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Exploring "refuge" and "refugee" as concepts that shape Canadian nation-building both within and beyond national borders, Refugee States takes an interdisciplinary and critical approach to describing how refugees articulate their relation to and defiance of official discourses. Through close examinations of refugee movements, contexts, and subjectivities, this collection reveals how Canada has relied upon the rejection and inclusion of refugees as a crucial means of statecraft. Bringing together renowned and emerging scholars from multiple disciplines, Nguyen and Phu illuminate the historical, political, and cultural conditions that produce refugees as well as the narrative of humanitarian benevolence that persists nationally and internationally. Highlighting landmark cases, the editors and contributors together develop critical refugee studies as a framework for understanding, nuancing, and critiquing the production of Canadian humanitarian exceptionalism – the international image and discourse of Canada as a liberal, tolerant, and welcoming haven for people fleeing oppression, persecution, and unfreedom. In doing so, Refugee States offers alternative modes of understanding past and present refugee passages to and within Canada, and brings to light the many ways in which refugee subjects navigate displacement, migration, and resettlement. ; This book has been published with the support in part by funding from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council.

Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in Sweden, Finland, Greece, and Bulgaria during 2015-2019, this study examines one of the greatest challenges of our time—refugees. Refugee flows are not only something chaotic but also something that is organized. In this study, the phenomenon is referred to as organizing refugees: an actor-network that consists of people, their practices, supporting non-human actors, held together by a narrative. Organizing is a verb and implies that something is constantly being made, i.e. refugees are made through interactions between the refugees themselves, other people and non-human actors. Instead of viewing refugees as a means to explain something else, this study takes refugees as a variable that needs to be explained. Accordingly, this research is an investigation of "refugees in the making." Conventional organizational research takes for granted certain approaches of engaging with, seeing, and writing about the "world," which results in the world (i.e. reality) being kept constant. By employing actor-network theory, particularly Mol's (1999; 2002) version, this study alters the notion of reality and tries to understand the world differently, i.e. as a multiple rather than a plural one. It is a dramatic shift. In this quest, I challenge the conventional organizational theories' idea of changing the epistemological conditions while keeping the reality (i.e. our perception of the world) constant. When something is made and re-made, it gives rise to different ontological worlds - it is not just about different perspectives. The organizing of refugees thus contains different, multiple, worlds - and they interact, although their coexistence always contains more or less frictions, or tensions. It is these tensions that this dissertation focuses on and it is where Mol's version of the actor-network theory is especially useful to understand the organizing of refugees. In other words, this is an investigation into how different practices and different worldviews interact in the making of refugees and what happens in those interactions. In this process, Organizing Refugees furthers Mol's (2002) work on multiplicity, analytically generalizes her conceptual tools, identifies—as well as accounts for—new "modes of organizing," and offers a time multiple approach to advance our understanding of organizing. Moreover, the analysis shows how understanding of the world as multiple creates new ethical and political opportunities for organizing refugees, i.e. what we should do and what opportunities we have to act differently. ; Nu är det Gröjersalen som rum men det kan ändräs till Zoom beroende på hur situationen utvecklas inom de kommande månaderna.

The United Nations' 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees attempted to define and, ultimately, protect refugees after World War II. However, government efforts to regulate the entry and reception of refugees and asylum seekers have throughout history been challenged by a variety of political, religious, and cultural pressures. The essays in this chapter reveal, through sometimes personal accounts of individual experiences, the plight of refugees in a number of countries around the globe in obtaining human rights protection and social justice.

It is generally accepted by the community that nations have obligations to protect refugees. This tradition has long roots in Western thought spanning across centuries of political and religious oppression despite its various shortcomings. The origins of the legal and moral obligations towards refugees is beyond the scope of this paper. It suffices to point out that helping refugees is a valance issue. Like promoting peace and cleaning up the environment, helping refugees has primarily advocates. However, there is frequent and at times bitter disagreement as to how one should approach this issue in practice. Among the most disputed issues are (1) hammering out a definition of a 'refugee', (2) determining who defines and implements this definition, (3) halting the flow of refugees, and (4) creating an international regime to effectively deal with refugees. The purpose of this paper is to present and discuss various definitions of what is a refugee as a precondition of both, political analysis and political action. The controversy of defining a refugee is deeply entangled with the sovereignty of individual nations. The paper concludes by offering an alternative perspective for analyzing the current international refugee crisis.

Driven by the solidarity movements following the &ldquo ; refugee crisis&rdquo ; of 2015, the Brussels-based non-profit organization Muziekpublique, specialized in the promotion of so-called &ldquo ; world music&rdquo ; initiated the Refugees for Refugees project. This album and performance tour featured traditional musicians who had found asylum in Belgium and had artistic, political, and social goals. In comparison to the other projects conducted by the organization, each step of the project benefited from exceptional coverage and financial support. At the same time, the association and the musicians were facing administrative, musical, and ethical problems they had never encountered before. Three years after its creation, the band Refugees for Refugees is still touring the Belgian and international scenes and is going to release a new album, following the will of all actors to go on with the project and demonstrating the important social mobilization it aroused. Through this case study, we aim at questioning the complexity of elaborating a project staging a common identity of &ldquo ; refugees&rdquo ; while valuing their diversity ; understanding the reasons for the exceptional success the project has encountered ; and determining to what extent and at what level it helped&mdash ; or not&mdash ; the musicians to rebuild their lives in Belgium.

Driven by the solidarity movements following the "refugee crisis" of 2015, the Brussels-based non-profit organization Muziekpublique, specialized in the promotion of so-called "world music", initiated the Refugees for Refugees project. This album and performance tour featured traditional musicians who had found asylum in Belgium and had artistic, political, and social goals. In comparison to the other projects conducted by the organization, each step of the project benefited from exceptional coverage and financial support. At the same time, the association and the musicians were facing administrative, musical, and ethical problems they had never encountered before. Three years after its creation, the band Refugees for Refugees is still touring the Belgian and international scenes and is going to release a new album, following the will of all actors to go on with the project and demonstrating the important social mobilization it aroused. Through this case study, we aim at questioning the complexity of elaborating a project staging a common identity of "refugees" while valuing their diversity; understanding the reasons for the exceptional success the project has encountered; and determining to what extent and at what level it helped—or not—the musicians to rebuild their lives in Belgium. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Above is an excerpt from a letter sent to me by the Canadian Foundation for Refugees. Why is the Foundation planning to produce such a newsletter when Refuge is already being published? Further, the proposed contents of the newsletter overlap ours. This is a waste of government funds. One or the other should not be published. We would like to hear the views of our readers.

Today, two systems exist for addressing the humanitarian claims of persons fleeing persecution. One system consists of refugees living in host countries, often in large camps, who ideally are then resettled in other countries or repatriated when it is safe to do so. The other system involves refugees arriving in a country and seeking asylum-a right with ancient religious roots. The first "encampment model" is fundamentally broken, as most refugees are housed in the developing or least developed world in terrible conditions for extended periods of time, with little or no realistic hope of resettlement elsewhere or repatriation. The developed world, which takes in only a tiny percentage of refugees worldwide, has tacitly acquiesced to this humanitarian catastrophe occurring outside its borders. Yet it has been forced in recent years to confront the worldwide refugee crisis as the number of persons traveling to wealthy countries to seek asylum has increased. Rather than respond with policies that address the roots of refugee flows, many developed nations have pursued a variety of strategies to interdict and otherwise distance asylum seekers. Refugee distancing is a way to import the encampment model into the asylum systems of the developed world. This blurring of the lines between encampment and asylum is strikingly clear, for example, in the tent cities that have cropped up along the U.S.-Mexico border under the Trump Administration's "Migrant Protection Protocol" (MPP), which requires asylum seekers to wait in Mexico while their claims are adjudicated. The overreaching impact of such policies is to dismantle the normative force of asylum by creating physical, psychological, and legal distance between the public and the asylum seekers who make a moral claim on them. This Article assesses refugee distancing policies-offering a history and analysis of their causes, as well as a commentary on their future. It contends that current policies may have unintended consequences, as did the U.S. government's efforts to thwart asylum for Haitian and Central American claimants in the 1980s-1990s. These efforts led to legal precedent allowing for the extraterritorial reach of the Constitution and to a political movement that created new immigration benefits for many asylum applicants. The Article sketches out the legal challenges to one prominent refugee distancing policy, the MPP, and describes how a transnational legal process might contest refugee distancing over the long term.

The United Nations' 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees attempted to define and, ultimately, protect refugees after World War II. However, government efforts to regulate the entry and reception of refugees and asylum seekers have throughout history been challenged by a variety of political, religious, and cultural pressures. The essays in this chapter reveal, through sometimes personal accounts of individual experiences, the plight of refugees in a number of countries around the globe in obtaining human rights protection and social justice.

The denomination of individuals affected by ecological migrations has often changed since the problem was first identified in 1985. In consideration of the subjective component, they are referred to as refugees, displaced persons or emigrant s; in consideration of the reason that triggers their displacement, they are named environmental, ecological or climatic. The nine variants which result from the combination of these two sets of words conform the standard terminology in the matter. In part icular, the use of the term 'refugees' seems to claim a correspondence with that of 'political refugees', and the adjective 'climatic' seems to impose a financial responsibility on the developed economies.

At the end of last year, a symposium was held at the British Academy in London to celebrate a 75th anniversary. The anniversary was of the establishment in 1933 of a unique organisation: the Academic Assistance Council, now the Council for Assisting Refugee Academics (CARA); the Council in 1937 became formally incorporated as the Society for the Protection of Science and Learning (SPSL), and in the 1980s assumed its current title. Although a celebration, the anniversary was in reality a reason for sadness, in that, 75 years after its establishment as a short-term measure to cope with the German Nazi government's policy of firing all Jews from their jobs, its work remains and its activities are currently more in demand than at any time since the 1930s.

Displacement and exile have been recurrent and durable phenomena affecting Iraqi society for the last 90 years. The process of forming an Iraqi state from the ruins of the Ottoman empire, which Aristide Zolberg has analyzed as a prime factor generating refugee flows, has been ongoing since 1920. Unfinished endeavours to build a state and nation have been characterized by almost incessant antagonistic claims over the nature of the state and national identity, the exercise of and access to political power, control of natural resources and border sovereignty. Political repression, violent regime change, redefinition of national identity, demographic engineering, and domestic or international armed conflicts have resulted in eviction, deportation, denaturalization, political emigration, and flight from violence. A large part of displacement in Iraq has been internal. But vast numbers of refugees and exiles have also formed a regional and global diaspora extending from Iran, Jordan, Israel, Syria, all the way to such distant emigration countries as New Zealand. ; La société irakienne est aff ectée depuis 90 ans de façon continue et prégnante par des déplacements de population et l'exil. Depuis le démembrement de l'empire ottoman en 1920, un état irakien a continuellement tenté de se constituer, ce qui a été analysé et identifié par Aristide Zolberg comme étant la source principale des mouvements de réfugiés. Les efforts pour construire un état et une nation en Irak ont constamment été minés par des revendications contradictoires et des luttes portant sur les questions de la nature de l'état, de l'identité nationale, de l'exercice et de l'accessibilité du pouvoir politique, du contrôle des ressources naturelles et de la souveraineté des frontières. La répression politique, les changements violents de régimes, les redéfinitions de l'identité nationale, les politiques démographiques, et les conflits armés régionaux et internationaux ont entraîné des évictions, des déportations, la dénaturalisation, l'émigration ...

Refugee determination systems are complex and unfair. This combination is surprising. Why has government after government in Canada and around the world generated refugee determination systems that are both complex and unfair? The answer is that governments intrude into systems that would otherwise be both simple and fair, in order to assert control. They assert control in order to achieve other, non-refugee protection objectives. These non-refugee protection objectives are inappropriate for the design of a refugee determination system. A refugee determination system should be devised with four objectives in mind: fairness, internal consistency, simplicity, and compliance with international standards. The article examines Bill C-31 and makes recommendations for its improvement with these objectives in mind. ; Les systèmes pour la détermination du statut de réfugié sont complexes et injustes. Cette combinaison est surprenante. Comment se fait-il que gouvernement après gouvernement au Canada et partout dans le monde aient engendré des systèmes de détermination qui soient complexes et injustes ? La réponse est que les gouvernements s'ingèrent dans des systèmes qui seraient autrement simples et équitables dans le but d'affirmer leur contrôle. Ils affirment leur contrôle afin d'atteindre d'autres fins qui n'ont rien à voir avec la protection des réfugiés. Ces fins non-liés à la protection des réfugiés sont impropres à la création d'un système de détermination du statut de réfugié. Un système de détermination du statut de réfugié devrait être conçu en tenant en ligne de compte quatre objectifs : équité, cohérence interne, simplicité et conformité à des normes internationales. L'article examine le projet de loi C-31 et formule des recommandations pour son amélioration en tenant en ligne de compte ces objectifs.

The ongoing conflict in Syria, now entering its eighth year, has resulted in the largest refugee crisis since World War II. Nearly 6.5 million Syrians have become internally displaced, with an additional 5.6 million forced to leave their country to seek asylum. In the face of this displacement, greater attention is being given to complementary and alternative solutions such as reunification of separated family members. However, serious legal and procedural obstacles are obstructing the reunification of Syrian families across the Middle East and Europe. This study outlines several ways in which family separation negatively impacts Syrian refugees in Jordan. These effects are significant, and include financial burdens, increased child labour, emotional distress, broken social networks, parenting challenges and changes to familial roles.

Contents: 1. Preface -- 2. The Problem of African Refugees -- 3. Refugee Problems in Southern Africa / Cato Aall -- 4. The Problem of Rwandese and Sudanese Refugees / Jacques Cuénod -- 5. Probles of Asylum for Southern African Refugees / Margaret Legum -- 6. Education and Training of Refugees and Their Potential Contribution to Development / John Eldridge -- 7. From Refugee to Emigré: African Solutions to the Refugee Problem / T. Peter Omari -- 8. The Role of Voluntary Organisations in the refugee Situation in Africa / Z. K. Matthews -- 9. The Role of the United Nations / George Ivan Smith