Suchergebnisse

El proyecto fundador del Departamento y la Facultad de Sociología de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Bogotá, a mediados del siglo xx, involucró el diseño de planes curriculares y cursos de teoría social y metodología; así como la puesta en marcha de diversas investigaciones que difundieron nuevas perspectivas de análisis y reflexión sobre la realidad política, económica y social del país. Los actores sociales que formaron parte trascendental de este proyecto académico —entre los más destacados, Orlando Fals Borda, Camilo Torres Restrepo, Virginia Gutiérrez de Pineda, Eduardo Umaña Luna y Carlos Escalante Angulo— desplegaron una serie de acciones encaminadas a la unificación de prácticas, que representaron principios de visión y de afinidades por las ciencias sociales y humanas. De esa manera, se posibilitó la configuración de un lenguaje común y una forma concreta del quehacer del científico social comprometido con las problemáticas sociales de su época.Este artículo parte de la descripción del proyecto docente —programas de los cursos, bibliografías referenciadas, guías de cátedra—, esto es, la malla curricular, a partir de la cual se estableció el perfil de la sociología impartida en este campus universitario. El énfasis recayó en líneas como sociología rural, sociología urbana y sociología de la familia, las cuales, a su vez, constituyeron los principales ejes de discusión del grupo intelectual líder en dicho proceso fundacional. En un segundo momento, se detalla el proyecto investigativo que permite entrever la agenda de trabajo y los intereses temáticos que, en consonancia con las necesidades sociopolíticas y las prescripciones de sus entes financiadores públicos y privados, se fueron destacando como los ámbitos más relevantes dentro de la investigación social. Se concluye que la multiplicidad de enfoques y marcos interpretativos difundidos por el cuerpo docente propició la diversificación de líneas teóricas que fueron afianzadas en el devenir del desarrollo de la sociología en Colombia. ; The founding project of the Department and the School of Sociology of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá campus, in the mid-20th century, involved the design of curricula and courses in social theory and methodology, as well as the launching of diverse research projects that disseminated new perspectives for the analysis and reflection on the political, economic, and social reality of the country. The social actors who played an important role in this academic project—including figures such as Orlando Fals Borda, Camilo Torres Restrepo, Virginia Gutiérrez de Pineda, Eduardo Umaña Luna, and Carlos Escalante Angulo— carried out a series of actions aimed at unifying practices representing principles of vision and affinity with the social and human sciences. Thus, it was possible to configure a common language and a concrete form for the work of social scientists committed to the social issues of their period.The article starts with the description of the teaching project —course syllabi, reference bibliographies, class guides—, that is, of the curriculum, on the basis of which it was possible to establish the profile of sociology as taught on this campus. Emphasis was placed on lines such as rural sociology, urban sociology, and sociology of the family, which, in turn, became the main lines of discussion of the leading intellectual group of that founding project. Secondly, the article provides a detailed account of the research project, which makes it possible to observe the work agenda and the thematic interests that arose as the most relevant fields in social research, in accordance with sociopolitical needs and the requirements of public and private financing entities. The paper concludes that the multiplicity of approaches and interpretive frameworks disseminated by the faculty fostered the diversification of theoretical lines that were consolidated throughout the development of sociology in Colombia. ; O projeto fundador do Departamento e da Faculdade de Sociologia da Universidad Nacional de Colombia, campus Bogotá, em meados do século xx, envolveu o desenho de planos curriculares e cursos de teoria social e metodologia, bem como a realização de diversas pesquisas que difundiram novas perspectivas de análise e reflexão sobre a realidade política, econômica e social do país. Os atores sociais que formaram uma parte transcendental desse projeto acadêmico — dentre os mais destacados, Orlando Fals Borda, Camilo Torres Restrepo, Virginia Gutiérrez de Pineda, Eduardo Umaña Luna e Carlos Escalante Ângulo — desenvolveram uma série de ações dirigida à unificação de práticas, que representaram princípios de visão e de afinidades pelas ciências sociais e humanas. Dessa maneira, foi possível configurar uma linguagem comum e uma forma concreta do fazer do cientista social comprometido com as problemáticas sociais de sua época.Este artigo parte da descrição do projeto docente — programas dos cursos, bibliografias referenciadas, guias de disciplina —, isto é, da matriz curricular, a partir da qual foi estabelecido o perfil da sociologia ministrada nesse campus universitário. A ênfase foi dada em linhas como sociologia rural, sociologia urbana e sociologia da família, as quais, por sua vez, constituíram os principais eixos de discussão do grupo intelectual que liderou esse processo fundacional. Em um segundo momento, detalhou-se o projeto de pesquisa que permitiu entrever a agenda de trabalho e os interesses temáticos que, de acordo com as necessidades sociopolíticas e com as prescrições de seus financiadores públicos e privados, foram sendo destacados como de âmbitos mais relevantes dentro da pesquisa social. Conclui-se que a multiplicidade de abordagens e marcos interpretativos difundidos pelo corpo docente propiciou a diversificação de linhas teóricas que foram consolidadas no devir do desenvolvimento da Sociologia na Colômbia.

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :국제대학원 국제학과(국제지역학전공),2019. 8. 신성호. ; MDGs 채택과 함께 2000 년대 초반부터 개발 협력에 열렬히 기여한 한국은 선진국과 개발도상국 간의 격차를 해소하기 위해 개발 경험을 공유하고 개발 프로젝트에 자금을 지원해왔다. 본 연구는 한국의 핵심 협력 국가와 특히 세네갈의 사례 연구를 중심으로 아프리카 개발도상국들에 대한 아프리카 개발 정책 또는 접근 방식을 검토한다. 한국의 개발 협력 전략, ODA, 무역 및 외국인 직접 투자에 사용되는 도구를 면밀히 조사한다. Marcel Mauss 의 선물 이론은 선진국과 개발도상국 사이의 개발협력을 설명하는 이론적 도구로 사용된다. 분석 기간인 2000-2016 년 사이에 한국의 원조 규모는 점차 커지고 있지만, 이러한 원조가 꼭 최빈국(LDCs)으로 향하지 않는 것으로 나타난다. 최빈국이 특히 많은 아프리카의 국가들은 최근에 한국 원조의 동기에 의문을 제기하며, 한국의 원조가 이익 기반인지 인도주의적 동기를 가진지에 대한 논의가 계속된다. 한국의 지원은 주로 정부 기관인 KOICA 및 EDCF 에서부터 유∙무상 차관으로 구성된다. 보다 효과적이고 효율적인 지원을 위해 전략 계획, 중기 전략 및 CPS 를 구성함으로써 한국의 개발협력이 향상되었다. 그러나 아프리카 국가들에서는 개발 자금 조달 도구가 많이 사용되지 않고 있으며 이는 아프리카에서 한국의 낮은 개발협력 수준과 비효율성을 설명한다. 핵심 협력 국가 중 하나인 세네갈은 EDCF 기금과 KOICA 의 많은 프로젝트에 의해 많은 사회 기반 시설과 경제 기반 시설이 제공되었다. 그러나 세네갈에서는 일반적으로 아프리카와 마찬가지로 FDI 의 규모가 매우 작고 무역은 크게 세네갈의 수산물 수출과 전자 기기 수입으로 이루어져있다. 연구의 결론에서는 정책 권고안으로, 아시아 협력 국가들과 마찬가지로 아프리카 협력 국가들과도 무역, FDI 및 기타 개발 금융 도구 개발에 중점을 두어 인프라, 인적 자본, 노하우를 개발하고, 일자리를 창출하며 경제 성장을 촉진해야한다고 저자가 주장한다. 이렇게 하면 한국의 개발협력 효율적을 높아질 것이고 한국과 협력 국가들 간의 윈 - 윈 (win-win) 상황이 이루어질 수 있을 것이다. ; Strongly engaged in Development Cooperation in the early 2000s with the adoption of the MDGs, South Korea committed to support developing countries by sharing its development experiences and funding development projects to bridge the gap between developed economies and poor countries. This paper examines the Korean Development Cooperation Policy or approach in respect with African countries, with a focus on Korea's Priority partner countries and particularly with a case study of Senegal. It scrutinizes the instruments used in the Korean Development Cooperation, ODA, trade and FDI. The Gift Theory of Marcel Mauss is used as theoretical tool to explain DC between developed countries and developing ones. In the analysis period 2000-2016, there is clear evidence that South Korea's support volume is increasing over the years, however, it is not necessarily destined to LDCs, among which numerous African countries, questioning its motives, some argue interest-based, others humanitarian based. Its assistance is mainly constituted of grants and loans with its governmental agencies, KOICA and EDCF respectively. With the strategic plan, the mid-term strategies and the CPS, Korea enhanced it DC for a more effective and efficient support. However, with African countries, not many development financing tools are being used and that explains the low level of Korean DC in Africa, hence its inefficiency. As a priority partner country, Senegal benefited of EDCF funds and lots of projects from KOICA in the social as well as in the economic infrastructures. However, in Senegal, as in Africa in general, the volume of FDI is very low and trade is composed of Senegal's exports of fisheries and imports of Electronic devices, mainly. As a policy recommendation to conclude, it is argued that developing trade, FDI, and other development financing tools, as it is the case with its Asian partner countries, would develop infrastructures, human capital, know how, create job and boost the economic growth in the recipient countries and make South Korea's DC an efficient one and a win-win deal. ; ABSTRACT . I Table of Contents . III Acronyms and Abbreviations . VI List of tables . IX List of figures . XI CHAPTER I : Introduction .1 1. Significance of the study .3 2. Purpose of the research .4 3. Hypothesis and research questions .5 4. Scope of the research .6 5. Organization of the thesis .7 CHAPTER II : THEORY AND METHODOLOGY .9 1. Literature review: South Korea development cooperation policy and practices .9 2 Theoretical framework . 14 3 Methodology . 23 CHAPTER III : ANALYSIS OF SOUTH KOREA'S DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION POLICY (APPROACH) IN AFRICA . 25 1. Background . 25 a. Overview of main characteristics of the African continent. 25 b. Brief history of Africa-Korea relations . 26 c. South Korea Development Cooperation and Africa . 29 2. Framework of Korean Development Cooperation . 32 a. South Korea Development Cooperation instruments . 35 3. Analysis of the development cooperation tools in Priority Partners countries in Africa 55 a. South Korea ODA to Its African Priority countries . 55 b. Trade between South Korea and its Priority partner countries . 62 c. South Korea FDI to its African Priority countries . 65 CHAPTER IV: Case study: South Korea's Development Cooperation with Senegal . 66 1. Korea's CPS for Senegal . 70 2. Korea's ODA to Senegal . 72 a. KOICA grants to Senegal . 78 b. Korea loans to Senegal . 84 3. Trade between Korea and Senegal . 88 4. Korea Foreign Direct Investment to Senegal . 90 5. Remittances . 93 6. Public- Private Partnerships (PPPs) . 95 7. Brief comparison between Korean and Japanese ODA to Africa and Senegal. 96 8. Summary of the key findings . 99 9. Lessons from Discussions . 102 CHAPTER V: Policy Recommendations & Conclusion . 105 1. Policy Recommendation for a Better Cooperation for Mutual Economic Gains . 105 a. To South Korea . 105 b. To Senegal and African Countries . 107 2. Conclusion . 112 a. Limitations . 112 b. Development Cooperation: A strategic cooperation for the benefit of all . 113 Appendix . 115 REFERENCES . 116 ; Master

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :행정대학원 글로벌행정전공,2019. 8. Eom, Seok-Jin. ; According to Robbins (2011), transformational leadership is the best kind of leadership because it can motivate employees to work in accordance with goals that have never been achieved before, paying attention to employees, able to train, and make employees loyal to the company. The literature shows that transformational leadership has a great impact on the employee's motivation. Therefore, Purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between transformational leadership and employee's motivation in the Cabinet Secretariat of the Republic of Indonesia. This research is based on depth interview with five employees from each level in Cabinet Secretariat and survey design which includes 182 sample observations from the Cabinet Secretariat of the Republic of Indonesia. The collected data was analyzed using SAS program. Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Regression were used to examine the relationship between independent and dependent variables. Main dependent variable was employee's motivation and main independent variable was transformational leadership. Transactional leadership, laissez-faire leadership, sex, age, job position, year of service, and education level is included in the regression model as a control variable. The result of statistical analysis of Pearson correlation coefficient illustrates that there is a significant and positive relationship between transformational leadership and employee's motivation in the Cabinet Secretariat of the Republic of Indonesia. Three regression models show that transformational leadership has a significant and positive causal relationship with employee's motivation at the Cabinet Secretariat of the Republic of Indonesia. Moreover, this study also found that transactional leadership has a significant and positive causal relationship with employee's motivation, meanwhile there is no statistically significant causal relationship between laissez-faire leadership and employee's motivation at the Cabinet Secretariat of the Republic of Indonesia. ; Robbins(2011)에 따르면 혁신적 리더십은 한 번도 달성하지 못한 목표를 위해 일할 수 있도록 동기를 부여하고, 직원들에게 관심을 기울이고 잘 훈련시켜서 직원들을 회사에 충성하게 만들 수 있는 최고의 리더십이다. 문헌조사에 따르면 혁신적 리더십은 직원의 동기부여에 큰 영향을 미친다. 따라서, 본 연구의 목적은 인도네시아의 내각에서 혁신적 리더십과 공무원의 동기부여 사이의 관계를 조사하는 것이다. 본 연구는 인도네시아 내각의 182개 표본 관측을 포함하는 각급 직원 5명과의 심층면접 및 조사 설계에 기초한다. 수집된 데이터는 SAS 프로그램을 사용하여 분석되었다. 독립 변수와 종속 변수 간의 관계를 조사하기 위해 Pearson 상관 계수 및 회귀 분석을 사용했다. 주요 종속변수는 직원들의 동기부여였으며, 주요 독립변수는 혁신적 리더십이었다. 거래적 리더십, 자유방임적 리더십, 성별, 나이, 직위, 근무년도, 교육수준은 회귀모델에 통제변수로 포함된다. Pearson 상관 계수의 통계적 분석 결과는 전환적 리더십과 인도네시아 내각에서 직원의 동기 사이에 유의하고 긍정적인 관계가 있음을 보여준다. 3가지 회귀 모델 또한 전환적 리더십이 인도네시아 내각에서 직원의 동기부여와 유의하고 긍정적인 인과관계를 가지고 있음을 나타낸다. 또한, 이 연구는 거래적 리더십은 직원의 동기부여와 유의미하고 긍정적인 인과관계를 가지고 있는 반면, 자유방임적 리더십과 인도네시아의 내각의 공무원들의 동기부여 사이에는 통계적으로 유의미한 인과관계가 없음을 발견하였다. ; Abstract .i Table of content .iii List of tables .vi List of figures .vii Chapter 1: Introduction .1 1.1. Background of the study .1 1.2. Research Question and Purpose of the Study .6 1.3. Scope of the Study .7 1.4. Methodology .7 Chapter 2: Theoretical Background and Literature Review .9 2.1. Theoretical Background .9 2.1.1. Leadership .9 2.1.2. Transformational Leadership .12 2.1.3. Motivation .17 2.1.4. McClelland's Motivational Needs Theory .22 2.2. Literature Review on the Effect of Transformational Leadership on Employee's Motivation .27 2.3. Critical Review .33 Chapter 3: Research Design .35 3.1. Analytical Framework and Hypothesis .35 3.2. Hypothesis .36 3.2.1. Transformational Leadership and Employee's Motivation .36 3.2.2. Transactional Leadership and Employee's Motivation .38 3.2.3. Laissez-faire Leadership and Employee's Motivation .39 3.3. Conseptualization and Operasionalization .41 3.3.1. Independent Variable .41 3.3.2. Dependent Variable .41 3.3.3. Control Variable .41 3.4. Methodology .41 3.4.1. Research Instrument .42 3.4.2. Population and Sample .47 3.4.3. Data Sources .47 3.4.4. Data Collection Strategy .48 3.4.5. Data Analysis Method .49 Chapter 4: Result and Discussion .51 4.1. Descriptive Analysis .51 4.1.1. Demographic Respondents .51 4.1.2. Dependent Variable .54 4.1.3. Independent Variable .57 4.1.4. Control Variable .61 4.1.5. Reliability Test .65 4.1.6. Tolerance and Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) Test .67 4.2. Hypotetical Test .68 4.2.1. Testing Hypothesis 1 .68 4.2.1.1. Pearsons' Correlation Analysis .71 4.2.1.2. Regression Model Analysis .73 4.2.2. Testing Hypothesis 2 .77 4.2.2.1. Pearsons' Correlation Analysis .78 4.2.2.2. Regression Model Analysis .79 4.2.3. Testing Hypothesis 3 .80 4.2.3.1. Pearsons' Correlation Analysis .80 4.2.3.2. Regression Model Analysis .81 4.3. Discussion .81 Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendation .87 5.1. Conclusion .87 5.2. Recommendation .88 5.3. Limitations of Study .89 5.4. Implication of Study .90 5.4.1.Theoretical Implication of Study .91 5.4.2.Policy Implication .92 References .93 Appendix .102 국문초록 .109 Acknowledgement .111 List of Tables Table 2.1. Motivational Theories .19 Table 3.1. Measurement and Data Sources of the Variables in the Study .44 Table 3.2. Table of Methodology .48 Table 4.1. Respondents' Characteristics .51 Table 4.2 Simple Statistics of Job Motivation .54 Table 4.2.a. Demographic Category Comparisons for Employee's Motivation .55 Table 4.3. Simple Statistics of Transformational Leadership .57 Table 4.4. Average Score of Transformational Leadership .58 Table 4.3.a. Demographic Category Comparisons for Transformational Leadership .59 Table 4.5. Simple Statistics of Transactional Leadership and Laissez- faire Leadership .61 Table 4.5.a. Demographic Category Comparisons for Transactional Leadership .62 Table 4.5.b. Demographic Category Comparisons for Laissez-faire Leadership .64 Table 4.6. Cronbach Coefficient Alpha .65 Table 4.7. Tollerance and VIF Coefficients .67 Table 4.8. Correlation of Transformational Leadership, Transactional Leadership, Laissez-faire Leadership, and Job Motivation .68 Table 4.9. Analysis of the Casual Relationship Between Job Motivation, Transformational Leadership and Control Variables .70 Table 4.10. Pvalue of Job Position .76 ; Master

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :행정대학원 글로벌행정전공,2019. 8. Kwon, Huck-ju. ; This study attempts to analyze the weaknesses and constraints of the Iraqi tax administration that cripple the capacity and effective mobilization of tax revenues that should provide sufficient financial resources for the public treasury. Additionally, this study surveys the literature on the topic of tax administration reforms of Korea and draws some useful insights and lessons to suggest recommendations for the problems highlighted and contribute to shaping future development policies and applying them in the context of Iraq. Qualitative research was utilized to generate data by reviewing and analyzing primary and secondary data to unravel the main weaknesses and constraints. The first phase of data collection was completed through the review and analysis of related Iraqi income tax laws, tax administration's publications and reports, and the field collection of secondary data about the number of tax defaulters compared to active tax filers. The second phase of data collection of primary data was completed through field interview with three senior departmental directors as participants who have been working at the Iraqi Tax Administration for not less than (18) years Some problems identified through the study that create weaknesses in the enforcement by the tax administration, including, among other things, the shortage of human and physical resources. The lack of government support and protection for the tax administration and tax officials in particular, poor remunerations and motivational incentive schemes, and other problems discussed in this research. Finally, in the light of the problems identified, recommendations have been made to discuss ways through which tax administration can be strengthened based on successful experiences of Korea's tax administration reforms, which played a key role in the improvement of the country's capacity in revenue mobilization and overall fiscal health. ; 본 연구는 재무부에 충분한 금융 자원을 제공해야 하는 세금의 효과적인 유통과 함께, 제 기능을 하지 못하는 이라크의 조세행정의 약점과 제한사항에 대한 분석을 시도 하였다. 이에 더해 본 연구는 한국의 조세행정 개혁 주제에 대한 문헌들을 조사하여 강조되고 있는 문제점들을 위한 제안을 제시하는 유용한 교훈 및 통찰을 도출하였으며, 이를 통해 향후 개발될 정책들을 형성하고 이라크에 적용하는데 기여하고자 하였다. 본 연구에서 주된 약점들과 제한사항들을 해결하는 주요한 자료와 이차적인 자료를 검토하고 분석하는데 질적 연구 방법을 사용하였다. 첫 번째 단계의 자료 수집은 이라크 소득세와 관련된 분석과 검토, 조세행정의 출판물들과 보고서들, 그리고 적극적 세금신고자들과 비교한 세금 체납자들의 수에 대한 이차적인 자료의 현장 수집을 통해 완성이 되었다. 두 번째 단계의 주요한 자료의 자료 수집은 이라크 조세를 담당하는 행정부처에서 18년 미만의 경력을 가진 3인의 부처 책임자들의 현장 인터뷰를 통해 완성 되었다. 본 연구에서 대부분의 문제들은 다른 것들을 포함한 조세행정 집행과정에서의 약점과 인적·물적 자원이 부족한 것으로 확인되었다. 정부의 지원의 부족과 조세 행정을 위한 보호와 특히 세무공무원들, 낮은 보수들과 동기부여를 할 수 있는 장려 제도, 그리고 기타 문제들을 본 연구에서 다뤘다. 최종적으로 언급한 문제들을 고려하여, 본 연구는 조세행정이 국가의 세입 유통과 전체적인 재정 건전성 향상의 핵심적인 역할을 하는 한국의 조세행정개혁의 경험을 토대로 강화될 수 있음을 제언하였다. ; Table of Contents ABSTRACT I TABLE OF CONTENTS III ABBREVIATIONS V LIST OF TABLES V LIST OF CHARTS V CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 1 1.2 IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY 1 1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 4 1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH 6 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 7 2.1 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 7 2.2 THE CAPACITY OF A STATE 10 2.3 ANTI-CORRUPTION CAMPAIGN 13 2.4 KOREAN ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS OF THE TAX AUTHORITY 14 2.5 KOREA'S ATTEMPT TO REDUCE UNDERREPORTING IN RETAIL BUSINESSES 17 2.6 THE INTRODUCTION OF TAX INCENTIVES FOR ELECTRONICALLY TRACEABLE PAYMENT (TIETP) 19 CHAPTER 3: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 27 3.1 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 27 3.2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND DATA COLLECTION 27 3.3 PARTICIPANT SELECTION 29 3.4 DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS 29 3.5 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY 30 CHAPTER 4: TAX ADMINISTRATION OF IRAQ 31 4.1 OVERVIEW OF IRAQ'S GENERAL COMMISSION FOR TAXES 31 4.2 LOW LEVEL OF TAX REVENUES CONTRIBUTION IN IRAQ 32 4.3 THE STRUCTURE OF THE IRAQI TAX SYSTEM 35 4.4 PLANNED REVENUE TARGETS VS. ACTUAL TAX REVENUES FOR PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL 40 4.5 PRESUMPTIVE SYSTEM FOR TAXATION IN IRAQ 44 4.6 PUNITIVE LEVIES IN THE IRAQI INCOME TAX LAWS 47 4.7 TAX INFORMATION SYSTEMS USED BY TAX ADMINISTRATION IN IRAQ 52 4.7.1 Contracts and Receipts Information System 52 4.7.2 Customs Permits System 54 4.7.3 Reporting Tax Evaders System 55 4.7.4 Field Inspection of Taxpayers System 55 4.7.5 The Information System of Coordination Between Real Estate Rental Tax and Income Tax: 57 4.7.6 Tax Clearance Certificates (TCC) 58 4.7.7 Commercial Bookkeeping Regulation for Income Tax Purposes No. (2) 1985 59 CHAPTER 5: ANALYSIS OF THE TAX ADMINISTRATION IN PRACTICE: EVIDENCE FROM INTERVIEWEES 61 5.1 ANALYSIS OF INTERVIEW 61 5.1.1 Profile of Interviewees 61 5.1.2 Tax Administration Resources 61 5.1.3 Stakeholders Support for Tax Administration 64 5.1.4 Criminal Penalties in the Income Tax Law 66 5.1.5 Institutional Arrangement of the GCT 68 5.1.6 Best Practices to Improve Taxpayer Compliance 71 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION 73 6.1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 73 6.2 RECOMMENDATIONS 75 6.3 POLICY IMPLICATIONS 81 6.4 CONCLUSION 84 REFERENCES 86 LEGISLATION 90 ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 91 List of Tables Table 1. Estimated Federal budget of Iraq (2012-2017) 34 Table 2. Planned and Actual Revenues 2017 40 Table 3. Comparison of Taxpayers by Percentage- Business and Professions Department 42 Table 4. Comparison of Taxpayers by Percentage- Companies Department 44 List of Charts Chart 1. Flow chart of the Iraqi Tax system 39 ; Master

The challenge for rural communities to provide quality education for early childhood in Indonesia is difficult. National politics, policies, and economic and cultural conditions affect the Early Childhood Education system, and Indonesia is a large multicultural country, so, even the quality of education is difficult. This study aims to look at the quality of children's education in Pandalungan. Using qualitative methods with ethnographic design, data collection techniques using interviews, observation, and documentation. The results showed that educational institutions for children in urban areas can be categorized quite high. However, for early childhood education services in Desa Sukorambi Pandalungan, the quality is quite poor. Research suggestions are the need for follow-up related to social, economic, cultural and environmental factors at the level of Pandalungan community awareness of early childhood education. Keywords: Early Childhood, Learning Quality, Pandalungan Community References: Bernal, R., & Ramírez, S. M. (2019). Improving the quality of early childhood care at scale: The effects of "From Zero to Forever." World Development, 118, 91–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.02.012 Bers, M. U., González-González, C., & Armas-Torres, M. B. (2019). Coding as a playground: Promoting positive learning experiences in childhood classrooms. Computers and Education, 138, 130–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.04.013 Biersteker, L., Dawes, A., Hendricks, L., & Tredoux, C. (2016). Center-based early childhood care and education program quality: A South African study. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 36, 334–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2016.01.004 Burchinal, M. (2018). Measuring Early Care and Education Quality. Child Development Perspectives, 12(1), 3–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12260 Church, A., & Bateman, A. (2019). Methodology and professional development: Conversation Analytic Role-play Method (CARM) for early childhood education. Journal of Pragmatics, 143(xxxx), 242–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2019.01.022 Ciolan, L. E. (2013). Play to Learn, Learn to Play. Creating Better Opportunities for Learning in Early Childhood. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 76, 186–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.04.096 Correia, N., Camilo, C., Aguiar, C., & Amaro, F. (2019). Children's right to participate in early childhood education settings: A systematic review. Children and Youth Services Review, 100, 76–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.02.031 Cycyk, L. M., & Hammer, C. S. (2018). Beliefs, values, and practices of Mexican immigrant families towards language and learning in toddlerhood: Setting the foundation for early childhood education. Early Childhood Research Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2018.09.009 Dick, C. & C. (2009). The Sistematic Design Of Instruction. New Jersey: Upper Saddle River. Grindal, T., Bowne, J. B., Yoshikawa, H., Schindler, H. S., Duncan, G. J., Magnuson, K., & Shonkoff, J. P. (2016). The added impact of parenting education in early childhood education programs: A meta-analysis. Children and Youth Services Review, 70, 238–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.09.018 Herbers, J. E., Cutuli, J. J., Jacobs, E. L., Tabachnick, A. R., & Kichline, T. (2019). Early childhood risk and later adaptation: A person-centered approach using latent profiles. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 62(January), 66–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2019.01.003 Hunkin, E. (2018). Whose quality? The (mis)uses of quality reform in early childhood and education policy. Journal of Education Policy, 33(4), 443–456. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680939.2017.1352032 Johson, J. E, & Roopnarine, J. L. (2011). Pendidikan anak usia dini dalam berbagai pendekatan. Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media Group. Lucas, F. M. M. (2017). The Game as an Early Childhood Learning Resource for Intercultural Education. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 237(June 2016), 908–913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2017.02.127 Atwi Suparman. (2012). Desain Intruksional Modern. Jakarta: Erlangga. Mapiare, A. (2013). Tipe-tipe Metode Riset Kualitatif Untuk Eksplanasi Sosial Budaya Dan Bimbingan Konseling. Malang: Elang Emas & Prodi Bimbingan Dan Konseling Fakultas Ilmu Pendidikan Universitas Negeri Malang. Milner, K. M., Bhopal, S., Black, M., Dua, T., Gladstone, M., Hamadani, J., … Lawn, J. E. (2019). Counting outcomes, coverage and quality for early child development programmes. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 104, S3–S12. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2018-315430 Morrison, G. S. (2012). Dasar-dasar Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini. Jakarta: Indeks. Nutbrown, C. (2011). Key Concepts in Early Childhood Education and Care (2nd ed.). London: SAGE Publication Ltd. Perpres. Pelaksanaan Pencapaian Tujuan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan. , 6 Peraturan Presiden RI § (2017). Puspita, W. A. (2013). Multikulturalisme dalam Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini. Jurnal Ilmiah VISI P2TK PAUDNI, 8(2), 144–152. Raikes, A., Sayre, R., Davis, D., Anderson, K., Hyson, M., Seminario, E., & Burton, A. (2019). The Measuring Early Learning Quality & Outcomes initiative: purpose, process and results. Early Years, 39(4), 360–375. https://doi.org/10.1080/09575146.2019.1669142 Satrio Roefandi, P. (2019). Keluarga Pendalungan, Keluarga Berbasis Budaya Madura Atau Jawa? 10 Th Psychofest Conference, (March), 316–324. https://doi.org/10.31227/osf.io/v8g5b Stokoe, E. (2014). The Conversation Analytic Role-play Method (CARM): a method for training communication skills as an alternative to simulated role-play. Res. Lang. Soc. Interact, 47(3), 255–265. Sutarto, A. (2006). Sekilas Tentang Masyarakat Pandalungan. Jelajah Budaya 2006, 1–7. Suyadi. (2010). Psikologi Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Insan Madani. Tapscott, D. (2011). Grown Up Digital: How the Net Generation Is Changing Your World. Bucharest: Publica. Wijana, W. D. (2014). Konsep-Konsep Dasar Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini. In UT. https://doi.org/10.1101/112268 Yoshikawa, H., Wuermli, A. J., Raikes, A., Kim, S., & Kabay, S. B. (2018). Toward High-Quality Early Childhood Development Programs and Policies at National Scale: Directions for Research in Global Contexts. Social Policy Report,31(1), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2379-3988.2018.tb00091.x

Las ciudades intermedias y su influencia con la región presentan rasgos importantes que caracterizan a las mismas, razón por la cual se hace necesario una planificación adecuada para velar sobre su adecuado crecimiento y con ello sobre el bienestar de sus habitantes. En el Ecuador el marco normativo de referencia, establecido a través del Código Orgánico de Organización Territorial, Autonomía y Descentralización (COOTAD) y con otros instrumentos normativos que se basan en la Constitución de 2008, se han establecido las responsabilidades y atribuciones de las Gobiernos Locales en el tema objeto de estudio, teniendo como eje central el estudio "La ciudad intermedia en la escala regional; el caso Cuenca-Ecuador" La presente investigación identifica la influencia que tiene la ciudad intermedia a escala regional, tomando como caso de estudio la ciudad de Cuenca en su región, pero con una visión que permite proponer estrategias de desarrollo desde la ciudad hacia la región. Para ello, el estudio se ha fundamentado en técnicas de recopilación y procesamiento de datos cualitativos y cuantitativos, permitiendo que el análisis sea descriptivo-concluyente; posteriormente se aplicó un esquema metodológico que guio la formulación de recomendaciones estratégicas a sustento del desarrollo local de Cuenca hacia su área de influencia. Bajo este contexto se busca Identificar la influencia que tiene la ciudad intermedia en su región para aportar una base conceptual y metodológica de análisis territorial que admita diseñar estrategias de ordenamiento territorial, para ello se planteó delimitar la ciudad intermedia de la ciudad de Cuenca considerando como variables de análisis la migración hacia Cuenca, El Tránsito Promedio Diario Anual (TPDA), destino de las capitales provinciales con relación a Cuenca, movilidad por salud, movilidad por educación superior y procedencia de productos canasta básica. Con ello formular recomendaciones para elaborar una estrategia territorial desde la ciudad intermedia de Cuenca hacia la región. Con estos antecedentes se planteó como interrogante de investigación ¿Cuál es la región de la ciudad intermedia de Cuenca? Misma que se buscó responder en el trascurso del estudio por medio de las variables analizadas para el efecto, de igual manera se plantearon las siguientes sub hipótesis de estudio:  H1= Caracterizar la ciudad intermedia de Cuenca aporta para establecer estrategias de desarrollo territorial  H2= La gestión influye en el desarrollo integral planificado por las entidades rectoras en territorio  H3= La movilidad interna hacia Cuenca constituye un factor relevante para considerarla como ciudad intermedia Con base en los resultados obtenidos a través de la investigación exploratoria se pudo evidenciar que Cuenca tiene varios elementos de intermediación que la convierten en una ciudad con expectativas de crecimiento significativos, que motivan a establecer líneas bases estratégicas para mejorar los procesos de planificación y con ello el desarrollo local con enfoque regional. ; Intermediate cities and their influence with the region present important features that characterize them, which is why adequate planning is necessary to ensure proper growth and thus the welfare of its inhabitants. In Ecuador, the normative frame of reference, established through the Organic Code of Territorial Organization, Autonomy and Decentralization (COOTAD) and with other normative instruments that are based on the 2008 Constitution, have established the responsibilities and attributions of the Local Governments. in the subject matter of study, having as central axis the study "The intermediate city in the regional scale; the Cuenca-Ecuador case " This research identifies the influence that the intermediate city has on a regional scale, taking as a case study the city of Cuenca in its region, but with a vision that allows proposing development strategies from the city to the region. For this, the study has been based on techniques of qualitative and quantitative data collection and processing, allowing the analysis to be descriptive-conclusive; Subsequently, a methodological scheme was applied that guided the formulation of strategic recommendations to support the local development of Cuenca towards its area of influence. Under this context, it is sought to identify the influence that the intermediate city has in its region in order to provide a conceptual and methodological basis of territorial analysis that admits the design of spatial planning strategies, for which purpose it was proposed to delimit the intermediate city of the city of Cuenca considering as variables of analysis the migration towards Cuenca, the Annual Average Daily Traffic (TPDA), destiny of the provincial capitals in relation to Cuenca, mobility for health, mobility for higher education and origin of basic basket products. With this, make recommendations to develop a territorial strategy from the intermediate city of Cuenca to the region. With this background it was posed as a research question: What is the region of the intermediate city of Cuenca? Same thing that we tried to answer in the course of the study by means of the variables analyzed for the effect, in the same way the following sub-hypotheses were studied:  H1 = Characterize the intermediate city of Cuenca contributes to establish territorial development strategies  H2 = The management influences the integral development planned by the governing entities in the territory  H3 = Internal mobility to Cuenca is a relevant factor to consider it as an intermediate city Based on the results obtained through exploratory research it was possible to show that Cuenca has several elements of intermediation that make it a city with significant growth expectations, which motivate to establish strategic baselines to improve planning processes and thereby local development with a regional focus. ; Magíster en Ordenación Territorial ; Cuenca

El mundo actual ha comenzado a entender que el fin último de cualquier acción es definitivamente el ser humano. Conscientes que por muchos años se ha dado mayor importancia a organizaciones que priorizan los recursos más valiosos de la naturaleza y que mediante estos se han beneficiado unos pocos, aislándose del bien común que ha sido la base filosófica del desarrollo de una sociedad exitosa. De aquí que un aspecto tan relevante para cualquier comunidad organizada, como lo es la gobernanza, retome sus bases fundamentales y se "renueve" en la gobernanza comunitaria que implementa la economía civil como eje fundamental de desarrollo, dejando atrás propuestas que involucran formas como el caudillismo, el corporativismo o incluso formas de gobierno como la populista y neopopulista. Este hecho dio paso a la democracia, generando que desde la misma sociedad civil surja una visión crítica más participativa, propiciando el surgimiento de nuevos actores que en este caso demandan principios de ciudadanía y empoderamiento civil. Varios escritores convergen en la idea de que esta nueva sociedad civil empoderada está dispuesta a movilizarse por temas como la democratización política, social y la reconstrucción de las economías nacionales alrededor del capital social. Con el desarrollo de la presente investigación se estudió el proceso de gobernanza comunitaria que actualmente se vive en el municipio de Rionegro, específicamente en los espacios de participación ciudadana generados por la administración municipal, entre ellos el presupuesto participativo; para lo cual basados en un referente de la implementación de este instrumento de participación ciudadana como lo es el municipio de Medellín, se identifican algunas diferencias, para finalmente generar una serie de conclusiones y recomendaciones que podrían ser tenidas en cuenta en la municipalidad, facilitando la posibilidad de empoderar a la sociedad civil y potenciar el conocimiento de éstos con respecto al uso y priorización de los recursos públicos. En aquellos casos donde no existe un encuentro que permita la incidencia ciudadana en las decisiones de gobierno, se evidencian serios problemas de desconfianza entre los actores, incumplimiento de compromisos por parte de los gobernantes, mal manejo de la información y adquisición de información fragmentada por parte de la sociedad civil; hechos que dividen las relaciones entre el Estado y los actores que lo conforman. Buscando profundizar en este tema, se ha planteado la siguiente pregunta que fue la línea de base para el desarrollo de la presente investigación: ¿La aplicación del presupuesto participativo como herramienta de participación ciudadana, está siendo un medio efectivo de gobernanza en Rionegro? La relación de este tema con la Maestría en Gerencia de Empresas Sociales para la Innovación Social y el Desarrollo Local se encuentra precisamente en el cuarto ámbito que hace referencia al desarrollo local, la base de este estudio. ; The current world has begun to understand that the ultimate goal of any action is definitely the human being. Aware that for many years greater importance has been given to organizations that prioritize the most valuable resources of nature and that through these have benefited a few, isolating themselves from the common good that has been the philosophical basis of the development of a successful society. Hence, an aspect so relevant to any organized community, such as governance, retakes its fundamental bases and is "renewed" in the community governance that implements the civil economy as a fundamental axis of development, leaving behind proposals that involve ways such as caudillismo, corporatism or even forms of government such as populist and neopopulist. This fact gave way to democracy, generating from the civil society itself a more participatory critical vision, fostering the emergence of new actors that in this case demand principles of citizenship and civil empowerment. Several writers converge on the idea that this new empowered civil society is willing to mobilize on issues such as political and social democratization and the reconstruction of national economies around social capital. With the development of the present investigation, the community governance process currently being studied in the municipality of Rionegro was studied, specifically in the spaces for citizen participation generated by the municipal administration, including the participatory budget; for which based on a reference of the implementation of this instrument of citizen participation as it is the municipality of Medellin, some differences are identified, to finally generate a series of conclusions and recommendations that could be taken into account in the municipality, facilitating the possibility of empowering civil society and enhancing their knowledge regarding the use and prioritization of public resources. In those cases where there is no meeting that allows citizens to take part in government decisions, there are serious problems of distrust among the actors, breach of commitments on the part of the government, mismanagement of information and fragmented information acquisition on the part of the government. of civil society; facts that divide the relations between the State and the actors that comprise it. Seeking to deepen this issue, the following question has been raised, which was the baseline for the development of this research: Is the implementation of the participatory budget as a tool for citizen participation being an effective means of governance in Rionegro? The relationship of this topic with the Master in Social Enterprise Management for Social Innovation and Local Development is precisely in the fourth area that refers to local development, the basis of this study.

The information and views set out in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the company (British American Tobacco). ; The objective of this article is to present an overview, the advantages and disadvantages of the International Registration of Marks under the Madrid System. With over 1.3 million trade marks registered, the Madrid System is the top choice for international trade mark registration among multinational companies. There are three possible routes that traders might take to register a trade mark: national, European or international. A national registration system for trade marks provides protection at a national level only. Registration at the EU level through a single application to the European Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO) in Alicante, Spain provides protection in all 28 EU Member States. International registration of marks under the Madrid System, administered by the International Bureau of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) in Geneva, Switzerland enables traders to obtain protection in a number of different jurisdictions via a single application. This article will focus on the description of the main features of international registration of marks under the Madrid System, its advantages and disadvantages which should be considered by traders before deciding which route to take in order to protect their trade mark. ; agnieszkaprzygoda@gmail.com ; Assistant Trade Mark Counsel (British American Tobacco, London), Chartered UK Trade Mark Attorney, Professional Certificate in Trade Mark Practice, Nottingham Trent University, Certificate in Trade Mark Law and Practice, Queen Mary University of London, Master in Intellectual Property, University of Alicante. ; British American Tobacco, London, United Kingdom ; Bently, L., & Sherman, B. (2014). Intellectual Property Law 4th Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ; Birkbeck, C. D. (2016). The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO): A Reference Guide. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. ; Cohen Jehoram, T., Van Nispen, C., & Huydecoper, T. (2010). European Trademark Law: Community Trademark Law and Harmonized National Trademark Law. Kluwer Law International. ; Davis, R. D., St Quintin, T., & Tritton, G. (2018). Tritton on Intellectual Property in Europe. 5th Edition. London: Sweet & Maxwell. ; Dinwoodie, G. B., & Janis, M. D. (2008). Trademark Law and Theory. A Handbook of Contemporary Research. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. ; Eastaway, N., Gallafent, R., Dauppe, V., & Kimber, J. (2013). Intellectual Property Law and Taxation. 8th Edition. London: Sweet & Maxwell. ; EUIPO. (2017). Guidelines for Examination of European Union Trade Marks Part B Examination Section 4 Absolute Grounds for Refusal Chapter 4. Retrieved from EUIPO: https://euipo.europa.eu/tunnel-web/secure/webdav/guest/document_library/contentPdfs/law_and_practice/trade_marks_practice_manual/WP_2_2017/Part-B/04-part_b_examination_section_4_absolute_grounds_for_refusal/part_B_examination_section_4_chapter_4/part_B_ex. ; EUIPO. (2017). Guidelines for Examination of European Union Trade Marks Part D Cancellation Section 2 Substantive Provisions. Retrieved from EUIPO: https://euipo.europa.eu/tunnel-web/secure/webdav/guest/document_library/contentPdfs/law_and_practice/trade_marks_practice_manual/WP_2_2017/Part-D/02-part_d_cancellation_section_2_substantive_provisions/part_d%20cancellation_section_2_substantive_provision. ; EUIPO. (2017). Guidelines for Examination of European Union Trade Marks Part M International Marks. 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[spa] El presente trabajo es una investigación documental, titulada: "El derecho de acceso a la información pública en la República Dominicana". Para el estudio se plantearon las siguientes preguntas: 1-¿Hasta qué punto se puede considerar el acceso a la información pública como un derecho fundamental en el ordenamiento jurídico dominicano?, 2-Cuáles son los criterios jurisprudenciales de los tribunales dominicanos en la aplicación del derecho de acceso a la información pública?,3- ¿Cuáles son los casos más frecuentes de que son apoderados los tribunales dominicanos relacionados al derecho de acceso a la información pública?, 4-¿Con cuáles mecanismos de protección cuentan los administrados para hacer valer el derecho de acceso a la información pública en ordenamiento jurídico dominicano?. El Objetivo General planteado fue: Analizar el derecho de acceso a la información pública en la República Dominicana, desde el punto de vista legal, doctrinal y jurisprudencial. Los objetivos específicos, planteados fueron: 1-Determinar el derecho de acceso a la información pública como derecho fundamental en el ordenamiento jurídico dominicano, 2-Describir los criterios jurisprudenciales de los tribunales dominicanos en la aplicación del derecho de acceso a la información pública, 3- Identificar los casos más frecuentes de que son apoderados los tribunales dominicanos relacionados al derecho de acceso a la información pública, 4-Señalar los mecanismos de protección al derecho de acceso a la información pública en ordenamiento jurídico dominicano. Para la realización del mismo se tomó en consideración la Constitución dominicana, la Ley No. 200-04 y su reglamento de aplicación, la Convención Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, el Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles, y otras leyes vinculadas al tema, la doctrina nacional e internacional, pero de manera especial las decisiones más trascendentales dadas por el TC dominicano. El trabajo está dividido en 7 capítulos, el primero es un capítulo introductorio, los demás un desarrollo teórico del tema, y el 7 contiene las conclusiones, propuesta a futuro y las referencias bibliográficas. ; [eng] This paper is a research documentary, entitled: "The right of access to public information in the Dominican Republic". To study the following questions were raised: 1 - to what extent can be considered the access to public information as a fundamental right in the Dominican legal order?, 2-which are the courts case law criteria do Dominicans in the implementation of the right of access to public information?, 3 - What are the most frequent cases that are proxy the Dominican courts related to the right of access to public information?, 4 - with which protection mechanisms do you have managed to assert the right of access to public information in Dominican legal system.? The proposed General objective was to: examine the right of access to public information in the Dominican Republic, from the point of view of legal, doctrinal and jurisprudential. The raised, specific objectives were: 1 - determine the right of access to public information as a fundamental right in the Dominican legal order, 2 - describe the jurisprudential criteria of the Dominican courts in the application the right of access to public information, 3 - identify the most frequent cases that are proxy the Dominican courts related to the right of access to public information, 4 - point out the mechanisms of protection of the right of access to the public information in Dominican legal system. For the realization of the same was taken in consideration the Dominican Constitution, law No. 200-04 and its implementing regulations, the Inter-American Convention on human rights, the International Covenant on civil rights, and other laws related to the topic, the national and international doctrine but in a special way the most momentous decisions given by the Dominican TC. The work is divided into and 7 contains conclusions, proposed future and bibliographic references. ; [cat] El present treball és una recerca documental, titulada: "El dret d'accés a la informació pública a la República Dominicana". Per a l'estudi es van plantejar les següents preguntes: 1-¿Hasta quin punt es pot considerar l'accés a la informació pública com un dret fonamental en l'ordenament jurídic dominicà ?, 2-Quins són els criteris jurisprudencials dels tribunals dominicans en l'aplicació del dret d'accés a la informació pública?, 3-quins són els casos més freqüents que són apoderats els tribunals dominicans relacionats al dret d'accés a la informació pública ?, 4-¿Con quins mecanismes de protecció compten els administrats per fer valer el dret d'accés a la informació pública en l'ordenament jurídic dominicà ?. L'Objectiu General plantejat va ser: Analitzar el dret d'accés a la informació pública a la República Dominicana, des del punt de vista legal, doctrinal i jurisprudencial. Els objectius específics, plantejats van ser: 1-Determinar el dret d'accés a la informació pública com a dret fonamental en l'ordenament jurídic dominicà, 2-Descriure els criteris jurisprudencials dels tribunals dominicans en l'aplicació del dret d'accés a la informació pública, 3 -Identificar els casos més freqüents que són apoderats els tribunals dominicans relacionats al dret d'accés a la informació pública, 4-Assenyalar els mecanismes de protecció al dret d'accés a la informació pública en l'ordenament jurídic dominicà. Per a la realització del mateix es va prendre en consideració la Constitució dominicana, la Llei No. 200-04 i el seu reglament d'aplicació, la Convenció Interamericana de Drets Humans, el Pacte Internacional de Drets Civils, i altres lleis vinculades al tema, la doctrina nacional i internacional, però de manera especial les decisions més transcendentals donades pel TC dominicà. El treball està dividit en 7 capítols, el primer és un capítol introductori, els altres un desenvolupament teòric del tema, i el 7 conté les conclusions, proposta a futur i les referències bibliogràfiques.

Introduction. Nowadays, patriotic education is a strategic reference point of the Russian education system. However, in the modern sociocultural situation, characterised by diversity, discrepancy, multi-vector nature of development of society and polystylicity of culture, it is necessary to revise the forms of patriotic education in order to adjust them in accordance with the requirements and mental features of new young generation – so-called generation Z, which is considerably different from the previous generation of peers. The aims of the research were the following: to identify promising areas and vectors of patriotic education, to demonstrate its resources and to highlight the most relevant means and possibilities, which are appropriate to present-day realities. Methodology and research methods. The work was based on the method of discursive analysis, which allows the dependence of patriotic education practices on modern realities and socio-psychological characteristics of adolescents and youth to be revealed. In the course of the research, the methods of comparative analysis, systematisation and classification were employed. Results and scientific novelty. The conceptual and category-based framework of patriotic education and its structure are specified. Patriotism is considered as the most important component of the value-normative system of a personality. Patriotism is based on a positive cultural identity. Patriotism is distinguished by an active character-readiness and ability of a person to transform his or her feelings towards homeland into deeds and acts, which are necessary for the good of the country. The analysis of practices of patriotic education in different countries allowed the authors to allocate two basic directions – civil-patriotic and military-patriotic education, which act as the complementary components of integral system. Civil-patriotic education is a purposeful, consciously carried out pedagogical process of organisation and management of learners' activities for mastering socio-cultural, socio-political, economic, moral and ethical experience of democratic relations through media education and participation in socially approved projects, civil-law campaigns and charitable events, which foster tolerance for various categories of fellow citizens. Military-patriotic education implies the formation of necessary qualities and skills for performance of a military duty in ranks of the Russian Federation's Armed Forces and, furthermore, for understanding and awareness of the personal role and place in service to the Fatherland. This direction involves education towards military traditions, museum pedagogics, participation in historical reconstructions and specially designed computer games related to military-patriotic issues. The list of educational practices, outlined in the present publication, does not purport to be complete and exhaustive. The task of authors consisted in the search for and choice of those, which, on the one hand, fill an ideological construct "patriotism" with live contents, attract teenagers and youth, and, on the other hand, answer the requests of society for education of a socially responsible personality with sustainable value system. Practical significance of the research is determined by the appropriateness and efficiency of applying the described forms and methods of educational work into teaching practice. ; Введение. Воспитание, в том числе патриотическое, является стратегическим ориентиром российского образования. Однако в современной социокультурной ситуации, характеризующейся разноплановостью, противоречивостью, многовекторностью развития общества и полистилистичностью культуры, необходим пересмотр его форм, с тем чтобы привести их в максимальное соответствие с потребностями и ментальными особенностями нового юного поколения – так называемого поколения Z, заметно отличающегося от предшествующих генераций сверстников. Цели работы – обозначить перспективы и векторы патриотического воспитания, продемонстрировать его ресурсы и выявить наиболее актуальные, адекватные сегодняшним реалиям способы и возможности его реализации. Методология и методы. В качестве ведущего метода работы применялся дискурсивный анализ, позволяющий установить зависимость использующихся форм и видов воспитания патриотизма от быстро меняющихся условий жизнедеятельности и социально-психологических качеств современных подростков и молодежи. Кроме того, при выполнении исследования были задействованы методы сравнительно-сопоставительного анализа, систематизации и классификации. Результаты и научная новизна. Уточнены понятийно-категориальный аппарат патриотического воспитания и его структура. Рассмотрена сущность патриотизма как важнейшего компонента ценностно-нормативной системы личности, в основе которого лежит положительная культурная идентичность. Подчеркивается деятельный характер патриотизма, выражающийся в готовности и способности преобразовывать чувства, испытываемые человеком к Родине, в дела и поступки ради ее блага. С учетом результатов анализа и обобщения практик и содержания патриотического воспитания в разных странах выделены два его основополагающих направления – гражданско-патриотическое и военно-патриотическое, которые выступают взаимодополняющими составляющими целостной системы. Гражданско-патриотическое направление трактуется как целенаправленный, сознательно осуществляемый педагогический процесс организации и управления деятельностью обучающихся по овладению социально-культурным, социально-политическим, экономическим, морально-этическим опытом демократических отношений посредством участия в социально одобряемых проектах, гражданско-правовых акциях, благотворительных мероприятиях, укрепляющих толерантность к разным категориям сограждан, и через получение медиаобразования. Военно-патриотический аспект воспитания подразумевает прежде всего формирование качеств и навыков, которые нужны для выполнения воинского долга в рядах Вооруженных сил Российской Федерации; а также осмысление и осознание молодыми людьми своей роли и места в служении Отечеству. Данное направление включает воспитание на воинских традициях, музейную педагогику, участие в исторических реконструкциях и специальных компьютерных играх военно-патриотической тематики. Перечень воспитательных практик, о которых идет речь в публикации, не претендует на полноту и исчерпанность. Задача авторов состояла в поиске и выборе тех практик, которые, с одной стороны, наполняют идеологический конструкт «патриотизм» живым содержанием, привлекательны для подростков и молодежи, а с другой стороны, отвечают запросам общества на воспитание социально ответственной личности с устойчивой ценностной системой.Практическая значимость исследования определяется целесообразностью внедрения в педагогическую практику и эффективностью описанных авторами форм и методов воспитательной работы.

The riches of the Ukrainian dialectal lexicon provide multifaceted opportunities for the study of its composition structure, the system of organization, features of functioning and its areal specifics. One of the most important tasks of modern Ukrainian dialectology is the systemic study of the vocabulary throughout the ethnic-speaking territory. In this context, the study of the dialects that have lost the integrity of areal as a result of political processes becomes a topical scientific issue. In the middle of the twentieth century (1944–1947), the Western ethnic group of the Ukrainians, Lemki, experienced the greatest tragedy in history – forced eviction from their native lands to the territory of the Ukrainian SSR and the north-western lands of Poland. In 1945 a doctor-dentist, musician-amateur, a well-known collector of Lemky folk songs Orest Hyzha was deported to Ukraine. His collection «Ukrainian Folk Songs from Lemkivshchyna» includes 300 song samples, recorded by O.Hyzha since1933.The article analyzes the dialectal lexical units revealed in the folk texts of Lemky-migrants. The materials of the case study allowed to distinguish ten lexical-semantic groups: 1) verbs (words for the designation of physiological, mental processes and states, verbs of motion and displacement, actions that cause changes in the object, speech processes); 2) lexicon to indicate the names of buildings, agricultural structures, their parts and other related objects; 3) vocabulary for designating persons by the kind of their activity or employment; 4) vocabulary for the designation of family members, families, family ties, the names of persons by their matrimonial or age status; 5) adjectives with the positive / negative connotation; 6) the names of the garments and footwear; 7) the names of foods, drinks, kitchen utensils; 8) the names of the household objects; 9) vocabulary for designation of the realities of the animal-plant world (flora and fauna); 10) appellative names for the geographical concepts. In the lyrics, there are also a lot of borrowings from other languages, especially from the neighboring countries (Polish, Slovak and German). The register of dialectical vocabulary reflects the local characteristic features of the carriers of the southern-western Lemky dialect. The dialectal core of the folk songs language of the south-west dialect proves the necessity of involving multi-ethnic folklore texts into the dialectological research. Key words: dialectical vocabulary, folklore, Lemki, the dialect of Lemki, Southwestern dialect, nomen, lexical-semantic group. Sources Etymolohichnyi slovnyk ukrainskoi movy, edited by O. S. Melnychuk. 7 vols. Kyiv: Naukova dumka, 1982–2012. Slovnyk ukrainskoi movy, edited by I. K. Bilodid. 11 vols. Kyiv: Naukova dumka, 1970–1980. Ukrainski narodni pisni z Lemkivshchyny. Horlytsi, 1997–2002. References Verkhratskyi, Ivan. Pro hovor halytskykh Lemkiv. Lviv, 1902. Zhylko, Fedot. Hovory ukrainskoi movy. Kyiv, 1958. Zaleskyi, Anton. "Naibilsh zakhidnyi ukrainskyi hovir". Kultura slova, iss. 33, 1987, pp.68–71. Nakonechny, Volodymyr. Lemki in the XX century: life on the ethnic lands and the new geopolitical context. PhD Thesis Abstract. Kyiv, 2008. Orlowska B.-A. "Assimilation or adaptation of Lemkos in the western Polish". Karpatskyi kray. no 1 (3), 2013, pp. 5–12. Pyrtei, P. Korotkyi slovnyk lemkivskykh hovirok. Ivano-Frankivsk: Siversiia MV, 2004. Uhoda mizh Uriadom Ukrainskoi Radianskoi Sotsialistychnoi Respubliky i Polskym Komitetom Natsionalnoho vyzvolennia pro evakuatsiiu ukrainskoho naselennia z terytorii Polshchi i polskykh hromadian z terytorii URSR (vid 09.09.1944). zakon3.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/616_065 Ukrainskyi instytut natsionalnoi pamiati. www.memory.gov.ua Khaliuk, Lesia. "The 1947 Operation Vistula in the Light of Oral Narratives of Ukrainian Settlers: A History of Studies and Themes". Folk art and ethnology, no 3, 2018, pp. 71–8. Studia methodologica, iss. 27, 2009. Z łemkowskiej skrzyni. W 2 cz. Lemko-Tower, 2004. ; Вивчення говірок, які внаслідок політичних процесів утратили цілісність ареалу, набуває особливого значення. У середині ХХ століття (1944 – 1947 рр.) лемки, західна група українського народу, перенесли етноцид – насильницьке виселення з рідних земель на територію України та на північно-західні землі Польщі. Стаття присвячена аналізу діалектної лексики в текстах народних пісень, записаних Орестом Гижею від лемків-переселенців. З'ясовано семантику виявлених діалектних іменників, дієслів, прикметників, прислівників, службових частин мови. Визначено найбільш репрезентативні семантичні групи досліджуваних лексем. Ключові слова: діалектна лексика, фольклор, лемки, лемківський діалект, південно-західне наріччя, номен, лексико-семантична група. Покликання Список використаних джерел Етимологічний словник української мови, за ред. О. С. Мельничука. В 7 т. Київ: Наукова думка, 1982–2012. Словник української мови, за ред. І. К. Білодіда. В 11 т. Київ: Наукова думка, 1970–1980. Українські народні пісні з Лемківщини. Горлиці, 1997–2002. Список використаної літератури Верхратський, Іван. Про говор галицких Лемків. Львів, 1902. Жилко, Федот. Говори української мови. Київ, 1958. Залеський, Антон. «Найбільш західний український говір». Культура слова, вип. 33, 1987, с. 68–71. Наконечний, Володимир. Лемки в ХХ столітті: життя на етнічних землях та в нових геополітичних умовах. Автореф. дис. . канд. істор. наук: 09.00.12. Київ, 2008. Орловська Б.-А. «Асиміляція чи адаптація лемків на західних землях Польщі». Карпатський край, № 1 (3), 2013, с. 5–12. Пиртей, П. Короткий словник лемківських говірок. Івано-Франківськ: Сіверсія МВ, 2004. Угода між Урядом Української Радянської Соціалістичної Республіки і Польським Комітетом Національного визволення про евакуацію українського населення з території Польщі і польських громадян з території УРСР (від 09.09.1944). URL: http://zakon3.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/616_065 Український інститут національної пам'яті. URL: http://www.memory.gov.ua/ Халюк, Леся. «Акція "Віслаˮ 1947 року в усних оповідях українців-переселенців: історія досліджень і тематика». Народна творчість та етнологія, № 3, 2018, с. 71–8. Studia methodologica, вип. 27, 2009. Z łemkowskiej skrzyni. W 2 cz. Lemko-Tower, 2004.

The article deals with English and other foreign reactions-borrowings in the associative fields ofUkrainian social and political lexis. The research is based on the results of the mass associative experiment (1000 respondents)held in Ukraine in 2013 – 2016. The foreign borrowings have been classified, the English borrowings in the associative fieldsof the Ukrainian social and political associative fields have been considered. The English spots have been analyzed and thestrategies of English associating were found out. These English borrowings certify a foreign influence on the Ukrainian mind.It was found that associative fields of Ukrainian social and political lexis include borrowings from the Greek, Latin, German,French, Italian, English languages, and Latin borrowings are occurred to be the most popular. The amount of Englishborrowings is 0,5 – 5 % of the total amount of foreign borrowings (1,86 – 16,19 %), the amount of English spots is 0,31 –3,26 % of the total amount of the associative field. During the English associating the respondents provided semantic,toponymic, reminiscence, translating, transliterated, estimated and phonetic strategies where semantic and reminiscence oneshave been found to be the most dominant. It was found out that the most frequent English borrowings are business, budget,leader, Parliament, football and others. English borrowings and spots in the associative fields of Ukrainian social and politicallexis justify the transforming influence of English on the young Ukrainians' world view as well as on their mind. References Busel, V. T. 2003. Velykyi tlumachnyi slovnyk suchasnoyi ukrainskoyi movy. Kyiv; Irpin: VTF "Perun". Chernikova, L. F., Smilyk, T. I. 2009. "Anglitsyzmy v suchasniy ukrainskiy movi". Kultura narodovPrychernomorya 152:129–133. Hryhorenko, M. 2014. "Osoblyvosti protsesu zapozychennia v suchasniy ukrainskyi movi". Visnyk Lvivskogo universytetu: Philologiya 61:255–261. Kapush, A. V. 2016. "Movna sytuatsiya v Yevropi v umovakh dominuyuchoho vplyvu anhliyskoyi movy (na prykladi nimetskoyi movy)". Naukovi Zapysky NDU. 1:8–12. Karpilovska, Ye. A. 2017. Vplyv suspilnykh zmin na rozvytok ukrainskoyi movy. Kyiv: Vyd. dim DmytraBurago. Kholiavko, I. V. 2004. "Suspilno-politychna leksyka u presi 90-h rokiv 20 st. (semantyko-funktsionalnyianaliz)". Phd diss., Kirovograd. Kotvytska, V. A. 2012. "Phiksatsiya movnoyi sytuatsiyi protsesu zapozychuvannia anglomovnykh slivnimetskoyu movoyu protiagom ostanniogo desiatylittia XX – na pochatku XXI st". Naukovi zapyskyNatsionalnogo universytetu "Ostrozka Akademia". 24:162–163. Kozub, L. S. 2017 "Osoblyvosti vykorystannia anglitsyzmiv u suchasnii ukrainskii movi". Naukovyi visnykMizhnarodnogo humanitarnogo universytetu: Philologiya 26(2):40–42. Leleka, T. 2009. "Zapozychennia z angliyskoyi u suspilno-politychniy ta economichniy spherah v ukrainskii i rosiyskii movah: funktsionalno-stylistychnyi aspekt". Naukovi zapysky Kirovogradskogo derzhavnoho pedagogichnoho universytetu after Volodymyr Vynnychenko: Philologiya 81(1):343–348.http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/Nzs_2009_81(1)__84. Levchenko, K. I. 2011."Leksyko-semantychni uhrupovannia anhlitsyzmiv u slenhovii systemi ukrainskoimovy". Philologichni nauky. Poltava. 1(7):71–80. Maistruk, T. S. 2010. "Bezpidstavnist uzhyvannia anhlizmiv riznyh semantychnyh grup u tekstahpublitsystychnoho styliu". Linhvistyka i poetyka tekstu. Philologichni Studiyi 5:180–187. Melnychuk, O. S. 1974 Slovnyk inshomovnyh sliv. Kyiv. Molotkyna, O. Yu. 2016. "Movni ta pozamovni prychyny pronyknennia anhlizmiv u suchasnu ukrainskumovu". Sotsium. Dokument. Komunikatsiya 2:112–124. Mudrenko, G. A. 2014. "Inshomovni vkraplennia-anglitsyzmy na storinkah dilovyh zhurnaliv (na prykladifinansovoyi leksyky)". Linhvistyka. Linhvokulturolohiya. Dnipropetrovsk: Bila, K. O. 7:57–66. Navalna, M. 2015. Dyfuzni protsesy v leksytsi ukrainskoyi movy (na prykladi varvaryzmiv mas-mediynyhtekstiv)". Linhvostylistychni studiyi. 3:118–126. http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/ls_2015_3_14. Novoseletska, S. V. 2011. "Vykorystannia anglomovnyh leksychnyh odynyts v ukrainskomu suspilstvi".Naukovi zapysky Natsionalnogo universytetu "Ostrozka Akademia". Philologiya 19:102–109.http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/Nznuoaf_2011_19_17. Radchuk, V. D. 1998. Inshomovni slova v ukrainskomu movlenni. Kyiv: Lybid. Sloboda, N. V. 2014. "Grafichno neadaptovani anglitsyzmy u strukturi ukrainskih syntaksychnyh konstruktsii". Lingvistychni doslidzhennya 37:87–90. Sternin, I. A., Rudakova, A. V. 2011. Psycholingvisticheskoye znacheniye slova i yego opisaniye. Lamber. Stulika, O. B. 2015. "Osoblyvosti funktsionuvannia inshomovnykh zapozychen v suchasnomu movnomu prostori". Molodyi vchenyi 2(17):125–127. Stulika, O. B. 2014. "Fenomen "RUNGLISH" v rosiyskiy, ukrainskiy ta anhliyskiy movah". Naukovyi visnykMizhnarodnogo humanitarnogo universytetu 8(2): 227–229. Van Tsziyunbo. 2014. "Rol anglitsizmiv u zmini aksiologichnoyi kartyny svitu suchasnyh nosiiv rosiyskoimovy". Molod i rynok 4(111):15–155. Vyshnivskyi, R. Yi., Terletska, L. P., 2015. "Anhlomovni zapozychennya u sferi informatsiynykh tekhnologii (na prykladi ukrainskikh elektronnykh zasobiv masovoyi informatsiyi)"., Naukovyi visnyk Mizhnarodnogo humanitarnogo universytetu 19(2):162–164. Yermolenko, V. 2007. Anglo-Franko-Nimetsko-Ukrainskyi slovnyk terminolohii Yevropeiskogo soyuzu. Kyiv: K.I.S.; Molodiznyi humanitarnyi tsentr. Zalievskaya, А. А., 2007. Vvedeniye v psykholingvistyku. Moskva. ; Статтю присвячено аналізу англомовних реакцій, реакцій-англіцизмів та реакцій-іншомовних запозичень васоціативних полях української суспільно-політичної лексики. Матеріалом дослідження слугують результатимасового асоціативного експерименту (1000 осіб-інформантів), проведеного в Україні у 2013–2016 рр.Класифіковано іншомовні запозичення, розглянуто випадки англіцизмів в асоціативних полях української суспільно-політичної лексики. Проаналізовано англомовні вкраплення, визначено стратегії англомовного реагуванняреспондентів на українські стимули як свідчення іншомовного, зокрема англомовного, впливу на свідомістьукраїнців. Виявлено, що в асоціативних полях української суспільно-політичної лексики наявні запозичення згрецької, латинської, німецької, французької, італійської, англійської мов, серед яких превалюють латинізми. Часткаангліцизмів становить 0,5–5 % від усього обсягу іншомовних запозичень (1,86–16,19 %), частка англомовнихвкраплень 0,31–3,26 % від обсягу асоціативного поля. В англомовному асоціюванні респонденти проявилисемантичну, топонімічну, ремінісцентну, перекладну, транслітеровану, оцінну та фонетичну стратегії, з якихсемантична і ремінісцентна були домінантними. Найпоширенішими англіцизмами визначено такі: бізнес, бюджет,лідер, парламент, футбол та ін. Присутність англіцизмів й англомовних вкраплень в асоціативних поляхукраїнських суспільно-політичних лексем засвідчує трансформаційний вплив англійської мови на мовну картинусвіту (тобто і свідомість) сучасної української молоді.

The paper discusses the repertoire of the language representation of the enemy image in the public speeches by US President D. Trump. This image is mythological and facilitates setting clear evaluative emphases by politicians. The analyzed texts confirmed that any public speech is targeted at a specific audience and a specific social-cultural context, which determine the choice of the enemy or enemies that will be included in the text. It was shown that the political speaker normally assumes a positive role while communicating with the audience. The essential invariant and variable features of the image of the enemy were identified. It was indicated that in the presidential speeches the image of the enemy is always opposed to that of the friend, as well as the enemy's victim. From the semantic standpoint, the image of the enemy includes a number of characteristics. The enemy may be home or foreign, personalized or generalized, historical or present, implicit or explicit, political, economic or mixed. In addition, the typical actions performed by the enemy were singled out and considered. References 1. Washyk, Klaus. 2005. "Metamorfozy Zla: Nemetsko-Russkiie Obrazy Vraga v Plakatnoi Propagande 30–50-kh Godov". In Obraz Vraga, complited by L. Gudkov ; edited by N. Konradova, 191–229. Moskva: OGI. 2. Gudkov, Lev. 2005. "Ideologema "Vraga". "Vragi" kak Massovyi Sindrom i Mekhanizm Sotsyokulturnoi Integratsyi". In Obraz vraga, complied by L. Gudkov; edited by N. Konradova, 7–79. Moskva: OGI. 3. Kostylev, Yu. S., 2012. "Leksicheskiie Sredstva Sozdaniia Obraza Vraga: (na Primere Tekstov Sovetskoi Massovoi Pechati 1919–1953 Godov, Osveshchaiushchikh Lokalnyie i Regionalnyie Konflikty)". PhD diss., Uralskii Federalnyi Universitet. 4. Lotman, Yu., and Uspenskii, B. 1992. "Mif – Imia – Kultura". In Izbrannyie Stati v Triokh Tomakh. Tom. I: Stati po Semiotike i Topologii Kultury, edited by Yu. M. Lotman, 1: 58–75. Tallinn: Aleksandra. 5. Gudkov, Lev., compl., and Konradova, N. ed. 2005. Obraz Vraga. Мoskva: OGI. 6. Barthes, Roland. 1984. Mythologies. Translated by Annette Lavers. New York: Hill and Wang. 7. Buchbender, Оrtwin. 1989. "Zentrumdes Bösen. Zur Genesis nationalsozialistischer Feindbilder". In Feindbild. Geschichte – Dokumentation – Problematik, Hg. G. Wagenlehner, 17–38. Frankfurt a/M. 8. Vuorinen, Marja, ed. 2012. Enemy Images in War Propaganda. Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 170 p. 9. Khagurov, Temyr. 2017. "Evil as a Subject of Sociological Cognition: Methodological Reflections". In Future Human Image, 7: 36–45. 10. Neal, Arthur G., and Youngelson-Neal, Helen. 2015. Myth-Making and Religious Extremism and Their Roots in Crises. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, Inc. 11. Nobrega, J. V. da. 2014. "Discourse Analysis: Ronald Reagan's Evil Empire Speech". Open Journal of Modern Linguistics, 4: 166–181. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojml.2014.41014 12. 2017. The White House President Donald J. Trump. "Remarks by President Trump at a Meeting with Republican Senators". Released on June 27, 2017. https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/06/27/remarkspresident-trump-meeting-republican-senators. 13. 2017. The White House President Donald J. Trump. "Remarks by President Trump and Secretary of Energy Rick Perry at Tribal, State, and Local Energy Roundtable". Released on June 28, 2017. https://www.whitehouse.gov/thepress-office/2017/06/28/remarks-president-trump-and-secretary-energy-rick-perry-tribal-state-and. 14. 2017. The White House President Donald J. Trump. "President Donald J. Trump's Weekly Address". Released June 30 2017. https://www.whitehouse.gov/featured-videos/video/2017/06/30/63017-weekly-address. 15. 2017. The White House President Donald J. Trump. "President Donald J. Trump's Weekly Address". Released on July 07, 2017. https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/07/07/president-donald-j-trumps-weeklyaddress. 16. 2017. The White House President Donald J. Trump. "Remarks by President Trump During Meeting with Immigration Crime Victims". Released on June 28, 2017. https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-pressoffice/2017/06/28/remarks-president-trump-during-meeting-immigration-crime-victims. 17. 2017. The White House President Donald J. Trump. "Remarks by President Trump at the Unleashing American Energy Event". Released on June 29, 2017. https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/06/29/remarkspresident-trump-unleashing-american-energy-event. 18. 2017. The White House President Donald J. Trump. "Remarks by President Trump at the Three Seas Initiative Summit". Released on July 6, 2017. https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/07/06/remarks-president-trumpthree-seas-initiative-summit-july-6-2017. 19. 2017. The White House President Donald J. Trump. "Remarks by President Trump to the People of Poland". Released on July 6, 2017. https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/07/06/remarks-president-trump-peoplepoland-july-6-2017. 20. Wodak, R., and Meyer, M., 2001. Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis. London: Sage Publications. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9780857028020 ; Розглянуто репертуар мовної репрезентації образу ворога в публічних виступах Президента США Д. Трампа. Цей образ – міфологічний і допомагає політикам ставити чіткі оцінні акценти. Текстуально підтверджено: кожний публічний виступ орієнтовано на певну аудиторію і певний соціально-культурний контекст, що детермінують вибір образу конкретного ворога або ворогів, які будуть фігурувати у тексті. Продемонстровано позитивну роль, яку, зазвичай, приймає на себе політичний спікер у процесі спілкування зі своєю аудиторією. Виявлено ключові інваріантні й варіативні характеристики образу ворога. Зазначено, що у виступах Президента образ ворога завжди протиставляється образам друга і жертви ворога. З семантичного погляду, образ ворога містить кілька характеристик, зокрема: ворог може бути внутрішнім або зовнішнім, персоналізованим або узагальненим, історичним або існуючим зараз, імпліцитним або експліцитним, політичним, економічним або змішаним. Крім того, виявлено й розглянуто типові дії, які виконує ворог.

El objeto principal de este trabajo de tesis se centrará en un estudio en profundidad sobre la virtualidad científica y jurídica de la prueba de ADN. Así en lo que atañe al proceso penal, examinaremos cuestiones esenciales como son los derechos que resultan controvertidos con la práctica de una intervención corporal con fines de identificación genética, los presupuestos que deben concurrir para que sea lícito realizar una prueba de ADN, la posibilidad de recurrir a la coerción física para los casos en los que el sujeto pasivo se niegue a someterse a la extracción de una muestra indubitada de ADN, la creación y regulación de las bases de datos de ADN, la coerción jurídica y su funcionamiento en el ámbito de la cooperación judicial internacional. Por otra parte, también se hará referencia a las pruebas de ADN con fines de investigación de la paternidad en el seno del proceso civil. Finalmente y en lo que respecta a la parte científica, examinaremos los análisis genéticos no sólo desde una perspectiva propia de la medicina legal y forense, sino también relativa a la medicina preventiva, donde se tendrá especialmente en cuenta la regulación gallega. Para analizar todas estas cuestiones deberemos examinar en profundidad la normativa y jurisprudencia españolas, así como la legislación existente en el marco del Derecho Comparado, tomando como referente la regulación de otros países del entorno europeo, principalmente, Reino Unido, Portugal e Italia. Asimismo, también se presentará necesario efectuar el estudio de determinada jurisprudencia del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos (TEDH) en relación a ciertas cuestiones, fundamentalmente, el derecho a la intimidad, el derecho a la intimidad genética y el derecho a la protección de datos. Todo ello, será abordado desde una perspectiva crítica, haciendo especial hincapié en las lagunas de las que adolece la parca regulación existente en España sobre esta materia, con la finalidad de dar solución a la consiguiente problemática que la misma suscita. ; O obxecto principal do traballo de tese centrarase nun estudo en profundidade sobre a virtualidade científica e xurídica da proba de ADN. Así, no que atinxe ao proceso penal examinaranse cuestións esenciais como son os dereitos que resultan controvertidos coa práctica dunha intervención corporal con fins de identificación xenética, os presupostos que deben concorrer para que sexa lícito realizar unha proba de ADN, a posibilidade de acudir á coerción física para os casos nos que o suxeito pasivo se negue a someterse á extracción dunha mostra indubidada de ADN, a creación e regulación das bases de datos de ADN, a coerción xurídica e o seu funcionamento no ámbito da cooperación xudicial internacional. Por outra banda, tamén se fará referencia ás análises xenéticas con fins de investigación da paternidade no eido do proceso civil. Finalmente e no que respecta á parte científica, examinaremos as análises xenéticas non só dende unha perspectiva propia da medicina legal e forense, senón tamén relativa á medicina preventiva, onde se terá especialmente en conta a regulación galega. Para analizar todas estas cuestións deberemos examinar en profundidade a normativa e xurisprudencia españolas, así como a lexislación existente no marco do Dereito Comparado, tomando como referente a regulación doutros países do entorno europeo, principalmente, Reino Unido, Portugal e Italia. Así mesmo, tamén se presentará preciso efectuar o estudo de determinada xurisprudencia do Tribunal Europeo de Dereitos Humanos (TEDH) en relación a certas cuestións, fundamentalmente, o dereito á intimidade, o dereito á intimidade xenética e o dereito á protección de datos. Todo o referido nos parágrafos anteriores será abordado dende unha perspectiva crítica, salientando as lagoas que sofre a parca regulación existente en España sobre esta materia, co obxectivo de dar solución á conseguinte problemática que a mesma suscita. ; The main aim of this thesis work will focus on a detailed study about the scientific and legal aspects of DNA testing. Regarding criminal proceedings, we will examine essential questions such as the rights that are affected with the practice of corporal interventions for genetic identification, the necessary requirements to consider lawful a corporal intervention in order to make genetic analyses, the possibility of making use of the physical coercion to cases where the subject presumably involved in the crime refuses to submit to an extraction of an undoubted sample of DNA, the creation and regulation of DNA databases, the legal coercion and its functioning in the sphere of the international judicial cooperation. On the other hand, we will refer to DNA testing with the purpose of stablishing parentage in the field of civil proceedings. Finally and in regards to the scientific part, we will study the genetic analysis not only from a perspective related to the legal or forensic medicine, but also concerning to the preventive medecine, where we will take especially into account the Galician regulation. For the analyse of all these issues we will study in depth the Spanish legislation and jurisprudence, as well as the regulations of the Comparative Law, taking as reference the regulation of other European countries, mainly, United Kingdom, Portugal and Italy. In addition, it will be necessary to study some particular decisions of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), concerning certain matters fundamentally the right to privacy, the right to genetic privacy and the right to data protection. All the aforementioned will be studied from a critical perspective, with particular emphasis on the gaps of the sparing Spanish regulation on this matter, in order to suggest solutions to the associated problems that it implies.

No study of governance, of the degenerative State of Madagascar, and its state of emergency can be properly undertaken without consideration of the legal component of a state of exception. This task calls for a close examination of the tumultuous construction of post-colonial judiciaries and the constitutionalising of emergency powers in time of crisis. Moreover, it would be appropriate to pay particular attention to the terms of imposition of states of exception which, from 1972 to 2002, provided new impetus to the conception and perpetuity of such apparatus. This approach would bring to light the abuses and excesses related to the exercise and experimentation of emergency powers, and provides hallmarks or milestones that may be observed or corroborated in adjacent studies, thereby introducing essential references for international law. In a second step, this work cannot hide the political component of a state of exception. Actually, this dimension allows for a better understanding of the context in the case of Madagascar, because it highlights the political construction and practice of the mechanism in areas where conventional law has been silent or discrete, obscure or ambiguous, and therefore difficult to enforce. This demonstration draws on the primary notion of the Schmittien doctrine, that of "political decisionism". It is acknowledged that the theories developed by the Italian philosopher, Giorgio Agamben, about states of exception being the ordinary models for government and how they could serve as "mechanism", are particularly fertile for the analysis of governance by emergency powers. In a third step, it seems appropriate to analyse the thesis of "the ordinarily exceptional" which is frequently upheld by numerous theories and to see how it may apply to case of Madagascar. The political construction of a permanent state of emergency and the trivialisation of crises lend themselves to the unprecedented notion of an "unrestrained state of emergency" in Madagascar, different from the equally original "particularly exceptional state", where the political crisis of 2009 could serve as an example. This analytical path takes inevitably into account the cultural and other specificities of Madagascar, and the pros and cons of "imported" ideas and concepts. Finally, this paper is completed, without closing the analysis, with the demonstration of "A State of Madagascar in Decay". The emergence of new models for crisis management is explored; these are more consensual, inclusive, rational and international. They are less authoritative, less disputable, less unrestrained and less unbridled. The trial against the state of emergency is removed, as are all fatalistic ideologies regarding the future of the Grande Île. Nonetheless, it is important to keep in mind the realities of evidence and the numerous challenges that remain in the yet unaccomplished process of (re)construction of a State of Law in Madagascar ; Gouvernance, état d'exception et construction étatique à Madagascar : ces trois notions sont indissociables d'une approche de la composante juridique du concept d'état d'exception. Cette démarche implique, d'une part, l'examen de la construction tourmentée de l'ordre juridique postcolonial et celui, d'autre part, du processus de constitutionnalisation des pouvoirs de crise. Par ailleurs, il conviendra de se pencher sur les applications de l'état d'exception qui, de 1972 à 2002, ont suscité une nouvelle dynamique de conceptualisation et, mutatis mutandis, la perpétuation d'une tradition juridique de l'exception. Cette approche éclairera les dérives liées à la pratique et à l'expérimentation des pouvoirs de crise. Elle en explorera les propriétés. Elle n'en exclura pas, loin s'en faut, les marqueurs comparables avec d'autres cas d'étude et les interférences incontournables avec le droit international. Dans un deuxième temps, cette contribution s'efforcera d'interroger la composante politique de l'état d'exception. En effet, cette dimension prédominante détermine une meilleure compréhension de l'application du dispositif sur le terrain malgache, tout en permettant d'expliciter la construction et les pratiques politiques de l'état d'exception, là où le droit reste muet, discret, inapplicable, obscur ou équivoque. Notre démonstration s'appuiera ici sur une notion-clef de la pensée schmittienne : le « décisionnisme politique ». Par ailleurs, les théories du philosophe italien Giorgio Agamben, relatives à l'état d'exception comme « paradigme normal de gouvernement » et sur le concept-même de « dispositif », viendront enrichir l'analyse de l'usage et de la maîtrise des pouvoirs de crise. Dans un troisième temps, il conviendra de circonscrire et de questionner la thèse de l'«exceptionnel ordinaire», fréquemment soutenue par de nombreuses théories et de confronter sa pertinence au cas malgache, afin d'en apprécier la validité. Le montage politique d'«état d'exception permanent » et la banalisation des crises occasionnent, à l'aune du contexte malgache, l'émergence de la notion inédite d'« état d'exception débridé », sans toutefois éclipser celle, tout autant inédite, d'« exception particulière », comme tend à le démontrer la crise politique de 2009. Cette analyse ne manquera pas de recourir aux apports de l'anthropologie : en effet, dimensions culturelles, spécificités malgaches et imaginaire collectif contribueront à mieux circonscrire les modes d'acculturation de la société malgache aux concepts « importés ». Enfin, sans clôturer la réflexion, cette contribution s'efforcera de mieux saisir la dialectique de « l'État malgache en déliquescence ». Sera explorée l'émergence de nouveaux paradigmes de gestion de crise plus concertée, plus consensuelle, plus inclusive, plus rationnalisée, plus internationalisée, moins autoritaire, moins contestable, moins « débridée ». Tout aussi éloigné des jugements de valeur hâtifs que des reconstructions à dominante « culturaliste » qui privilégient une forme de fatalisme sur la trajectoire et le sort de la Grande Île, notre contribution visera d'abord à expliciter des réalités socio-politiques complexes, et à considérer les nombreux défis qui subsistent dans le processus encore inachevé de construction de l'État de droit à Madagascar