SUMMARY The aim of this paper is to identify discrimination manifestation in Lithuanian labor market and give some practical recommendations how situation could be changed. Author takes a large view of discrimination, especially accent on disability in labor market. As shows literature and law analysis in Lithuania there are problems in this area. Author summaries that hypothesis - disabled people in Lithuanian labor market determines clear national policy absence and employers stereotypic thinking – could be accepted but with some exceptions. Governmental policy about integration disabled is quite positive but its implementation isn't fairly. Research sows not only problems in employers thinking but also lack of disabled people in communication and professionals skills. Practical recommendations accent necessity of stronger all of interest groups interaction especially in "visibility" and occupational orientation. Governmental policy and disabled people activity in labor market must be more aggressive to demonstrated ability work.

Climate change is becoming more and more obvious (in the world and in Lithuania) and fast progressing, therefore there may emerge unprecedented safety problems in future. Although Lithuania's influence on the climate change is rather small, total input of small countries into the development of the global problem is really big. What is more, Lithuania has got international commitments related to the decrease of climate change and their noncompliance might evoke certain sanctions regarding Lithuania. For this reason, the problem of climate change must be inevitably solved in Lithuania. Since the main source of greenhouse gas emission is the energy sector, and the biggest emissions of this sector in Lithuania come from power-stations, which produce electricity in traditional way, renewable energy sources (RES) are the best means to reduce the climate change. It has been observed in the work, that wind power has great potential for electricity production from RES in Lithuania; however, the development of this renewable source is impeded by conflicts of interests. Most conflicts arise with private land owners. It has been found, that the majority of the society (91 per cent) welcomes the development of wind power in Lithuania, however, it was also found, that there is too little public awareness about the effect of wind power on people's health, environment and climate change, and this establishes conditions for conflicts. Wind power developers are recommended to cooperate with non-governmental institutions more actively when informing the society, preparing and offering projects of new law acts and amendments of the existing ones, related to wind power. Through cooperation with wind power developers and appropriate governmental bodies, non-governmental institutions could initiate studies which would help to determine the influence of wind power-stations on people's health and environment, as well as establish possible/forbidden Lithuanian areas (and recommended distance to dwelling homes) for the construction of wind power-stations. Wind power institutions, which implement wind energy projects in Lithuania, should seek closer cooperation and contact with communities and private land owners. They should also make use of foreign wind power developers' experience in solving conflicts of interest.